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TASS

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Russian News Agency TASS
TypeFederal State Unitary Enterprise
IndustryState news agency
Founded1 September 1904; 118 years ago (1904-09-01)
HeadquartersMoscow, Russia
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Sergei Mikhailov
ProductsNews media
OwnerWholly owned by federal government (as federal unitary enterprise)
Websitetass.com
For other uses, see TASS (disambiguation).

The Russian News Agency TASS (Russian: Информационное агентство России ТАСС, tr. Informatsionnoye agentstvo Rossii, or Information agency of Russia), abbreviated TASS (ТАСС), is a major Russian state-owned news agency founded in 1904. TASS is the largest Russian news agency and one of the largest news agencies worldwide.[1]

TASS is registered as a Federal State Unitary Enterprise, owned by the Government of Russia.[2] Headquartered in Moscow, TASS has 70 offices in Russia and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as 68 bureaus around the world.

In Soviet times, it was named the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (Телеграфное агентство Советского Союза, Telegrafnoye agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza) and was the central agency for news collection and distribution for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the agency was renamed Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR-TASS) (Информационное телеграфное агентство России (ИТАР-ТАСС), nformatsionnoye telegrafnoye agentstvo Rossii (ITAR-TASS)) in 1992, but regained the simpler TASS name in 2014.[3]

Discover more about TASS related topics

Romanization of Russian

Romanization of Russian

The romanization of the Russian language, aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout (JCUKEN). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout, such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.

State media

State media

State media or government media are media outlets that are under financial and/or editorial control of the state or government, directly or indirectly. There are different types of state and government media. State-controlled or state-run media are under editorial control or influence by the state or government.

News agency

News agency

A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organizations, such as newspapers, magazines and radio and television broadcasters. A news agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire, or news service.

Government of Russia

Government of Russia

The Government of Russia exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The members of the government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers. It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". The Apparatus of the Government of Russia is a governmental body which administrates the activities of the government.

Commonwealth of Independent States

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of 20,368,759 km2 (7,864,422 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 239,796,010. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security. It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union was the process of internal disintegration within the Soviet Union (USSR) which resulted in the end of the country's and its federal government's existence as a sovereign state, thereby resulting in its constituent republics gaining full independence on 26 December 1991. It brought an end to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's effort to reform the Soviet political and economic system in an attempt to stop a period of political stalemate and economic backslide. The Soviet Union had experienced internal stagnation and ethnic separatism. Although highly centralized until its final years, the country was made up of 15 top-level republics that served as homelands for different ethnicities. By late 1991, amid a catastrophic political crisis, with several republics already departing the Union and the waning of centralized power, the leaders of three of its founding members declared that the Soviet Union no longer existed. Eight more republics joined their declaration shortly thereafter. Gorbachev resigned in December 1991 and what was left of the Soviet parliament voted to end itself.

History

Historic TASS headquarters in Moscow
Historic TASS headquarters in Moscow

1902: TTA, SPTA, PTA, ROSTA

The origin of TASS dates back to December 1902 when it began operations as the Commercial Telegraph Agency (TTA, Torgovo-Telegrafnoe Agentstvo) under the Ministry of Finance, with Torgovo-Promyshlennaya Gazeta's staff being the main supplier of journalists. As the demand for non-business began during the first battles of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904, the agency had to change its name to the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency (SPTA). As there was no change of headquarters and almost no change in its staff and function, it was a mere rebranding.

In August 1914, one day after St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd, SPTA was renamed the Petrograd Telegraph Agency (PTA). It was seized by Bolsheviks in November 1917 and by December was renamed as the Central Information Agency of the Soviet Russian Council of People's Commissars. On 7 September 1918, the presidium renamed PTA and the Press bureau into the Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA), which became "the central information agency of the whole Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".

1925: TASS

TASS building entrance with globe
TASS building entrance with globe

In July 1925 the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (Телеграфное агентство Советского Союза, Telegrafnoye agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza, TASS) was established by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and took over the duties of the ROSTA as the country's central information agency. TASS enjoyed "exclusive right to gather and distribute information outside the Soviet Union, as well as the right to distribute foreign and domestic information within the Soviet Union, and manage the news agencies of the Soviet republics". Official state information was delivered as the TASS Report (Russian: Сообщение ТАСС, Soobshchyeniye TASS).

TASS included affiliated news agencies in all 14 Soviet republics in addition to Russia: RATAU (Ukrainian SSR, now Ukrinform), BelTA (Byelorussian SSR), ETA (Estonian SSR), Latinform (Latvian SSR, now LETA), ELTA (Lithuanian SSR), ATEM (Moldavian SSR, now Moldpres), Armenpress (Armenian SSR), Gruzinform (Georgian SSR), Azerinform (Azerbaijan SSR, now AZERTAC), UzTAG (Uzbek SSR, now UzA), KazTAG (Kazakh SSR, now Kazinform), KyrTAG (Kyrgyz SSR, now Kabar), Turkmeninform (Turkmen SSR, now TDH) and TajikTA (Tajik SSR, now Khovar). Over the history other affiliates existed, e.g. KarelfinTAG for the Karelo-Finnish SSR. In addition to producing reports for general consumption, TASS produced packages of content for non-public use. Western news reports and potentially embarrassing domestic news would be compiled daily into a collection known as "White Tass," and particularly important news would be compiled into a smaller collection known as "Red Tass." These collections were made available only to journalistic and political leaders, and to top journalists and political leaders, respectively.[4]

In 1961 Ria Novosti was created to supplement TASS, mainly in foreign reporting and human-interest stories. After 1971, TASS was elevated to the status of State Committee at the Government of the Soviet Union.

The agency was frequently used as a front organization by the Soviet intelligence agencies, such as the NKVD (later KGB) and Main Intelligence Directorate, with TASS employees serving as informants.[5] In 1959, Alexander Alexeyev was dispatched to Cuba on a fact-finding mission, ostensibly working for TASS.[6] Former Georgetown University professor James David Atkinson stated that TASS was an "effective propaganda medium" but that it concentrated "more heavily on espionage than on other activities."[7] TASS frequently served as a vector for Soviet active measures.[8]

1992: ITAR-TASS

In January 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a Presidential Decree signed by Boris Yeltsin re-defined status of TASS and renamed it the Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. In May 1994 The Russian Government adopted a resolution "On approval of the Charter of the Information Telegraph Agency of Russia", under which it operates as a central government news agency. The TASS acronym was, by this point, well-recognized around the world and so was retained after being redefined as the Telegraph agency of communication and messages (Russian: Телеграфное агентство связи и сообщения, tr. Telegrafnoye agentstvo svazi i soobshcheniya). The agency as a whole was referred to as "ITAR-TASS".

In September 2014 the agency regained its former name as Russian News Agency TASS.[3]

Discover more about History related topics

Russo-Japanese War

Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major theatres of military operations were in Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of roughly 5.4 million residents as of 2020. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.

Bolsheviks

Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks, also known in English as the Bolshevists, were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898, at its Second Party Congress in 1903.

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR, previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic as well as being unofficially known as Soviet Russia, the Russian Federation or simply Russia, was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR. The Russian Republic was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first Marxist-Leninist state in the world.

Government of the Soviet Union

Government of the Soviet Union

The Government of the Soviet Union, formally the All-Union Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, commonly abbreviated to Soviet Government, was the executive and administrative organ of state in the former Soviet Union. It had four different names throughout its existence; Council of People's Commissars (1923–1946), Council of Ministers (1946–1991), Cabinet of Ministers and Committee on the Operational Management of the National Economy. It also was known as Workers-Peasants Government of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era.

Russian Telegraph Agency

Russian Telegraph Agency

Russian Telegraph Agency, abbr. ROSTA, was the state news agency in Soviet Russia (1918-35). After the creation of Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union in 1925, it remained the news agency of Soviet Russia. Its name was associated with Rosta windows.

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was a body of state power in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The presidium was elected by joint session of both houses of the Supreme Soviet to act on its behalf while the Supreme Soviet was not in session. By the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitution, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet served as the collective head of state of the USSR. In all its activities, the Presidium was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Belarusian Telegraph Agency

Belarusian Telegraph Agency

The Belarusian Telegraph Agency or BelTA is the state-owned national news agency of the Republic of Belarus. It operates in Russian, Belarusian, English, German, Spanish and Chinese languages. Since 2018, the director of BELTA is Irina Akulovich.

LETA

LETA

LETA is the main Latvian news agency. Its headquarters are in Riga. It is owned by Estonian entrepreneur Margus Linnamäe through his company Postimees Group.

ELTA

ELTA

ELTA is a Lithuanian news agency based in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. In a day, it receives about 5,000 news articles and produces about 300 articles in Lithuanian, Russian, and English. ELTA cooperates with foreign news agencies such as Reuters, ITAR-TASS, DPA, PAP, Xinhua, and others.

Moldpres

Moldpres

The state newsagency Moldpres is a non-budgetary, self-financing organization, founded by the government of the Republic of Moldova.

Armenpress

Armenpress

Armenpress is the oldest and the main state news agency in Armenia.

Organization

TASS building entrance at night
TASS building entrance at night

TASS is registered as a Federal State Unitary Enterprise, owned by the Government of Russia.[2] Headquartered in Moscow, TASS has 70 offices in Russia and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as 68 bureaus around the world.

TASS press center

TASS multi-media press center is a communication floor in the heart of Moscow. Every year it hosts some 300 events featuring high-ranking Russian officials, foreign heads of state, leaders of main political parties, representatives of the world of arts and culture, scientists and sporting personalities as well as managers of Russian and foreign business enterprises. TASS press centers also operate in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk.

TASS is a media partner of high-profile conferences, forums and exhibitions in Russia and abroad.[9] The agency organized the first News Agencies World Congress (NAWC) in 2004.[10]

TASS building

TASS is headquartered in a building in the Soviet brutalist style built in 1977. In November 2021, an association of Russian architects criticized plans by Moscow city authorities to renovate the building without due regard for the preservation of its historic appearance.[11]

Discover more about Organization related topics

Government of Russia

Government of Russia

The Government of Russia exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The members of the government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers. It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". The Apparatus of the Government of Russia is a governmental body which administrates the activities of the government.

Commonwealth of Independent States

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of 20,368,759 km2 (7,864,422 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 239,796,010. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security. It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention.

Brutalist architecture

Brutalist architecture

Brutalist architecture is an architectural style that emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterised by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed, unpainted concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured.

Controversies and criticisms

TASS has been cited as a source of disinformation as part of Russian influence operations.[12]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Further information: Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
  • On 27 February 2022, "under the circumstances of the new media regulation enforced by the Russian government, which is heavily restricting media freedom", the European Alliance of News Agencies (EANA) unanimously decided to suspend TASS as "not being able to provide unbiased news", pending an exclusion decision.[13]
  • In March 2022, Getty Images, after "monitoring Russian state news agency TASS closely since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine" decided to end its partnership with TASS for what it said was violating editorial policy.[14]

As of March 2022, examples of propagation of disinformation in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine are as follows:

  • TASS falsely claimed that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy fled Kyiv following the invasion and also that he had surrendered. Zelenskyy used social media to post statements, videos and photos to counter this Russian disinformation.[15][16]
  • TASS made unsubstantiated claims that Ukraine was making a nuclear dirty bomb.[17]
  • TASS published unsubstantiated claims that "Ukrainian nationalists" were responsible for Ukrainian civilians not being able to leave the city of Mariupol[18][19] while the city was besieged and bombed by the Russian military.[20][21]

Discover more about Controversies and criticisms related topics

Disinformation

Disinformation

Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. It is sometimes confused with misinformation, which is false information but is not deliberate.

Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the media of both sides, both Russian and Ukrainian, waged an information war and actively spread disinformation. Disinformation has been distributed by governmental agencies and web brigades of the Russian Federation, the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) separatist areas of Ukraine in relation to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis and the subsequent Russian invasion. Russian disinformation and fake news stories have focused on themes such as false flags claims of Ukrainian and NATO aggression, claims of human rights violations and even genocide carried out by Ukrainians on Russian speakers, claims that NATO and Ukraine develop biological weapons targeted at Russia, and claims of widespread local populace support for the Russian "liberation". Some of the disinformation has been aimed at promoting hostility towards Ukrainian refugees, intending to weaken international support for Ukraine.

European Alliance of News Agencies

European Alliance of News Agencies

The European Alliance of News Agencies (EANA) is a federation of news agencies in Europe. The organisation was founded in 1956 and is based in Bern at the seat of the Swiss Telegraphic Agency (sda). As of 2015, EANA has 32 members. EANA's predecessor Agences Alliées was founded in 1924 and was active until World War II when its activities were discontinued.

Getty Images

Getty Images

Getty Images Holdings, Inc. is an American-British visual media company and is a supplier of stock images, editorial photography, video and music for business and consumers, with a library of over 477 million assets. It targets three markets—creative professionals, the media, and corporate.

Volodymyr Zelenskyy

Volodymyr Zelenskyy

Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy is a Ukrainian politician and former comedian and actor who has served as the sixth and current president of Ukraine since 2019.

Kyiv

Kyiv

Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.

Dirty bomb

Dirty bomb

A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device is a radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives. The purpose of the weapon is to contaminate the area around the dispersal agent/conventional explosion with radioactive material, serving primarily as an area denial device against civilians. It is not to be confused with a nuclear explosion, such as a fission bomb, which produces blast effects far in excess of what is achievable by the use of conventional explosives. Unlike the cloud of radiation from a typical fission bomb, a dirty bomb’s radiation can be dispersed only within a few hundred meters or a few miles of the explosion.

Mariupol

Mariupol

Mariupol is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Since May 2022, Mariupol has been occupied by Russian forces. It is situated on the northern coast (Pryazovia) of the Sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius River. Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was the tenth-largest city in the country and the second-largest city in Donetsk Oblast, with an estimated population of 425,681 people in January 2022, however Ukrainian authorities estimate its current population to be approximately 100,000.

Directors of TASS

Discover more about Directors of TASS related topics

Leonid Stark

Leonid Stark

Leonid Nikolaevich Stark was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet diplomat and editor.

Lev Sosnovsky

Lev Sosnovsky

Lev Semyonovich Sosnovsky was a Russian revolutionary, publicist and journalist. He was a prominent Trotskyist and member of the left opposition who was executed for his opposition to Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge.

Platon Kerzhentsev

Platon Kerzhentsev

Platon Mikhailovich Kerzhentsev, was a Soviet state and party official, revolutionary, diplomat, journalist, historian, playwright and arts theorist who was involved with the Proletkult movement.

Yakov Doletsky

Yakov Doletsky

Yakov Genrikhovich Doletsky was a Polish revolutionary and long-serving head of the Soviet news agency TASS.

Nikolay Palgunov

Nikolay Palgunov

Nikolai Grigoryevich Palgunov was Soviet politician, journalist, diplomat and long-term general director of TASS from 1943 to 1960.

Sergey Lapin (diplomat)

Sergey Lapin (diplomat)

Sergey Georgiyevich Lapin was a Soviet apparatchik, newspaper editor and diplomat.

Leonid Zamyatin

Leonid Zamyatin

Leonid Mitrofanovich Zamyatin was a Soviet ambassador and diplomat.

Vladimir Khatuntsev

Vladimir Khatuntsev

Vladimir Petrovich Khatuntsev was a Soviet journalist and news executive. He was head of the central Soviet news agency TASS in 1978–79.

Sergei A. Losev

Sergei A. Losev

Sergei Andreevich Losev was a Soviet journalist and politician. From 1979 to 1988 he was general director of TASS, the Soviet Union’s official news agency.

Vitaly Ignatenko

Vitaly Ignatenko

Vitaly Nikitich Ignatenko is a Russian journalist and politician who had been the head of ITAR-TASS news agency from 1993 until 2012 and had served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin from 1995 to 1997 as deputy prime minister. He has also been a member of different journalism organizations and foundations promoting the Russian language and Russian-speaking press.

Notable journalists

Source: "TASS", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 17th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS.

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Further Reading

Sergei Shoigu

Russian Telegraph Agency

Belarusian Telegraph Agency

Gury Marchuk

Gevork Vartanian

Ukrainian News Agency

Igor Shchyogolev

Russian information war against Ukraine

Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Mariupol hospital airstrike

Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War
See also
References
  1. ^ "Russia – Media Landscape". European Journalism Centre. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b Radia, Kirit (10 May 2014). "Putin Rules the Rink". ABC News. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  3. ^ a b "ИТАР-ТАСС вернется к советскому названию" [ITAR-TASS returns to its Soviet name]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 18 March 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  4. ^ Hoffman, Erik P. (1984). The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. New York: DeGruyter. p. 644. ISBN 0202241645.
  5. ^ Kruglak, Theodore Eduard (1962). The Two Faces of TASS. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-3712-0.
  6. ^ Alexeyev, Alexander. "Interview with Alexander Alekseyev [Soviet Ambassador to Cuba]" (PDF). National Security Archive (Interview). George Washington University. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  7. ^ Atkinson, James David (3 September 2018). The Edge of War. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78912-280-0. OCLC 1050955447.
  8. ^ Rid, Thomas (21 April 2020). Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-71865-7.
  9. ^ TASS official website
  10. ^ Rashid Hassan (20 November 2013). "News agencies embrace information technology". Arab News. Riyadh. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  11. ^ Times, The Moscow (11 November 2021). "Russian Architects Blast Plans to Renovate Iconic TASS Building". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  12. ^ Mölder, Holger; Sazonov, Vladimir; Chochia, Archil; Kerikmäe, Tanel, eds. (2021). The Russian Federation in Global Knowledge Warfare: Influence Operations in Europe and Its Neighbourhood. Contributions to International Relations. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 310. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73955-3. ISBN 978-3-030-73954-6. OCLC 1261878464. S2CID 240562891.
  13. ^ "The European Alliance of News Agencies (EANA) suspends TASS from Alliance pending exclusion decision". Forbes. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  14. ^ "Getty Images Cuts Ties With Kremlin-Linked News Agency Tass". Forbes. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  15. ^ Klepper, David (5 March 2022). "Russian propaganda 'outgunned' by social media rebuttals". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  16. ^ Champion, Marc; Krasnolutska, Daryna (26 February 2022). "Ukraine's TV comedian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy finds his role as wartime leader". Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Russia, without evidence, says Ukraine making nuclear "dirty bomb"". Reuters. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  18. ^ "Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: nationalists take away school buses intended for refugees". 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  19. ^ "Military operation in Ukraine". 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  20. ^ "Mariupol residents suffer as Russian forces lay siege". 8 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  21. ^ "Mariupol says children's hospital destroyed by Russian bombing". National Post. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Всеволод Кукушкин: "У каждого игрока есть свое место в истории хоккея"". chitaem-vmeste.ru (in Russian). 1 March 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
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