Get Our Extension
Select Wikiz in another Language
DeutschEspañolSuomiFrançaisItalianoNederlands
Settings
A
A
Text Highlights
Notes/Citations
Edit on Wikipedia

Share This Article

About Wikiz About Us Cookies Policy Terms & Services Privacy Policy Contact Contact us Enjoying Wikipedia Content? DONATE TO WIKIPEDIA
Enjoying Wikipedia Content? DONATE TO WIKIPEDIA

Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons members.svg
  Parties
  Signatories
TypeArms control, nuclear disarmament
Signed20 September 2017[1]
LocationNew York, U.S.
Sealed7 July 2017
Effective22 January 2021[2]
Condition90 days after the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited
Signatories92[1]
Parties68[1] (complete list)
DepositaryUnited Nations Secretary-General
LanguagesArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
Full text
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons at Wikisource

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their total elimination. It was adopted on 7 July 2017, opened for signature on 20 September 2017, and entered into force on 22 January 2021.[3][4][5][6]

For those nations that are party to it, the treaty prohibits the development, testing, production, stockpiling, stationing, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as assistance and encouragement to the prohibited activities. For nuclear armed states joining the treaty, it provides for a time-bound framework for negotiations leading to the verified and irreversible elimination of its nuclear weapons programme.

A mandate adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 23 December 2016 scheduled two sessions for negotiations: 27 to 31 March and 15 June to 7 July, 2017.[7] The treaty passed on schedule on 7 July with 122 in favour, 1 against (Netherlands), and 1 official abstention (Singapore). Sixty-nine nations did not vote, among them all of the nuclear weapon states and all NATO members except the Netherlands.[8]

Discover more about Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons related topics

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion reactions, producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term denuclearization is also used to describe the process leading to complete nuclear disarmament.

United Nations General Assembly

United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Currently in its 77th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ where all member states have equal representation.

Netherlands

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east, and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany and Belgium in the North Sea. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean territories.

Singapore

Singapore

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor to the north. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet; the combined area of these has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the third highest population density in the world. With a multicultural population and recognising the need to respect cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca and numerous public services are available only in English. Multi-racialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.

List of states with nuclear weapons

List of states with nuclear weapons

Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons. Five are considered to be nuclear-weapon states (NWS) under the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons, these are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China. Of these, the three NATO members, the UK, US, and France, are sometimes termed the P3.

Member states of NATO

Member states of NATO

NATO is an international military alliance that consists of 30 member states from Europe and North America. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members shall assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary. Article 6 of the treaty limits the scope of Article 5 to the islands north of the Tropic of Cancer, the North American and European mainlands, the entirety of Turkey, and French Algeria. As such, an attack on Hawaii, Puerto Rico, French Guiana, Ceuta, or Melilla, among other places, would not trigger an Article 5 response.

Concept

According to its proponents, the nuclear-weapon-ban treaty will constitute an "unambiguous political commitment" to achieve and maintain a nuclear-weapon-free world.[9] However, unlike a comprehensive nuclear weapons convention, it was not intended to contain all of the legal and technical measures required to reach the point of elimination. Such provisions will instead be the subject of subsequent negotiations, allowing the initial agreement to be concluded relatively quickly and, if necessary, without the involvement of nuclear-armed nations.[10]

Proponents of the ban treaty believe that it will help "stigmatize" nuclear weapons, and serve as a "catalyst" for elimination.[11] Around two-thirds of the world's nations have pledged to work together "to fill the legal gap" in the existing international regime governing nuclear weapons,[12] and view a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty as one option for achieving this objective.[13]

Nuclear weapons – unlike chemical weapons, biological weapons, anti-personnel landmines and cluster munitions – are not prohibited in a comprehensive and universal manner.[14] The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 contains only partial prohibitions, and nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties prohibit nuclear weapons only within certain geographical regions.

Overview of provisions

The preamble of the treaty[15] explains the motivation by the "catastrophic consequences" of a use of nuclear weapons, by the risk of their sheer existence, by the suffering of the hibakusha (the surviving victims of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) and the victims of nuclear tests, by "the slow pace of nuclear disarmament" and by "the continued reliance on nuclear weapons in military and security concepts" like deterrence. It recognizes "the disproportionate impact of nuclear-weapon activities on indigenous peoples". It expresses compliance with existing law: the UN charter, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, the very first UN resolution adopted on 24 January 1946, the NPT, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and its verification regime, as well as nuclear-weapon-free zones. Furthermore, the "inalienable right" of peaceful use of nuclear energy is emphasized. Finally, social factors for peace and disarmament are recognized: participation of both women and men, education, public conscience, "international and regional organizations, non-governmental organizations, religious leaders, parliamentarians, academics and the hibakusha".

Article 1 contains prohibitions against the development, testing, production, stockpiling, stationing, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as against assistance and encouragement to the prohibited activities. Finally, any direct or indirect "control over nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices" is forbidden.

Article 2 requires each party to declare whether it had nuclear weapons of their own or deployed on its territory, including the elimination or conversion of related facilities.

Article 3 requires parties that do not possess nuclear weapons to maintain their existing IAEA safeguards and, if they have not already done so, to accept safeguards based on the model for non-nuclear-weapon states under the NPT.

Article 4 sets out general procedures for negotiations with an individual nuclear-armed state becoming party to the treaty, including time limits and responsibilities. If that state has eliminated its nuclear weapons before becoming a party to the treaty, it mandates verification of that elimination by an unspecified "competent international authority", and the state must also conclude a safeguards agreement with the IAEA to provide credible assurance that it has not diverted nuclear material and has no undeclared nuclear material or activities. If that state has not yet destroyed its arsenal, it must negotiate with the "competent international authority" a time-bound plan for the verified and irreversible elimination of its nuclear weapons programme, which it will submit to the next meeting of signing states or to the next review conference, whichever comes first.

Article 5 is about national implementation. Article 6 requires environmental remediation and assistance for the victims of the use and testing of nuclear weapons. According to Article 7, states should assist each other to fulfil these purposes, with special responsibility of the nuclear powers. More generally, all state parties shall cooperate to facilitate the implementation of the treaty. Article 8 fixes meetings of states parties, the costs of which are shared by the states according to the UN scale of assessment (Article 9). Articles 10–12 are about the possibility of amendments, the settlement of disputes and the "goal of universal adherence of all States to the Treaty".

According to Articles 13–15, the treaty was open for signature from 20 September 2017 at the UN headquarters in New York. The "Treaty shall enter into force 90 days after the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession". Article 16 states that the Treaty "shall not be subject to reservations". Articles 17-20 regulate Withdrawal, Relationship with other agreements, the equality of treatment for every official translation of the Treaty, and all the other formalities that the Treaty required.

Discover more about Overview of provisions related topics

Hibakusha

Hibakusha

Hibakusha is a word of Japanese origin generally designating the people affected by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. The two aerial bombings together killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict. Japan surrendered to the Allies on 15 August, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan. The Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender on 2 September, effectively ending the war.

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term denuclearization is also used to describe the process leading to complete nuclear disarmament.

International humanitarian law

International humanitarian law

International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war. It is a branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants.

International human rights law

International human rights law

International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law are primarily made up of treaties, agreements between sovereign states intended to have binding legal effect between the parties that have agreed to them; and customary international law. Other international human rights instruments, while not legally binding, contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of international human rights law and have been recognized as a source of political obligation.

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty to ban nuclear weapons test explosions and any other nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996, but has not entered into force, as eight specific nations have not ratified the treaty.

Nuclear-weapon-free zone

Nuclear-weapon-free zone

A nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) is defined by the United Nations as an agreement that a group of states has freely established by treaty or convention that bans the development, manufacturing, control, possession, testing, stationing or transporting of nuclear weapons in a given area, that has mechanisms of verification and control to enforce its obligations, and that is recognized as such by the General Assembly of the United Nations. NWFZs have a similar purpose to, but are distinct from, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to which most countries including five nuclear weapons states are a party. Another term, nuclear-free zone, often means an area that has banned both nuclear power and nuclear weapons, and sometimes nuclear waste and nuclear propulsion, and usually does not mean a UN-acknowledged international treaty.

Nuclear power

Nuclear power

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants. Nuclear decay processes are used in niche applications such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators in some space probes such as Voyager 2. Generating electricity from fusion power remains the focus of international research.

Women's rights

Women's rights

Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others, they are ignored and suppressed. They differ from broader notions of human rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls, in favor of men and boys.

Military reserve

Military reserve

A military reserve, active reserve, reserve formation, or simply reserve, is a group of military personnel or units that is initially not committed to a battle by its commander, so that it remains available to address unforeseen situations or exploit sudden opportunities. Such a force may be held back to defend against attack from other enemy forces, to be committed to the existing battle if the enemy exposes a vulnerability, or to serve as relief for troops already fighting. Some of the different categories of military reserves are: tactical reserve, operational reserve, and strategic reserve.

Threat

Threat

A threat is a communication of intent to inflict harm or loss on another person. Intimidation is a tactic used between conflicting parties to make the other timid or psychologically insecure for coercion or control. The act of intimidation for coercion is considered as a threat.

History, intentions, and impact

Preparations, 2010–2016

UN member states debate the idea of a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty, Geneva, May 2016
UN member states debate the idea of a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty, Geneva, May 2016

Proposals for a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty first emerged following a review conference of the NPT in 2010, at which the five officially recognized nuclear-armed state parties – the United States, Russia, Britain, France and China – rejected calls for the start of negotiations on a comprehensive nuclear weapons convention. Disarmament advocates first considered starting this process without the opposed states as a "path forward".[16] Subsequently, a less technical treaty concentrated on the ban of nuclear weapons appeared to be a more realistic goal.[10]

Three major intergovernmental conferences in 2013 and 2014 on the "humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons", in Norway, Mexico and Austria, strengthened the international resolve to outlaw nuclear weapons.[17] The second such conference, in Mexico in February 2014, concluded that the prohibition of a certain type of weapon typically precedes, and stimulates, its elimination.[18]

In 2014, a group of non-nuclear-armed nations known as the New Agenda Coalition (NAC) presented the idea of a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty to NPT states parties as a possible "effective measure" to implement Article VI of the NPT, which requires all states parties to pursue negotiations in good faith for nuclear disarmament. The NAC argued that a ban treaty would operate "alongside" and "in support of" the NPT.[19]

In 2015, the UN General Assembly established a working group with a mandate to address "concrete effective legal measures, legal provisions and norms" for attaining and maintaining a nuclear-weapon-free world.[20] In August 2016, it adopted a report recommending negotiations in 2017 on a "legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination".[21]

In October 2016, the First Committee of the UN General Assembly acted upon this recommendation by adopting a resolution that establishes a mandate for nuclear-weapon-ban treaty negotiations in 2017 (with 123 states voting in favour and 38 against, and 16 abstaining).[22] North Korea was the only country possessing nuclear weapons that voted for this resolution, though it did not take part in negotiations.[23][24]

A second, confirmatory vote then took place in a plenary session of the General Assembly in December 2016.[25]

First negotiations and draft, March 2017

From 27 to 31 March 2017, convened as the United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination, a first round of negotiations was held at UN headquarters in New York, with the participation of 132 nations. At the end, the president of the negotiating conference, Elayne Whyte Gómez, permanent representative of Costa Rica to the UN in Geneva,[26] called the adoption of a treaty by 7 July "an achievable goal".[27] They agreed that the week's debates had set the stage well for the negotiations in June and July.[28]

Summarizing the discussions, a first ban treaty draft[29] was presented on 22 May by Elayne Whyte Gómez.[30] The German section of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) highlighted Article 1, 2a prohibiting any stationing of nuclear weapons on their own territory. Hence, several NATO states – Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Turkey – would have to end contracts on nuclear sharing with the USA before they could sign the negotiated ban treaty.[31] Already in 2010, the German Bundestag had decided by a large majority to withdraw nuclear bombs from Germany, but this decision was never implemented.[32] By contrast, in June 2017 foreign minister Sigmar Gabriel again confirmed nuclear stationing in Germany as well as the principle of equilibrium nuclear deterrence against Russia. He stated that consequently Germany could not support the ban process.[33] The only NATO member participating in the treaty negotiations was the Netherlands.[34]

Article 1, 1c (in extension of Article 1, 2a) prohibits direct or indirect control of nuclear weapons. Accepting this provision would preclude a common European nuclear force or German financing of and limited decision on the French force de frappe; both options are sometimes discussed.[35]

Second session, June–July 2017

A second conference started on 15 June and was scheduled to conclude on 7 July 2017. 121 out of 193 UN members participated in the negotiations.[36]

During the discussions about Article 1, several states pleaded for an explicit prohibition of nuclear military planning, others of financial assistance to development and production of nuclear weapons.[37] Finally, these additions were rejected, but remained implicitly included in Article 1 (d) - (e).

On 27 June, a second draft was published.[38] It now offered a precise "join and destroy" option for nuclear armed states: States joining the treaty "shall submit, no later than sixty days after the submission of its declaration, a time-bound plan for the verified and irreversible destruction of its nuclear weapons programme to be negotiated with the States Parties" (Article 4, 1).[39][40] A second "destroy and join" option (Article 4, 5) only provides for cooperation with the IAEA in order to verify the correctness and completeness of the inventory of nuclear material, no verification of the elimination. This has been changed in the final text. A further discussed topic was the explicit acceptance of the "use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination".[40] The respective affirmation remained part of the final preamble.

A third draft was presented on 3 July 2017.[41] A last obstacle for agreement was the condition of the withdrawal clause, meaning that a state party "in exercising its national sovereignty, [...] decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of the Treaty have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country". The majority perspective was that this condition is subjective, and no security interests can justify genocide, nor can mass destruction contribute to security. However, as also a neutral withdrawal clause not giving reasons was not accepted by the minority, the respective Article 17 was accepted as a compromise. Safeguards against arbitrary use are the withdrawal period of twelve months and the prohibition of withdrawal during an armed conflict.[42]

Vote

UN vote on adoption of the treaty on 7 July 2017  Yes   No   Abstention   Did not vote
UN vote on adoption of the treaty on 7 July 2017
  Yes
  No
  Abstention
  Did not vote

The vote on the final draft[15] took place on 7 July 2017, with 122 countries in favour, 1 opposed (Netherlands), and 1 abstention (Singapore).[43]

Among the countries voting for the treaty's adoption were South Africa and Kazakhstan,[44] both of which formerly possessed nuclear weapons and gave them up voluntarily. Iran and Saudi Arabia also voted in favour of the agreement. There are indications that Saudi Arabia has financially contributed to Pakistan's atomic bomb projects and in return has the option to buy a small nuclear arsenal,[45] an option that would be realized in the event that Iran obtains nuclear warheads.[46]

Discover more about History, intentions, and impact related topics

Nuclear weapons convention

Nuclear weapons convention

A nuclear weapons convention is a proposed multilateral treaty to eliminate nuclear weapons. This might include prohibitions on the possession, development, testing, production, stockpiling, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, such as those in the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, along with provisions for their verified elimination. It could be similar to existing conventions outlawing other categories of weapons, such as biological weapons, chemical weapons, anti-personnel mines and cluster bombs.

New Agenda Coalition

New Agenda Coalition

The New Agenda Coalition (NAC), composed of Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and South Africa, is a geographically dispersed group of middle power countries seeking to build an international consensus to make progress on nuclear disarmament, as legally called for in the nuclear NPT.

Good faith

Good faith

In human interactions, good faith is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction. Some Latin phrases have lost their literal meaning over centuries, but that is not the case with bona fides, which is still widely used and interchangeable with its generally-accepted modern-day English translation of good faith. It is an important concept within law and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, mala fides (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense). In contemporary English, the usage of bona fides is synonymous with credentials and identity. The phrase is sometimes used in job advertisements, and should not be confused with the bona fide occupational qualifications or the employer's good faith effort, as described below.

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term denuclearization is also used to describe the process leading to complete nuclear disarmament.

United Nations General Assembly First Committee

United Nations General Assembly First Committee

The United Nations General Assembly First Committee is one of six main committees at the General Assembly of the United Nations. It deals with disarmament and international security matters.

Costa Rica

Costa Rica

Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around five million in a land area of 51,060 km2 (19,710 sq mi). An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San José, with around two million people in the surrounding metropolitan area.

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons is a global civil society coalition working to promote adherence to and full implementation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The campaign helped bring about this treaty. ICAN was launched in 2007. In 2022 it counted 652 partner organizations in 107 countries.

Nuclear sharing

Nuclear sharing

Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO's policy of nuclear deterrence, which allows member countries without nuclear weapons of their own to participate in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO. In particular, it provides for the armed forces of those countries to be involved in delivering nuclear weapons in the event of their use.

Bundestag

Bundestag

The Bundestag is the German federal parliament. It is the only federal representative body that is directly elected by the German people. It is comparable to the United States House of Representatives or the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Bundestag was established by Title III of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany and thus it is the historical successor to the earlier Reichstag.

Sigmar Gabriel

Sigmar Gabriel

Sigmar Hartmut Gabriel is a German politician who was the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2017 to 2018 and the vice-chancellor of Germany from 2013 to 2018. He was Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 2009 to 2017, which made him the party's longest-serving leader since Willy Brandt. He was the Federal Minister of the Environment from 2005 to 2009 and the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy from 2013 to 2017. From 1999 to 2003 Gabriel was Minister-President of Lower Saxony.

Membership

Main article: List of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

A total of 197 states may become parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, including all 193 United Nations member states, the Cook Islands, the Holy See, the State of Palestine and Niue. As of 22 September 2022, 68 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Dominican Republic.[47]

Discover more about Membership related topics

List of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

List of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

The list of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons encompasses the states which have signed and ratified or acceded to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a multilateral treaty outlawing nuclear weapons.

Cook Islands

Cook Islands

The Cook Islands is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi). The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers 1,960,027 square kilometres (756,771 sq mi) of ocean.

Holy See

Holy See

The Holy See, also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome, which has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the Catholic Church and sovereignty over the city-state known as Vatican City.

State of Palestine

State of Palestine

Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a state located in the Southern Levant, Western Asia. Officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), it claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as its territory, though the entirety of that territory has been under Israeli occupation since the 1967 Six-Day War. As a result of the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995, the West Bank is currently divided into 165 Palestinian enclaves that are under partial Palestinian National Authority (PNA) rule; the remainder, including 200 Israeli settlements, is under full Israeli control. The Gaza Strip has been ruled by the militant Islamic group Hamas and has been subject to a long-term blockade by Egypt and Israel since 2007.

Niue

Niue

Niue is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand. Niue's land area is about 261 square kilometres (101 sq mi) and its population, predominantly Polynesian, was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. It is 604 kilometres northeast of Tonga. The island is commonly referred to as "The Rock", which comes from the traditional name "Rock of Polynesia". Niue is one of the world's largest coral islands. The terrain of the island has two noticeable levels. The higher level is made up of a limestone cliff running along the coast, with a plateau in the centre of the island reaching approximately 60 metres above sea level. The lower level is a coastal terrace approximately 0.5 km wide and about 25–27 metres high, which slopes down and meets the sea in small cliffs. A coral reef surrounds the island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central western coast, close to the capital, Alofi.

Positions

UN member states

According to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), a coalition of non-governmental organizations, leading proponents of a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty include Ireland, Austria,[48][49][50] Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, South Africa and Thailand.[51] All 54 nations of Africa (all but one of which have either signed or ratified the 1996 Treaty of Pelindaba establishing a nuclear-weapon-free-zone in the continent)[52] and all 33 nations of Latin America and the Caribbean (already in a nuclear-weapon-free-zone under the 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco)[53] had subscribed to common regional positions supporting a ban treaty. The 10 nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which concluded the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, participated in the negotiations, but Singapore abstained from the vote.[8] Many Pacific island nations are also supportive.[54]

No nuclear-armed nation has expressed support for a ban treaty; indeed, a number of them, including the United States[55] and Russia,[56] have expressed explicit opposition. North Korea was the only nuclear state to vote for initiating ban negotiations.[23][24]

Many of the non-nuclear-armed members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), along with Australia[57] and Japan,[58] are also resistant to a ban treaty, as they believe that US nuclear weapons enhance their security.[51] A statement was put forward by several NATO members (not including France, the United States, nor the United Kingdom, the nuclear weapon states within NATO), claiming that the treaty will be 'ineffective in eliminating nuclear weapons' and instead calling for advanced implementation of Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty.[59]

Following the treaty's adoption, the permanent missions of the United States, the United Kingdom and France issued a joint statement indicating that they did not intend "to sign, ratify or ever become party to it". After stating that the instrument clearly disregarded the realities of the international security environment, they said accession to it was "incompatible with the policy of nuclear deterrence, which has been essential to keeping the peace in Europe and North Asia for over 70 years".[60]

Contrary to government position in a number of nations, several recent opinion polls – including Australia,[61] and Norway[62] – have shown strong public support for negotiating an international ban on nuclear weapons. The Netherlands voted against adoption of the treaty, while Germany did not participate, despite opinion polls against the presence of nuclear weapons in both countries.[63][64]

Civil society

ICAN has been the main civil society actor working alongside governments to achieve a strong and effective ban treaty.[65] The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement has also championed an agreement to prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons,[66] describing the UN working group recommendation to negotiate a ban in 2017 as "potentially historic".[67] Thousands of scientists from around the world signed an open letter in support of the negotiations.[68]

In a July 2017 public statement endorsed by over 40 Buddhist, Christian, Jewish and Muslim leaders and groups, "Faith Communities Concerned about Nuclear Weapons" called for universal adoption of the treaty.[69] At a high-profile Vatican conference in November 2017, the first major international disarmament gathering following the treaty's adoption in July, Pope Francis took a stance further than his papal predecessors to condemn the possession of nuclear weapons and warn that nuclear deterrence policies offer a "false sense of security."[70][71][72]

Xanthe Hall (IPPNW and ICAN) said she regretted the boycott of the treaty by all nuclear powers and their allies. She recalled that the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions were concluded without the states possessing such weapons, but finally were signed by most states. She argued that nuclear-weapon states were blocking multilateral disarmament negotiations and instead were modernizing their nuclear forces and abdicating their responsibility under Article VI of the NPT. This could reduce the commitment of other states to non-proliferation. By contrast, the TPNW aimed at a new disarmament dynamics that would reinforce the NPT.[73]

In NATO Review, Rühle indicated that according to proponents, it was intended to strengthen Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which requires good faith efforts to negotiate effective measures on nuclear disarmament. Sceptics have argued that the Ban Treaty would harm the NPT.[74]

Former US Secretary of Defense William Perry has endorsed the TPNW.[75]

Parliamentarians

A global appeal for a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty, signed by 838 parliamentarians in 42 countries.
A global appeal for a nuclear-weapon-ban treaty, signed by 838 parliamentarians in 42 countries.

Political parties supporting the government in NATO member states often share the rejection of the nuclear ban negotiations and treaty by their governments, but this is not universal.

Netherlands

In May 2015, the Dutch House of Representatives adopted a non-binding motion asking the Dutch government to participate substantively in international discussions on a treaty banning nuclear weapons without prejudice on the final outcome.[76] Roughly a year later, in May 2016, the Dutch House of Representatives adopted a similar motion urging the government to work for "an international ban on nuclear weapons". These motions were supported in part by at least one citizens’ initiative.[77] These pieces of legislation made it politically unacceptable for the Dutch government to officially avoid participating in the TPNW negotiations and avoid voting as did the rest of NATO and the world's nuclear-weapon states.

Late in 2018 the Dutch parliament passed a motion asking the government determine whether the TPNW was compatible with existing Dutch law. On 30 January 2019, the government responded saying that the Netherlands could become a party to the TPNW without other changes to existing law. Implementation would require additional legislation, however.[78]

Norway and Germany

In 2010, the German Bundestag voted for nuclear disengagement by a large majority. In 2016, a majority of Norwegian parliamentarians signaled their support for a ban.[79] Nevertheless, Norway and Germany joined the nuclear-weapon states and the rest of NATO, except for the Netherlands, in officially avoiding participation in the negotiations.

Elsewhere

In response to an appeal made by ICAN, over eight hundred parliamentarians around the world pledged their support for a ban treaty, calling upon "all national governments to negotiate a treaty banning nuclear weapons and leading to their complete eradication" and describing it as "necessary, feasible and increasingly urgent". The countries they represent included members of both the world's existing nuclear-weapon-free zones as well as NATO states. Of the five nuclear-armed permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, the United Kingdom was the only one to have elected representatives lend their support to the initiative.[80]

Implementation

Article 8 of the treaty stipulates that following entry into effect, the States Parties to the treaty shall hold meetings to promote collective actions on their part to achieve the treaty's objectives. It also stipulates that the first such conference is to take place within a year from its entry into effect. Accordingly, the first Meeting of States Parties was initially scheduled for by January 2022, following Austria's offer to host,[81] but the meeting was subsequently rescheduled for 22-24 March 2022,[82] and then postponed again until sometime between May and July 2022.[83] The scheduled meeting was eventually opened in Vienna on June 21, 2022,[84] and ended on June 23. It adopted a declaration and a plan of action to facilitate greater disarmament. The plan of action called for joint efforts to be done with the Red Cross and NGOs to lead as many governments as possible to accede to the treaty or to other treaties relating to disarmament or banning nuclear tests.[85] [86]

Discover more about Positions related topics

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons is a global civil society coalition working to promote adherence to and full implementation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The campaign helped bring about this treaty. ICAN was launched in 2007. In 2022 it counted 652 partner organizations in 107 countries.

African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty

African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty

The African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Pelindaba, establishes a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa. The treaty was signed in 1996 and came into effect with the 28th ratification on 15 July 2009.

Treaty of Tlatelolco

Treaty of Tlatelolco

The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean is an international treaty that establishes the denuclearization of Latin America and the Caribbean. It was proposed by Adolfo López Mateos, the President of Mexico, and promoted by the Mexican diplomats Alfonso García Robles, Ismael Moreno Pino and Jorge Castañeda ​as a response to the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). For his efforts in favor of the reduction of nuclear weapons, García Robles was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982.

Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty

Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty

The Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ) or the Bangkok Treaty of 1995, is a nuclear weapons moratorium treaty between 10 Southeast Asian member-states under the auspices of the ASEAN: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It was opened for signature at the treaty conference in Bangkok, Thailand, on 15 December 1995 and it entered into force on March 28, 1997 and obliges its members not to develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire, possess or have control over nuclear weapons.

List of states with nuclear weapons

List of states with nuclear weapons

Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons. Five are considered to be nuclear-weapon states (NWS) under the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons, these are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China. Of these, the three NATO members, the UK, US, and France, are sometimes termed the P3.

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering. Within it there are three distinct organisations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations.

Pope Francis

Pope Francis

Pope Francis is the head of the Catholic Church, the bishop of Rome and sovereign of the Vatican City State. Francis is the first pope to be a member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first pope from outside Europe since the 8th century papacy of Syrian pope Gregory III.

Convention on Cluster Munitions

Convention on Cluster Munitions

The Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) is an international treaty that prohibits all use, transfer, production, and stockpiling of cluster bombs, a type of explosive weapon which scatters submunitions ("bomblets") over an area. Additionally, the convention establishes a framework to support victim assistance, clearance of contaminated sites, risk reduction education, and stockpile destruction. The convention was adopted on 30 May 2008 in Dublin, and was opened for signature on 3 December 2008 in Oslo. It entered into force on 1 August 2010, six months after it was ratified by 30 states. As of February 2022, a total of 123 states are committed to the goal of the convention, with 110 states that have ratified it, and 13 states that have signed the convention but not yet ratified it.

NATO Review

NATO Review

NATO Review is a magazine of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that has been published for over 60 years.

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term denuclearization is also used to describe the process leading to complete nuclear disarmament.

House of Representatives (Netherlands)

House of Representatives (Netherlands)

The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate. It has 150 seats, which are filled through elections using party-list proportional representation. Generally, the house is located in the Binnenhof in The Hague, however, it has temporarily moved to the former building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Bezuidenhoutseweg 67 in the Hague while the Binnenhof is being renovated.

Source: "Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 11th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons.

Enjoying Wikiz?

Enjoying Wikiz?

Get our FREE extension now!

Download Extension

Further Reading

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear disarmament

Treaty of Tlatelolco

Biological Weapons Convention

Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

Conference on Disarmament

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

List of parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

List of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

2017 Nobel Peace Prize

Beatrice Fihn

List of parties to weapons of mass destruction treaties
See also
References
  1. ^ a b c "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  2. ^ "UN Secretary-General's Spokesman - on the occasion of the 50th ratification of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Treaty banning nuclear weapons approved at UN: Supporters hail step towards nuclear free world as treaty is backed by 122 countries". The Guardian. 7 July 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  4. ^ Gladstone, Rick (7 July 2017). "A Treaty Is Reached to Ban Nuclear Arms. Now Comes the Hard Part". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  5. ^ Hawkins, Dimity (25 October 2020). "Now that nuclear weapons are illegal, the Pacific demands truth on decades of testing | Dimity Hawkins". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  6. ^ "UN: Nuclear weapons ban treaty to enter into force". AP NEWS. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  7. ^ UN General Assembly approves historic resolution Archived 10 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, ICAN, 23 December 2016
  8. ^ a b "United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination, 27 April to 22 May 2016". www.un.org. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  9. ^ Working paper 34 submitted to the UN open-ended working group on nuclear disarmament, Geneva, 11 May 2016
  10. ^ a b "Banning nuclear weapons without the nuclear armed states" (PDF). Article36. October 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  11. ^ Reaching Critical Will and Article 36, "A treaty banning nuclear weapons" (May 2014)
  12. ^ Humanitarian Pledge Archived 15 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine initiated by Austria on 9 December 2014
  13. ^ Working paper 36 submitted to the UN open-ended working group on nuclear disarmament, Geneva, 4 May 2016
  14. ^ Article 36 and Reaching Critical Will, "Filling the legal gap: the prohibition of nuclear weapons" (April 2015)
  15. ^ a b United Nations, ed. (6 July 2017). "Draft treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons". Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  16. ^ Tim Wright, "Non-Proliferation Treaty review conference 2010: towards nuclear abolition" Archived 11 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine ICAN June 2010
  17. ^ Reaching Critical Will, "Humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons" Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, n.d. retrieved 10 July 2017
  18. ^ Tim Wright, "Nayarit — a point of no return" Archived 1 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ICAN April 2014, 20 pages
  19. ^ United Nations Working paper 18 submitted to the NPT preparatory committee meeting, New York, 2 April 2014
  20. ^ UN General Assembly resolution 70/33, adopted 7 December 2015
  21. ^ "Majority of UN members declare intention to negotiate ban on nuclear weapons in 2017", ICAN media release, 19 August 2016
  22. ^ ICAN Voting result Archived 30 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine on UN resolution L.41, adopted 27 October 2016
  23. ^ a b "Voting on UN resolution for nuclear ban treaty". ICAN. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  24. ^ a b Thakur, Ramesh (4 November 2016). "Rattling the nuclear cage, and look who is terrified". Japan Times. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  25. ^ "United Nations Official Document". www.un.org.
  26. ^ Geneva, United Nations Office of. "Where global solutions are shaped for you - Permanent Missions - Permanent Mission of the Republic of Costa Rica to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva". www.unog.ch. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  27. ^ "ICAN's report on the March negotiations". The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  28. ^ "ICAN's report on the March negotiations | ICAN". www.icanw.org. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  29. ^ Draft Convention on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Archived 21 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine, submitted by the President of the Conference
  30. ^ Draft UN nuclear weapon ban released Archived 3 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, 21 May 2017
  31. ^ "Erster Entwurf für Atomwaffenverbot präsentiert" (in German). ICANW Deutschland. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  32. ^ "Neue US-Atomwaffen werden in Deutschland stationiert - Russland übt scharfe Kritik". Focus Online. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  33. ^ Xanthe Hall (15 June 2017). "Deutschland drückt sich vor einem Atomwaffenverbot". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  34. ^ "Frequently asked questions - Which nations are participating in the negotiations?". ICAN. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  35. ^ Peter Dausend und Michael Thumann (16 February 2017). "Braucht die EU die Bombe?" (in German). Zeit Online. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  36. ^ United Nations, ed. (July 2017). "United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination – Participants". Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  37. ^ Tim Wright (16 June 2017). ICAN (ed.). "Blog: Countdown to nuclear ban negotiations, 16/06/2017 23:40, Discussion on prohibitions". Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  38. ^ "Draft Convention on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Update Submitted by the President of the Conference" (PDF). United Nations. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  39. ^ Ariana King (28 June 2017). "UN treaty envisions total elimination of nuclear arms". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  40. ^ a b Ray Acheson (28 June 2017). "Running through draft two" (PDF). Reaching Critical Will, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  41. ^ The President of the Conference (3 July 2017). "Draft Convention on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" (PDF). Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  42. ^ Ray Acheson (6 July 2017). "And the text goes to translation" (PDF). Nuclear Ban Daily, Vol. 2, No. 13. Reaching Critical Will, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  43. ^ United Nations, ed. (7 July 2017). "Voting record of the UN draft treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons" (PDF). Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  44. ^ France-Presse, Agence (8 July 2017). "122 countries adopt global treaty banning nuclear weapons". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  45. ^ Borger, Julian (11 May 2010). "Pakistan's bomb and Saudi Arabia". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  46. ^ Mark Urban (6 November 2013). "Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan". BBC. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  47. ^ "Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 3 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ Maitre, Emmanuelle; Lévy, Pauline (17 January 2020). "Becoming a disarmament champion: the Austrian crusade against nuclear weapons". The Nonproliferation Review. 26 (5–6): 537–557. doi:10.1080/10736700.2019.1690312. ISSN 1073-6700.
  49. ^ Renoldner, Klaus (2 October 2018). "Austria and its efforts towards the prohibition of nuclear weapons". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 34 (4): 258–262. doi:10.1080/13623699.2019.1565101. ISSN 1362-3699. PMID 30678494. S2CID 59251980.
  50. ^ "Austria, backed by 159 nations, calls for ban on nuclear weapons". Reuters. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  51. ^ a b "Support for a ban", ICAN website
  52. ^ Statement of the African Group to the UN open-ended working group on nuclear disarmament, Geneva, 2 May 2016
  53. ^ Working paper 15 submitted to the UN open-ended working group on nuclear disarmament, Geneva, 12 April 2016
  54. ^ Working paper 14 submitted to the UN open-ended working group, Geneva, 3 March 2016
  55. ^ US statement Archived 11 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine to the Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons, 8 December 2014
  56. ^ Russian statement to the Conference on Disarmament, Geneva, 16 August 2016
  57. ^ Ben Doherty, "Australia resists nuclear disarmament push because it relies on US deterrent", The Guardian, 16 September 2015
  58. ^ "U.S. 'nuclear umbrella' drove Japan's vote against U.N. resolution", Mainichi Japan, 28 October 2016
  59. ^ "Taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations - Explanation of Position on behalf of the following states: Albania, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Turkey" (PDF).
  60. ^ Joint Press Statement from the Permanent Representatives to the United Nations of the United States, United Kingdom and France following the adoption of a treaty banning nuclear weapons 7 July 2017
  61. ^ International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) Poll 2014: 84% Archived 21 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine of 1501 people conducted by Nielsen (Australia)
  62. ^ International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)"Public and parliamentary support for a treaty banning nuclear weapons 2016: 77%" Archived 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 11 May 2016
  63. ^ International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)"Public and parliamentary support for a treaty banning nuclear weapons" 2016: 85% Archived 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 11 May 2016
  64. ^ International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) "German public rejects nuclear weapons 2016: 93% " Archived 12 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 23 March 2016
  65. ^ Matthew Bolton and Elizabeth Minor, "The Discursive Turn Arrives in Turtle Bay: The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons' Operationalization of Critical IR Theories", Global Policy (2016)
  66. ^ International Committee of the Red Cross, "Nuclear weapons"
  67. ^ "ICRC Reiterates Calls for Nuclear Weapons Prohibition, Setting Timeframe", Astana Times, 24 August 2016
  68. ^ Hawking, Higgs and Over 3,000 Other Scientists Support UN Nuclear Ban Negotiations, Future of life Institute, 27 March 2017
  69. ^ Baruah, Jamshed (8 July 2017). "Faith Groups Urge Universal Adoption of UN Nuclear Ban Treaty". IDN-InDepthNews. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  70. ^ Winfield, Nicole (11 November 2017). "Pope asks leaders to imagine a world without nuclear weapons". AP. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  71. ^ Pullella, Philip (13 November 2017). "Pope Francis condemns nuclear arsenals, breaking with papal history". The Globe and Mail, Canada. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  72. ^ McElwee, Joshua J. (10 November 2017). "Pope condemns possession of nuclear weapons in shift from church's acceptance of deterrence". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  73. ^ Xanthe Hall, Berlin boykottiert Atomwaffen-Konferenz, Frankfurter Rundschau, 2 April 2017, retrieved 6 April 2017.
  74. ^ The Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty: reasons for scepticism, Michael Rühle, NATO Review, 19 May 2017.
  75. ^ The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 22 Jan. 2021 "Why the United States Should Support the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"
  76. ^ Sjoerd Sjoerdsma (23 April 2015), Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Wikidata Q102349183.
  77. ^ nonukes.nl Parliamentary motion proposed on 28 April and adopted on 17 May 2016.
  78. ^ Susi Snyder (8 March 2019). "Dutch Government: Only politics stands in the way of joining the TPNW". No Nukes. Wikidata Q102352094..
  79. ^ Norwegian People's Aid, "Norway's parliament wants a ban on nuclear weapons", 10 March 2016
  80. ^ International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) Global Parliamentary Appeal for a Nuclear Weapons Ban Archived 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine (ongoing)
  81. ^ Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons entered into force
  82. ^ First Meeting of States Parties
  83. ^ First meeting of states parties to Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty Postponed
  84. ^ First Meeting of States Parties begins
  85. ^ Draft Vienna Declaration of the 1st Meeting of States Parties of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
  86. ^ Draft Vienna Action Plan
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Categories

The content of this page is based on the Wikipedia article written by contributors..
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization & is not affiliated to WikiZ.com.