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Thibodaux, Louisiana

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Thibodaux, Louisiana
City
City of Thibodaux
Downtown
Downtown
Nickname: 
Queen City of Lafourche
Location of Thibodaux in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana.
Location of Thibodaux in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana.
Location of Louisiana in the United States
Location of Louisiana in the United States
Coordinates: 29°47′32″N 90°49′12″W / 29.79222°N 90.82000°W / 29.79222; -90.82000Coordinates: 29°47′32″N 90°49′12″W / 29.79222°N 90.82000°W / 29.79222; -90.82000
Country United States
State Louisiana
ParishLafourche
Incorporated1830
Named forHenry S. Thibodaux
Government
 • MayorKevin Clement[1]
Area
[2]
 • City6.79 sq mi (17.59 km2)
 • Land6.79 sq mi (17.59 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
13 ft (4 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City15,948
 • Density2,348.06/sq mi (906.58/km2)
 • Metro
208,178
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
70301–70302, 70310
Area code985
FIPS code22-75425
Websiteci.thibodaux.la.us

Thibodaux (/ˈtɪbədoʊ/ TIB-ə-doh) is a city in, and the parish seat of, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States,[3] along the banks of Bayou Lafourche in the northwestern part of the parish. The population was 15,948 at the 2020 census.[4] Thibodaux is a principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux metropolitan statistical area.

Thibodaux is nicknamed the "Queen City of Lafourche."

Discover more about Thibodaux, Louisiana related topics

City

City

A city is a human settlement of notable size. It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, production of goods, and communication. Their density facilitates interaction between people, government organisations and businesses, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving efficiency of goods and service distribution.

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana

Lafourche Parish is a parish located in the south of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat is Thibodaux. The parish was formed in 1807. It was originally the northern part of Lafourche Interior Parish, which consisted of the present parishes of Lafourche and Terrebonne. Lafourche Parish was named after the Bayou Lafourche. City buildings have been featured in television and movies, such as in Fletch Lives, due to its architecture and rich history. At the 2020 census, its population was 97,557.

Louisiana

Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties, making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties. The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans, with a population of roughly 383,000 people.

Bayou Lafourche

Bayou Lafourche

Bayou Lafourche, originally called Chetimachas River or La Fourche des Chetimaches,, is a 106-mile-long (171 km) bayou in southeastern Louisiana, United States, that flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The bayou is flanked by Louisiana Highway 1 on the west and Louisiana Highway 308 on the east, and is known as "the longest Main Street in the world." It flows through parts of Ascension, Assumption, and Lafourche parishes. Today, approximately 300,000 Louisiana residents drink water drawn from the bayou.

2020 United States census

2020 United States census

The United States census of 2020 was the 24th decennial United States census. Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2020. Other than a pilot study during the 2000 census, this was the first U.S. census to offer options to respond online or by phone, in addition to the paper response form used for previous censuses. The census was taken during the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected its administration. The census recorded a resident population of 331,449,281 in the fifty states and the District of Columbia, an increase of 7.4 percent, or 22,703,743, over the preceding decade. The growth rate was the second-lowest ever recorded, and the net increase was the sixth highest in history. This was the first census where the 10 most-populous states each surpassed 10 million residents, and the first census where the 10 most-populous cities each surpassed 1 million residents.

Houma, Louisiana

Houma, Louisiana

Houma is the largest city in, and the parish seat of, Terrebonne Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is also the largest principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux metropolitan statistical area. The city's government was absorbed by the parish in 1984, which currently operates as the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government.

Bayou Cane, Louisiana

Bayou Cane, Louisiana

Bayou Cane is a census-designated place (CDP) in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located just north of Houma and had a population of 19,770 in 2020.

Nickname

Nickname

A nickname or short name is a substitute for the proper name of a familiar person, place or thing. Commonly used to express affection, a form of endearment, and sometimes amusement, it can also be used to express defamation of character. As a concept, it is distinct from both pseudonym and stage name, and also from a title, although there may be overlap in these concepts.

History

Laurel Valley Sugar Plantation "Big" House, south of Thibodaux.
Laurel Valley Sugar Plantation "Big" House, south of Thibodaux.

The first documented Native American inhabitants of the Thibodaux area were the Chawasha, a small tribe related to the Chitimacha of the upper Bayou Lafourche.[5] The first settlers of European descent in this area arrived in the 18th century, when Louisiana was the Spanish province of Luisiana. They consisted of French nationals and Louisiana-born French and German creoles, followed shortly by Spanish and French Acadian immigrants. The colonists gradually began to import Africans in bondage as slaves to work on and develop rice and sugar cane plantations.[6]

The United States acquired Louisiana from France in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase, after Napoleon, then First Consul, decided to sell France's North American possessions due to the failure to regain control of Saint-Domingue (which became the Republic of Haiti) and the impending threat of war with Great Britain. The present State of Louisiana became the U.S. Territory of Orleans, and in 1805 the Territorial Legislature created ten counties, among them the County of Lafourche (later Lafourche Parish). Americans from other states then began to settle in the area.

As early as 1808, a trading post and small village, known as "Thibodeauxville," had been established on the west bank of Bayou Lafourche, due to its strategic location near the confluence of Bayou Lafourche and Bayou Terrebonne. By the 1820s, the village had grown to a local center of the sugar cane industry.[7] This settlement was formally incorporated as a town in 1830 under the name "Thibodauxville", in honor of local planter Henry Schuyler Thibodaux, the son of Acadian exiles. He had provided the land for the original village center and, as lieutenant governor, assumed the office of acting governor of the State of Louisiana in 1824.[8] The area was developed in the antebellum period for sugar cane plantations, and Thibodaux was the trading center of the region. Sugar cane was an important commodity crop. The name of the town was shortened to "Thibodeaux" in 1838. The current spelling of the city's name, "Thibodaux," was apparently officially adopted in 1900. [9]

In January 1844, the prominent statesman and U.S. Senator Henry Clay, the "Great Compromiser," visited Thibodaux for several days as part of his campaign for the U.S. Presidency.[10] A residential lane along the canal connecting Bayou Lafourche to Bayou Terrebonne was later named in his honor.

Confederate General Braxton Bragg, the victor at Chickamauga, and his wife had a plantation, "Bivouac," just north of Thibodaux and attended services at St. John's Episcopal Church on Jackson Street, founded by Bishop Leonidas Polk, the owner of "Leighton" plantation and later a Confederate lieutenant general killed in action.

In 1896, the first rural free delivery of mail in Louisiana began in Thibodaux. It was the second such RFD in the United States.

Civil War

In October 1862, following the Battle of Georgia Landing (Labadieville), Thibodaux was occupied by the Union Army under Brigadier General Godfrey Weitzel. Before the Confederates left the city, under the command of General Alfred Mouton , they burned the depot, the bridge, sugar, and supplies that they could not carry with them, in order to prevent Union forces from benefitting by them.[11]

On June 20, 1863, Texas Confederate cavalry forces attacked the Union force occupying Thibodaux and captured the town. In a letter dated July 1, 1863, to his sister, Confederate Texas cavalryman Benjamin Franklin "Frank" Price proudly described the courage of his horse and a dramatic cavalry charge across the rebuilt Jackson Street bridge:

"I wish you could have seen Rowdy in the charge upon [Thibodaux]ville, I never saw a better cavalry horse, about three hundred of the best horses of the regiment was selected by Lt[.] Col[.] Crump to make the charge, and I can assure you that Rowdy stood the fire of the enemies [sic] guns as well or better than the rider. The cowardly Yankees could have killed all of us while we were crossing the bridge of [Thibodaux] but they only fired three rounds before they skedaddled and then such a yell; In one hour after we entered the town, the victory was ours . . ."[12]

Winters reports that

terrified Negroes and whites raced into the town announcing that 3,000 Confederate cavalrymen were en route to attack Thibodaux and Lafourche Crossing. Union Colonel Thomas W. Cahill ordered an immediate retreat. The bayou bridges were burned, three field guns were destroyed, and as many of the men and the horses as possible were loaded . . . and ordered to Raceland. . . . Ammunition was destroyed, horses abandoned, and four field pieces were left behind.[13]

Once the area was again under Union control, they ordered that enslaved people of African descent were to be freed and paid wages as free laborers. White planters in Thibodaux complained about having to negotiate labor contracts for the African-American workers. Alexander F. Pugh, a major sugar planter near Thibodaux, complained that

"I have agreed with the Negroes today to pay them monthly wages. It was very distasteful to me, but I could do no better. Everybody else in the neighborhood has agreed to pay the same, and mine [laborers] would listen to nothing else."[14]

Post-Reconstruction and Thibodaux massacre

Main article: Thibodaux massacre

In the late 19th century, after having taken back control of the state government following the Reconstruction era by use of election fraud and violence by paramilitary forces such as the White League, which suppressed black voting, white Democrats continued to consolidate their power over the state government. In the late 1880s they were challenged temporarily by a biracial coalition of Populists and Republicans. In this period, because blacks were skilled sugar workers, they briefly retained more rights and political power than did African Americans in the north of the state who worked as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations.

But from 1880, through the Louisiana Sugar Producers Association, some 200 major planters worked to regain slave conditions and control of workers, adopting uniform pay, withholding 80 percent of the workers' pay until after harvest, and making them accept scrip, redeemable only at plantation stores owned by the planters, rather than cash. Cane workers struck intermittently against these conditions.

The Knights of Labor organized a chapter in 1886 in Shreveport, Louisiana and attracted many cane workers seeking better conditions. A sugar cane workers' strike in Lafourche and three neighboring parishes involved 10,000 workers, 1,000 of whom were white, during the critical "rolling period" of the sugar cane harvest. Planters were alarmed both by outside labor organizations and the thought of losing their total crops. The governor called in the state militia at the planters' request; they protected strikebreakers and evicted black workers. The strike was broken in Terrebone Parish.

Paramilitary forces closed off Thibodaux, where numerous black workers had taken refuge. A New Orleans newspaper reported that "for three weeks past the negro women of the town have been making threats to the effect that if the white men resorted to arms they would burn the town and [end] the lives of the white women and children with their cane knives."[15] Similarly, in the days leading up to the climactic event, it was reported that "[s]ome of the colored women made open threats against the people and the community, declaring that they would destroy any house in the town" and that "[n]ot a few of the negroes boasted that in case a fight was made they were fully prepared for it."[16] One historian adds:

As late as November 21 some still comported themselves with confidence, and perhaps bravado, on the sidewalks. Mary Pugh, widow of Richard Pugh, owner of Live Oak Plantation in Lafourche Parish, reported "meeting negro men singly or two or three together with guns on their shoulders going down town & negro women on each side telling them to 'fight - yes - fight we'll be there.'"[17]

On November 23, after the ambush and wounding of two pickets posted in the southern section of town, the militia committee began to indiscriminately shoot black workers and some family members, killing an estimated 35 (and quite possibly more) in what is called the "Thibodaux massacre" of November 23, 1887. The incident is generally considered to be the second bloodiest labor dispute in U.S. history. Casualties including wounded and missing were claimed by some to be in the hundreds, but there has never been an accurate count.

The cane workers returned to the plantations under conditions dictated by white planters. The massacre and subsequent disenfranchisement of blacks in Louisiana at the turn of the century by making voter registration more difficult, and white Democrats' imposition of Jim Crow, ended labor organizing of cane workers until the 1940s.

Discover more about History related topics

History of slavery in Louisiana

History of slavery in Louisiana

Following Robert Cavelier de La Salle establishing the French claim to the territory and the introduction of the name Louisiana, the first settlements in the southernmost portion of Louisiana were developed at present-day Biloxi (1699), Mobile (1702), Natchitoches (1714), and New Orleans (1718). Slavery was then established by European colonists.

Napoleon

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. His wars and campaigns are studied by militaries all over the world. Between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.

Henry S. Thibodaux

Henry S. Thibodaux

Henry Schuyler Thibodaux was a planter and politician, who served one month in 1824 as the fourth Governor of Louisiana. At the time that Governor Thomas B. Robertson resigned in 1824 to accept appointment as a federal judge, Thibodaux was President of the State Senate and succeeded him as Acting Governor, until Henry Johnson was elected.

Henry Clay

Henry Clay

Henry Clay Sr. was an American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. He was the seventh House speaker as well as the ninth secretary of state. He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 1824, 1832, and 1844 elections. He helped found both the National Republican Party and the Whig Party. For his role in defusing sectional crises, he earned the appellation of the "Great Compromiser" and was part of the "Great Triumvirate" of Congressmen, alongside fellow Whig Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun.

Battle of Georgia Landing

Battle of Georgia Landing

The Battle of Georgia Landing or Battle of Labadieville was fought between a Union Army force led by Brigadier General Godfrey Weitzel and a Confederate States Army force commanded by Brigadier General Alfred Mouton near Labadieville, Assumption Parish, Louisiana, during the American Civil War. After a sharp clash, the Union troops compelled Mouton's outnumbered force to retreat.

Confederate States of America

Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States or the Confederacy, was an unrecognized breakaway herrenvolk republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.

Alfred Mouton

Alfred Mouton

Jean-Jacques-Alfred-Alexandre "Alfred" Mouton was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. Although trained at West Point, he soon resigned his commission to become a civil engineer and then a sugarcane grower, while also serving as a brigadier general in the Louisiana State Militia.

Negro

Negro

In the English language, negro is a term historically used to denote persons considered to be of Black African heritage. The word negro means the color black in both Spanish and in Portuguese, where English took it from. The term can be construed as offensive, inoffensive, or completely neutral, largely depending on the region or country where it is used, as well as the context in which it is applied. It has various equivalents in other languages of Europe.

Raceland, Louisiana

Raceland, Louisiana

Raceland is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) on Bayou Lafourche in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 9,768 in 2020. It is part of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux metropolitan statistical area.

Paramilitary

Paramilitary

A paramilitary is an organization whose structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces. Paramilitary units carry out duties that a country's military or police forces are unable or unwilling to handle. Other organizations may be considered paramilitaries by structure alone, despite being unarmed or lacking a combat role.

Scrip

Scrip

A scrip is any substitute for legal tender. It is often a form of credit. Scrips have been created and used for a variety of reasons, including exploitive payment of employees under truck systems; or for use in local commerce at times when regular currency was unavailable, for example in remote coal towns, military bases, ships on long voyages, or occupied countries in wartime. Besides company scrip, other forms of scrip include land scrip, vouchers, token coins such as subway tokens, IOUs, arcade tokens and tickets, and points on some credit cards.

Knights of Labor

Knights of Labor

Knights of Labor, officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s. It operated in the United States as well in Canada, and had chapters also in Great Britain and Australia. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the worker, and demanded the eight-hour day. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized or funded. It was notable in its ambition to organize across lines of gender and race and in the inclusion of both skilled and unskilled labor. After a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again. The Knights of Labor had served, however, as the first mass organization of the white working class of the United States.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.47 square miles (14.2 km2), all land.

Climate

Climate data for Thibodaux, Louisiana (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 87
(31) 		88
(31) 		93
(34) 		94
(34) 		99
(37) 		102
(39) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		100
(38) 		99
(37) 		92
(33) 		90
(32) 		105
(41)
Average high °F (°C) 63.8
(17.7) 		67.9
(19.9) 		73.9
(23.3) 		79.4
(26.3) 		86.0
(30.0) 		90.5
(32.5) 		92.0
(33.3) 		92.1
(33.4) 		88.8
(31.6) 		81.8
(27.7) 		72.7
(22.6) 		66.3
(19.1) 		79.6
(26.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 54.2
(12.3) 		58.2
(14.6) 		63.9
(17.7) 		69.6
(20.9) 		76.6
(24.8) 		81.9
(27.7) 		83.6
(28.7) 		83.5
(28.6) 		79.9
(26.6) 		71.4
(21.9) 		62.2
(16.8) 		56.4
(13.6) 		70.1
(21.2)
Average low °F (°C) 44.5
(6.9) 		48.5
(9.2) 		53.8
(12.1) 		59.7
(15.4) 		67.3
(19.6) 		73.2
(22.9) 		75.2
(24.0) 		74.9
(23.8) 		71.1
(21.7) 		60.9
(16.1) 		51.8
(11.0) 		46.5
(8.1) 		60.6
(15.9)
Record low °F (°C) 12
(−11) 		6
(−14) 		23
(−5) 		30
(−1) 		34
(1) 		50
(10) 		59
(15) 		57
(14) 		37
(3) 		27
(−3) 		20
(−7) 		9
(−13) 		6
(−14)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.76
(146) 		4.38
(111) 		4.85
(123) 		4.94
(125) 		5.91
(150) 		8.67
(220) 		8.41
(214) 		8.48
(215) 		5.96
(151) 		4.72
(120) 		3.80
(97) 		5.25
(133) 		71.13
(1,807)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.5 9.6 9.1 8.3 8.9 14.6 17.5 15.8 11.4 8.3 7.9 10.2 134.1
Source: NOAA[18][19]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18501,242—
18601,38011.1%
18701,92239.3%
18801,515−21.2%
18902,07837.2%
19003,25356.5%
19103,82417.6%
19203,526−7.8%
19304,44226.0%
19405,85131.7%
19507,73032.1%
196013,40373.4%
197015,02812.1%
198015,8105.2%
199014,035−11.2%
200014,4312.8%
201014,5660.9%
202015,9489.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[20]
Charles C. Elkins Hall is one of 28 sites in Thibodaux listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Charles C. Elkins Hall is one of 28 sites in Thibodaux listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Thibodaux racial composition as of 2020[4]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 8,580 53.8%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 6,057 37.98%
Native American 87 0.55%
Asian 116 0.73%
Pacific Islander 5 0.03%
Other/Mixed 364 2.28%
Hispanic or Latino 739 4.63%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 15,948 people, 5,548 households, and 2,965 families residing in the city.

As of the census[21] of 2000, there were 14,431 people, 5,500 households, and 3,355 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,636.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,018.1/km2). There were 6,004 housing units at an average density of 1,097.0 per square mile (423.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.04% White, 33.76% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population.

There were 5,500 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 17.3% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,697, and the median income for a family was $36,551. Males had a median income of $31,464 versus $21,144 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,966. About 20.6% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.3% of those under age 18 and 18.2% of those age 65 or over.

Discover more about Demographics related topics

1850 United States census

1850 United States census

The United States census of 1850 was the seventh census of the United States. Conducted by the Census Office, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 23,191,876—an increase of 35.9 percent over the 17,069,453 persons enumerated during the 1840 census. The total population included 3,204,313 slaves.

1860 United States census

1860 United States census

The United States census of 1860 was the eighth census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,322 in 33 states and 10 organized territories. This was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. The total population included 3,953,762 slaves.

1870 United States census

1870 United States census

The United States census of 1870 was the ninth United States census. It was conducted by the Census Bureau from June 1, 1870, to August 23, 1871. The 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves were granted freedom. The total population was 38,925,598 with a resident population of 38,558,371 individuals, a 22.6% increase from 1860.

1880 United States census

1880 United States census

The United States census of 1880 conducted by the Census Bureau during June 1880 was the tenth United States census. It was the first time that women were permitted to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker. This was the first census in which a city—New York City—recorded a population of over one million.

1890 United States census

1890 United States census

The United States census of 1890 was taken beginning June 2, 1890, but most of the 1890 census materials were destroyed in 1921 when a building caught fire and in the subsequent disposal of the remaining damaged records. It determined the resident population of the United States to be 62,979,766—an increase of 25.5 percent over the 50,189,209 persons enumerated during the 1880 census. The data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier.

1900 United States census

1900 United States census

The United States census of 1900, conducted by the Census Office on June 1, 1900, determined the resident population of the United States to be 76,212,168, an increase of 21.01% from the 62,979,766 persons enumerated during the 1890 census.

1910 United States census

1910 United States census

The United States census of 1910, conducted by the Census Bureau on April 15, 1910, determined the resident population of the United States to be 92,228,496, an increase of 21 percent over the 76,212,168 persons enumerated during the 1900 census. The 1910 census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation.

1920 United States census

1920 United States census

The United States census of 1920, conducted by the Census Bureau during one month from January 5, 1920, determined the resident population of the United States to be 106,021,537, an increase of 15.0 percent over the 92,228,496 persons enumerated during the 1910 census.

1930 United States census

1930 United States census

The United States census of 1930, conducted by the Census Bureau one month from April 1, 1930, determined the resident population of the United States to be 122,775,046, an increase of 13.7 percent over the 106,021,537 persons enumerated during the 1920 census.

1940 United States census

1940 United States census

The United States census of 1940, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 132,164,569, an increase of 7.6 percent over the 1930 population of 122,775,046 people. The census date of record was April 1, 1940.

1950 United States census

1950 United States census

The United States census of 1950, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 150,697,361, an increase of 14.5 percent over the 131,669,275 persons enumerated during the 1940 census.

1960 United States census

1960 United States census

The United States census of 1960, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 179,323,175, an increase of 19 percent over the 151,325,798 persons enumerated during the 1950 census. This was the first census in which all states recorded a population of over 200,000. This census's data determined the electoral votes for the 1964 and 1968 presidential elections. This was also the last census in which New York was the most populous state.

Arts and culture

St. Valérie's relics in St. Joseph Co-Cathedral
St. Valérie's relics in St. Joseph Co-Cathedral

The Roman Catholic patron saints of Thibodaux are Saint Valérie, an early Christian martyr, and Saint Vitalis of Milan, her husband, also a martyr. A life-sized reliquary of Saint Valérie, containing an arm bone, was brought to Thibodaux in 1868 and is displayed in her shrine in St. Joseph Co-Cathedral in Thibodaux. A smaller reliquary, with a relic of St. Vitalis, is displayed near St. Valérie's reliquary. St. Valérie has traditionally been invoked for intercession in protecting Thibodaux from hurricanes.

Richard D'Alton Williams, a well-known 19th-century Irish patriot, poet, and physician, died of tuberculosis in Thibodaux in 1862, and is buried in St. Joseph Cemetery. His headstone was erected that year by Irish members of the 8th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, then encamped in Thibodaux.[22] A famous Mississippi blues musician, Eddie "Guitar Slim" Jones, is buried in Thibodaux, where he often played, and where his manager, Hosea Hill, resided. Two-term Governor of Louisiana Francis T. Nicholls is buried in the Episcopal Cemetery on Jackson Street.

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Valeria of Milan

Valeria of Milan

Saint Valeria of Milan, or Saint Valérie, according to Christian tradition, was the wife of Vitalis of Milan and the mother of Sts. Gervasius and Protasius.

St. Joseph Co-Cathedral (Thibodaux, Louisiana)

St. Joseph Co-Cathedral (Thibodaux, Louisiana)

St. Joseph Co-Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral located in Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States. Along with the Cathedral of St. Francis de Sales in Houma it is the seat of the Diocese of Houma-Thibodaux. It is also the oldest parish in the diocese.

Richard D'Alton Williams

Richard D'Alton Williams

Richard D'Alton Williams was an Irish physician and poet, "Shamrock" of the Nation.

Guitar Slim

Guitar Slim

Eddie Jones, better known as Guitar Slim, was an American guitarist in the 1940s and 1950s, best known for the million-selling song "The Things That I Used to Do", for Specialty Records. It is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. Slim had a major impact on rock and roll and experimented with distorted tones on the electric guitar a full decade before Jimi Hendrix.

Francis T. Nicholls

Francis T. Nicholls

Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls was an American attorney, politician, judge, and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He served two terms as the 28th Governor of Louisiana, first from 1876 to 1880 after the Reconstruction era ended and from 1888 to 1892.

St. John's Episcopal Church and Cemetery

St. John's Episcopal Church and Cemetery

St. John's Episcopal Church and Cemetery is a historic church located at 718 Jackson Street in Thibodaux, Louisiana.

Government

The mayor of Thibodaux is elected at-large and is currently Tommy Eschete.[1] The city council of seven is elected from five single-member districts, and two at-large members.[23] Thibodaux is in Parish Council Districts 1, 2, 3, and 4.[24]

In the Louisiana Legislature, Thibodaux is currently represented by District 55 Rep. Bryan Fontenot (R-Thibodaux) and Sen. Bret Allain (R-Jeanerette). In the United States Congress, it is represented by Rep. Garret Graves (R-Baton Rouge), Sen. Bill Cassidy (R- Baton Rouge) and Sen. John Neely Kennedy (R-Madisonville).

The Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice operates an office in Thibodaux.[25]

The United States Postal Service operates the Thibodaux Post Office.[26]

ZIP codes for Thibodaux are 70301, 70302, and 70310. Thibodaux's telephone area code is 985.

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At-large

At-large

At large is a description for members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent a whole membership or population, rather than a subset. In multi-hierarchical bodies, the term rarely extends to a tier beneath the highest division. A contrast is implied, with certain electoral districts or narrower divisions. It can be given to the associated territory, if any, to denote its undivided nature, in a specific context. Unambiguous synonyms are the prefixes of cross-, all- or whole-, such as cross-membership, or all-state.

Single-member district

Single-member district

A single-member district is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district, which is represented by multiple officeholders. Single-member districts are also sometimes called single-winner voting, winner-takes-all, single-member constituencies or single-member electorates.

Garret Graves

Garret Graves

Garret Neal Graves is an American politician serving as the United States representative from Louisiana's 6th congressional district since 2015.

Bill Cassidy

Bill Cassidy

William Morgan Cassidy is an American physician and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Louisiana, a seat he has held since 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he served in the Louisiana State Senate from 2006 to 2009 and in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2009 to 2015.

Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice

Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice

The Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice (OJJ) is a cabinet-level Louisiana state agency that provides youth corrections services in the state.

United States Postal Service

United States Postal Service

The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the U.S., including its insular areas and associated states. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the U.S. Constitution. The USPS, as of 2021, has 516,636 career employees and 136,531 non-career employees.

Education

Residents are zoned to schools in the Lafourche Parish Public Schools.[27]

Zoned elementary schools include:

  • C. M. Washington Elementary School
  • Thibodaux Elementary School
  • W.S. Lafargue Elementary School

Zoned middle schools include:

  • East Thibodaux Middle School
  • West Thibodaux Middle School
  • Sixth Ward Middle School

Thibodaux residents are zoned to Thibodaux High School. From 1950 until 1968, C.M. Washington High School served as the segregated public school for African Americans in Thibodaux.[28]

Catholic schools (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux) include:

Colleges:

Lafourche Parish is in the service area of Fletcher Technical Community College.[29]

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Lafourche Parish Public Schools

Lafourche Parish Public Schools

Lafourche Parish Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Thibodaux, Louisiana.

Thibodaux High School

Thibodaux High School

Thibodaux High School (THS) is a public high school serving students in grades 9–12 in Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States about 75 miles southwest of New Orleans. It is one of three high schools in the Lafourche Parish Public Schools.

C.M. Washington High School

C.M. Washington High School

C.M. Washington High School was a primary and secondary school for black people in Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States. A part of Lafourche Parish Public Schools, it was the only K-12 school in Lafourche Parish for black people, and it had the first high school program for black people in Thibodaux.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux

Roman Catholic Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in southeastern Louisiana. It comprises Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes, the eastern part of St. Mary Parish including Morgan City, and Grand Isle in Jefferson Parish.

Edward Douglas White Catholic High School

Edward Douglas White Catholic High School

Edward Douglas White Catholic High School is a private, Roman Catholic junior and senior high school in Thibodaux, Louisiana in the Diocese of Houma-Thibodaux. It is named for Edward Douglass White, ninth Chief Justice of the United States and native of Lafourche Parish.

Nicholls State University

Nicholls State University

Nicholls State University is a public university in Thibodaux, Louisiana. Founded in 1948, Nicholls is part of the University of Louisiana System. Originally named Francis T. Nicholls Junior College, the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls, a former governor of Louisiana, member of the Louisiana Supreme Court, and general in the Confederate army during the civil war.

Media

The local newspaper is The Daily Comet. It was founded in 1889 as Lafourche Comet. It was owned by The New York Times Company from 1979 until 2011. The company sold this and other regional newspapers to Halifax Media Group.

Cable television and Internet are provided in Thibodaux by Reserve Telecommunications, AT&T, and Charter Spectrum.

In popular culture

  • The family and city name "Thibodaux" is mentioned in Hank Williams' "Jambalaya (On The Bayou)." In 1972 Leon Russell had the song "Cajun Love Song," in which Thibodaux is mentioned. It is also mentioned in the 1970s Jerry Reed song "Amos Moses," in the 1990s George Strait song "Adalida," in Dan Baird's 1992 song "Dixie Beauxderaunt," the 1999 Jimmy Buffett song "I Will Play for Gumbo," and the 2008 Toby Keith song "Creole Woman," and "Thibodaux" is the title of a song by jazz singer Marcia Ball.
  • The 1989 motion picture Fletch Lives was set in a fictionalized Thibodaux.
  • The video for Arcade Fire's 2022 single "The Lightning I, II" was shot in Thibodaux.[30]

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Hank Williams

Hank Williams

Hiram "Hank" Williams was an American singer, songwriter, and musician. Regarded as one of the most significant and influential American singers and songwriters of the 20th century, he recorded 55 singles that reached the top 10 of the Billboard Country & Western Best Sellers chart, including 12 that reached No. 1.

Jerry Reed

Jerry Reed

Jerry Reed Hubbard was an American singer, guitarist, composer, songwriter and actor who appeared in more than a dozen films. His signature songs included "Guitar Man", "U.S. Male", "A Thing Called Love", "Alabama Wild Man", "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot, You're Hot", "Ko-Ko Joe", "Lord, Mr. Ford", "East Bound and Down", "The Bird", and "She Got the Goldmine ".

Amos Moses

Amos Moses

"Amos Moses" is a song written and recorded by American musician Jerry Reed. It was released in October 1970 as the fourth and final single from the album Georgia Sunshine and was his highest-charting single on the Billboard Hot 100, bowing at #97 on October 31, 1970, and peaking at #8 on February 27 and March 6, 1971. It has been used ever since as a line dance taught at YMCAs. "Amos Moses" was certified gold for sales of 1 million units by the RIAA. It was #28 on Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1971 and also appeared on several other countries' charts.

George Strait

George Strait

George Harvey Strait Sr. is an American country music singer, songwriter, actor, and music producer. Strait is considered one of the most influential and popular recording artists of all time. In the 1980s, he was credited for igniting the neotraditional country movement, famed for his authentic cowboy image and roots-oriented sound at a time when the Nashville music industry was dominated by country pop crossover acts. His influential and record-breaking legacy of his pioneering neotraditionalist country style has garnered him as the "King of Country Music."

Jimmy Buffett

Jimmy Buffett

James William Buffett is an American singer-songwriter, musician, author, and businessman. He is best known for his music, which often portrays an "island escapism" lifestyle. Together with his Coral Reefer Band, Buffett has recorded hit songs including "Margaritaville" and "Come Monday". He has a devoted base of fans known as "Parrotheads".

Marcia Ball

Marcia Ball

Marcia Ball is an American blues singer and pianist raised in Vinton, Louisiana.

Fletch Lives

Fletch Lives

Fletch Lives is a 1989 American comedy mystery film starring Chevy Chase and the sequel to Fletch (1985), directed by Michael Ritchie from a screenplay by Leon Capetanos based on the character created by Gregory Mcdonald.

Arcade Fire

Arcade Fire

Arcade Fire is a Canadian indie rock band, consisting of husband and wife Win Butler and Régine Chassagne, alongside Richard Reed Parry, Tim Kingsbury and Jeremy Gara. The band's current touring line-up also includes former core member Sarah Neufeld and multi-instrumentalists Paul Beaubrun, Dan Boeckner and Eric Heigle. Each of the band's studio albums features contributions from composer and violinist Owen Pallett.

Notable people

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Eric Andolsek

Eric Andolsek

Eric Thomas Andolsek was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) with the Detroit Lions. He played college football at Louisiana State University.

Charlton Beattie

Charlton Beattie

Charlton Reid Beattie was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. He was the son of Confederate Army officer, judge, and Republican Party politician Taylor Beattie.

Braxton Bragg

Braxton Bragg

Braxton Bragg was an American army officer during the Second Seminole War and Mexican–American War and Confederate general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, serving in the Western Theater. His most important role was as commander of the Army of Mississippi, later renamed the Army of Tennessee, from June 1862 until December 1863.

Confederate States of America

Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States or the Confederacy, was an unrecognized breakaway herrenvolk republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.

Adrian Joseph Caillouet

Adrian Joseph Caillouet

Adrian Joseph Caillouet was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Kody Chamberlain

Kody Chamberlain

Kody Chamberlain is an American comic book artist. He was born in Thibodaux, Louisiana and relocated to Lafayette, Louisiana in 1993.

Alan Faneca

Alan Faneca

Alan Joseph Faneca is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played college football for Louisiana State University (LSU), and earned consensus All-America honors. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the Steelers, New York Jets and Arizona Cardinals of the NFL. A six-time first-team All-Pro and nine-time Pro Bowl selection, Faneca won a Super Bowl ring with the Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Seattle Seahawks. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021 and on May 10, 2021, he was introduced as the head football coach of Frank W. Cox High School in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

Jeremy Gaubert

Jeremy Gaubert

Jeremy Gaubert is an American professional poker player. He is best known for winning the 2009 World Poker Open. He is also a co-founder of mttbacking.com, a site dedicated to backing online poker players.

Mary Gauthier

Mary Gauthier

Mary Veronica Gauthier is a Grammy-nominated American folk singer-songwriter and author, whose songs have been covered by performers including Tim McGraw, Blake Shelton, Kathy Mattea, Boy George and Jimmy Buffett. She has won multiple awards, including at the International Folk Music Awards, the Independent Music Awards, and from the Americana Association. Mary's songs often deal with marginalization, informed by her experience of addiction and recovery, and growing up gay, and demonstrate an "ability to transform her own trauma into a purposeful and communal narrative". Her 2018 album Rifles & Rosary Beads, co-written with military veterans and their families, has been hailed as a landmark achievement.

Jarvis Green

Jarvis Green

Jarvis Pernell Green is a former American football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the New England Patriots in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL draft. He played college football at LSU. Greens’ most memorable play is the same one that haunts him. It was also arguably the greatest play in Super Bowl history. It was 3rd and 7 at the end of the 4th quarter in Super Bowl XLII when Eli Manning escaped Jarvis Greens’ game saving sack. Green had Eli in his clutches, but Eli escaped and threw the ball to David Tyree, who leaped and pinned the ball to his helmet, while making the 32 yard catch that set up the game winning touchdown.

Denver Broncos

Denver Broncos

The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver, Colorado. The Broncos compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The team is headquartered in Dove Valley, Colorado.

Damian Johnson (basketball)

Damian Johnson (basketball)

Damian Johnson is an American former professional basketball player. He played four years of college basketball for Minnesota and spent the first two years of his professional career in Japan and the NBA Development League. Upon moving to Australia in 2014, he made a name for himself in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). Over three seasons in the SEABL, Johnson was a champion every year and won back-to-back Defensive Player of the Year honours in 2015 and 2016.

Source: "Thibodaux, Louisiana", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 30th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana.

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Further Reading

Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana

Donaldsonville, Louisiana

Larose, Louisiana

Raceland, Louisiana

Franklin, Louisiana

Houma, Louisiana

Des Allemands, Louisiana

Duncan F. Kenner

Houma–Thibodaux metropolitan area

Henry S. Thibodaux

Edward Douglass White House

Thibodaux massacre

Bayou Boeuf Elementary School
See also
References
  1. ^ a b https://ci.thibodaux.la.us/Departments/Mayor/Index. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  4. ^ a b "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  5. ^ Fred B. Kniffen, et al., The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present, Louisiana State University Press, 1987, p. 55.
  6. ^ Carl A. Brasseaux, Acadiana: Louisiana's Historic Cajun Country, Louisiana State University Press, 2011, pp. 46-47.
  7. ^ See, e.g, The Newbern Sentinel (New Bern, NC), April 7, 1827, page 3.
  8. ^ Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. "Thibodaux Historical Marker".
  9. ^ Lafourche Comet, September 20, 1900, p.2. The Louisiana Legislature authorized Thibodaux to re-incorporate as "the town of Thibodaux" under a new charter in 1898. The voters approved the proposed charter by referendum in July 1900 and the Mayor and Trustees formally adopted the change and new charter on August 30, 1900.
  10. ^ The Southern Reformer (Jackson, Mississippi), January 22, 1844, p.3; The Pittsfield Sun (Pittsfield, Massachusetts), January 25, 1844, p. 3.
  11. ^ John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963, ISBN 0-8071-0834-0, p. 162
  12. ^ Jimmy L. Brian, Jr., ""Whip them like the Mischief:" The Civil War Letters of Frank and Mintie Price," East Texas Historical Journal, Vol. 36, Iss. 2, Art. 13 (1998), p. 74.
  13. ^ Winters, p. 290
  14. ^ Winters, pp. 409-410
  15. ^ The New Orleans Times-Democrat, November 24, 1887.
  16. ^ The Lake Charles Echo, December 9, 1887, p.6.
  17. ^ Rebecca J. Scott, Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba After Slavery, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 84.
  18. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  19. ^ "Station: Thibodaux 4 SE, LA". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  20. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  21. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  22. ^ "Richard D'Alton Williams," Find A Grave website, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8576363/richard-d'alton-williams. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  23. ^ "City of Thibodaux Louisiana - Council". Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  24. ^ Lafourche Parish Government (2010). "Lafourche Parish Government Website". Archived from the original on 2010-07-04. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  25. ^ "Regional offices." Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved on December 26, 2017. "1077 Highway 3185, Thibodaux, LA, United States"
  26. ^ "THIBODAUX." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 26, 2017. "910 CANAL BLVD THIBODAUX, LA 70301-9998"
  27. ^ "Lafourche Parish Public Schools". Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  28. ^ Legendre, Raymond (2008-07-14). "Alumni group seeks to change school's name". Houma Today. Retrieved 2016-12-04. - See image of the historic plaque
  29. ^ "Our Colleges". Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  30. ^ Thibodaux Main Street, Inc. (2022). "Thibodaux Main Street, Inc". facebook.com. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  31. ^ NFL Enterprises LLC (2010). "Eric Andolsek". NFL.com. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  32. ^ Chamberlain, Kody (2006). "kodychamberlain.com - Official website of Kody Chamberlain - Kody Chamberlain". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  33. ^ "Thomas G. Clausen, p. 18" (PDF). parlouisiana.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  34. ^ Sports Reference *LLC (2010). "Mark Davis NBA & ABA Statistics". Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  35. ^ "Arizona Cardinals Website - Alan Faneca Bio". Archived from the original on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  36. ^ NFL Enterprises LLC (2010). "Jarvis Green". NFL.com. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  37. ^ University of Minnesota (2010). "Damian Johnson Bio - Gophersports.com - Official Web Site of University of Minnesota Athletics". NeuLion. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  38. ^ "Membership in the Louisiana State Senate, 1880-Present" (PDF). senate.la.gov. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  39. ^ "History". ulsystem.net. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  40. ^ "Pot Of Gold For A Nervy Cajun, September 19, 1966". si.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  41. ^ "Membership of the Louisiana House of Representatives, 1812-2016" (PDF). house.louisiana.gov. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  42. ^ Hurricane Brassband (2009-05-11). "John Robichaux". Archived from the original on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  43. ^ Barone, Michael; and Ujifusa, Grant. The Almanac of American Politics 1988', p. 494. National Journal, 1987.
  44. ^ "WHITE, Edward Douglass - Biographical Information". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  45. ^ Encyclopedia Louisiana (2001-12-20). "State Governors of Louisiana: Edward Douglas White". Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  46. ^ Boylan, Henry (1998). A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. p. 448. ISBN 0-7171-2945-4.
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