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Yellow-eared woodpecker

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Yellow-eared woodpecker
Veniliornis maculifrons-2.jpg
A male photographed on Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Genus: Veniliornis
Species:
V. maculifrons
Binomial name
Veniliornis maculifrons
(Spix, 1824)
Veniliornis maculifrons map.svg
Synonyms

Dryobates maculifrons

The yellow-eared woodpecker (Veniliornis maculifrons) is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is endemic to eastern Brazil.[2]

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Bird

Bird

Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.8 m common ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or "perching" birds. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.

Woodpecker

Woodpecker

Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the Gila woodpecker specialises in exploiting cacti.

Brazil

Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.

Taxonomy and systematics

The International Ornithological Committee and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World place the yellow-eared woodpecker in genus Veniliornis.[2][3] However, starting in 2018, the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy moved all species of genus Veniliornis into genus Dryobates.[4][5][6]

The yellow-eared woodpecker is monotypic.[2]

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BirdLife International

BirdLife International

BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding important sites for birds, maintaining and restoring key bird habitats, and empowering conservationists worldwide.

Handbook of the Birds of the World

Handbook of the Birds of the World

The Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) is a multi-volume series produced by the Spanish publishing house Lynx Edicions in partnership with BirdLife International. It is the first handbook to cover every known living species of bird. The series was edited by Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal and David A. Christie.

Veniliornis

Veniliornis

Veniliornis is a genus of birds in the woodpecker family Picidae. They are native to Central and South America.

American Ornithological Society

American Ornithological Society

The American Ornithological Society (AOS) is an ornithological organization based in the United States. The society was formed in October 2016 by the merger of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) and the Cooper Ornithological Society. Its members are primarily professional ornithologists, although membership is open to anyone with an interest in birds. The society publishes the two scholarly journals, The Auk and The Condor as well as the AOS Checklist of North American Birds.

Dryobates

Dryobates

Dryobates is a genus of birds in the woodpecker family Picidae. The species are widely distributed and occur in both Eurasia and the Americas.

Description

The yellow-eared woodpecker is about 15 cm (5.9 in) long. Males and females have the same plumage except on their heads. Males have a brown crown with white streaks and some red tips and a mostly red hindcrown. The female has an olive crown with pale spots, and golden tips on feathers in the rear. Adults of both sexes have a mostly olive-brown face with whitish streaks and a pale golden-yellow nape. Their upperparts are mostly yellowish green, sometimes with a bronzy tinge, and yellowish spots and bars especially on the rump. Their flight feathers are darkish brown with pale yellow to white bars. Their tail is dark brown with paler bars on most feathers. Their underparts are off-white with narrow olive bars that are wider on the breast and flanks. The iris is dark brown to reddish, the long beak blackish with a paler base, and the legs are olive or gray. Juveniles are duller than adults and have heavier barring on their upperparts and coarser barring on their underparts.[7]

Distribution and habitat

The yellow-eared woodpecker is found in eastern Brazil between the states of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. It inhabits lowlands and hills of the Atlantic Forest, both primary and secondary, and is also found in parks.[7]

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Bahia

Bahia

Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population and the 5th-largest by area. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador, on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural, slaving, and ranching interests, Bahia is now a predominantly working-class industrial and agricultural state. The state is home to 7% of the Brazilian population and produces 4.2% of the country's GDP.

Rio de Janeiro (state)

Rio de Janeiro (state)

Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo. The state, which has 8.2% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 9.2% of the Brazilian GDP.

Atlantic Forest

Atlantic Forest

The Atlantic Forest is a South American forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south and inland as far as Paraguay and the Misiones Province of Argentina, where the region is known as Selva Misionera.

Secondary forest

Secondary forest

A secondary forest is a forest or woodland area which has re-grown after a timber harvest or clearing for agriculture, until a long enough period has passed so that the effects of the disturbance are no longer evident. It is distinguished from an old-growth forest, which has not recently undergone such disruption, and complex early seral forest, as well as third-growth forests that result from harvest in second growth forests. Secondary forest regrowing after timber harvest differs from forest regrowing after natural disturbances such as fire, insect infestation, or windthrow because the dead trees remain to provide nutrients, structure, and water retention after natural disturbances. However, often after natural disturbance the timber is harvested and removed from the system, in which case the system more closely resembles secondary forest rather than seral forest.

Behavior

Movement

The yellow-eared woodpecker is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[7]

Feeding

The yellow-eared woodpecker has been documented feeding on insect larvae and pecking on an avocado (Persea americana), but nothing else is known about its diet or foraging strategy.[7]

Breeding

The yellow-eared woodpecker's breeding season appears to include at least March to July. One nest hole was about 18 m (60 ft) up in a tree. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[7]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to yellow-eared woodpecker on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The yellow-eared woodpecker's vocalization is a "high, nasal, rising then slightly falling, chattering rattle" that lasts about five to seven seconds.[8]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the yellow-eared woodpecker as being of Least Concern. Though it has a somewhat limited range and an unknown population size, the latter is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is not a well-known species. "Attempts to determine and subsequently monitor this species’ population in this unique Brazilian habitat would appear to be desirable."[7]

Source: "Yellow-eared woodpecker", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 25th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-eared_woodpecker.

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Further Reading

Golden-fronted woodpecker

Red-rumped woodpecker

Striped woodpecker

Checkered woodpecker

Long-tailed ground dove

West Indian woodpecker

Bar-breasted piculet

Golden-spangled piculet

Arrowhead piculet

Pale-mandibled aracari

Stripe-billed aracari

Red-stained woodpecker

Scarlet-backed woodpecker

Golden-collared woodpecker

Chocó woodpecker

Yellow-vented woodpecker

Bar-bellied woodpecker

Blood-colored woodpecker
References
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Yellow-eared Woodpecker Veniliornis maculifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681225A92898419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681225A92898419.en. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  3. ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  4. ^ R. Terry Chesser, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., Douglas F. Stotz, Benjamin M. Winger, and Kevin Winker. "Fifty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk 2018, vol. 135:798-813 retrieved December 13, 2022
  5. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  6. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  7. ^ a b c d e f Winkler, H., D. A. Christie, and A. Bonan (2020). Yellow-eared Woodpecker (Dryobates maculifrons), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yeewoo1.01 retrieved January 25, 2023
  8. ^ Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
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