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Siege of Stralsund (1678)

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Battle of Stralsund
Part of Scanian War
Stralsund 1678.JPG
Plan of Stralsund in 1678
Date20 September – 15 October 1678
Location
Stralsund, Swedish Pomerania (now in Germany)
Result

Brandenburg-Prussian victory

Belligerents
Brandenburg Brandenburg-Prussia Sweden Swedish Empire
Commanders and leaders
Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg Otto Wilhelm von Königsmarck
Strength
21,500
80 guns		 6,000
154 guns
This article is about the 1678 siege. For other battles, see Battle of Stralsund.

The siege of Stralsund was an armed engagement between the Electorate of Brandenburg and the Swedish Empire from 20 September to 15 October 1678, during the Scanian War.[1] After two days of bombardment on 10 and 11 October, the severely devastated Swedish fortress of Stralsund surrendered to the Brandenburgers.[1] The remainder of Swedish Pomerania was taken by the end of the year,[2] yet most of the province including Stralsund was returned to Sweden by the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Peace of Lund, both concluded in 1679.

Discover more about Siege of Stralsund (1678) related topics

Swedish Empire

Swedish Empire

The Swedish Empire was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries. The beginning of the empire is usually taken as the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the Great Northern War.

Scanian War

Scanian War

The Scanian War was a part of the Northern Wars involving the union of Denmark–Norway, Brandenburg and Sweden. It was fought from 1675 to 1679 mainly on Scanian soil, in the former Danish and Norway provinces along the border with Sweden, and in Northern Germany. While the latter battles are regarded as a theater of the Scanian war in English, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish historiography, they are seen as a separate war in German historiography, called the Swedish-Brandenburgian War.

Stralsund

Stralsund

Stralsund, officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund, is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg and Greifswald, and the second-largest city in the Pomeranian part of the state. It is located at the southern coast of the Strelasund, a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the Pomeranian mainland.

Swedish Pomerania

Swedish Pomerania

Swedish Pomerania was a dominion under the Swedish Crown from 1630 to 1815 on what is now the Baltic coast of Germany and Poland. Following the Polish War and the Thirty Years' War, Sweden held extensive control over the lands on the southern Baltic coast, including Pomerania and parts of Livonia and Prussia.

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)

The Treaty or Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 19 June (OS) or 29 June (NS) 1679 was a peace treaty between France and the Electorate of Brandenburg. It restored to France's ally Sweden her dominions Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania, lost to Brandenburg in the Scanian War. Sweden ratified the treaty on 28 July 1679.

Peace of Lund

Peace of Lund

The Peace of Lund, signed on 16 September (O.S.) / 26 September 1679, was the final peace treaty between Denmark–Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War.

Prelude

Invasion of Swedish Rügen by Brandenburg, 1678
Invasion of Swedish Rügen by Brandenburg, 1678

The Scanian War reached Swedish Pomerania when after the Battle of Fehrbellin (1675) the retreating Swedish forces were pursued by a Brandenburgian army under "Great Elector" Frederick William I's command.[1] Stralsund was one of only two major fortresses Sweden maintained in Pomerania, the other one being Stettin.[3] After the Brandenburgian army had captured Stettin and Wolgast, Stralsund was seriously threatened.[1] In addition, Danish forces had landed on Rügen in 1677, aided by a disloyal Rugian noble.[4]

Thus, all buildings outside the fortifications were levelled in 1677 to strip an imminent Brandenburgian attack of cover.[1] Stralsund then held a population of 8,500, including armed burghers,[5] and close to 5,000 Swedish, German and Finnish foot and horse.[6]

Discover more about Prelude related topics

Swedish Pomerania

Swedish Pomerania

Swedish Pomerania was a dominion under the Swedish Crown from 1630 to 1815 on what is now the Baltic coast of Germany and Poland. Following the Polish War and the Thirty Years' War, Sweden held extensive control over the lands on the southern Baltic coast, including Pomerania and parts of Livonia and Prussia.

Rügen

Rügen

Rügen is Germany's largest island. It is located off the Pomeranian coast in the Baltic Sea and belongs to the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Battle of Fehrbellin

Battle of Fehrbellin

The Battle of Fehrbellin was fought on June 18, 1675, between Swedish and Brandenburg-Prussian troops. The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel, had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William, the Great Elector, under his Feldmarschall Georg von Derfflinger near the town of Fehrbellin. Along with the Battle of Warsaw (1656), Fehrbellin was crucial in establishing the prestige of Frederick William and Brandenburg-Prussia's army.

Treaty of Stettin (1630)

Treaty of Stettin (1630)

The Treaty of Stettin or Alliance of Stettin was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War. Concluded on 25 August (O.S.) or 4 September 1630 (N.S.), it was predated to 10 July (O.S.) or 20 July 1630 (N.S.), the date of the Swedish Landing. Sweden assumed military control, and used the Pomeranian bridgehead for campaigns into Central and Southern Germany. After the death of the last Pomeranian duke in 1637, forces of the Holy Roman Empire invaded Pomerania to enforce Brandenburg's claims on succession, but they were defeated by Sweden in the ensuing battles. Some of the Pomeranian nobility had changed sides and supported Brandenburg. By the end of the war, the treaty was superseded by the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the subsequent Treaty of Stettin (1653), when Pomerania was partitioned into a western, Swedish part, and an eastern, Brandenburgian part.

Wolgast

Wolgast

Wolgast is a town in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is situated on the bank of the river Peenestrom, vis-a-vis the island of Usedom on the Baltic coast that can be accessed by road and railway via a movable bascule bridge. In December 2004, the town had a population of 12,725.

Stralsund

Stralsund

Stralsund, officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund, is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg and Greifswald, and the second-largest city in the Pomeranian part of the state. It is located at the southern coast of the Strelasund, a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the Pomeranian mainland.

Denmark

Denmark

Denmark is a Nordic constituent country in Northern Europe. It is the most populous and politically central constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean. Metropolitan Denmark is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying south-west and south of Sweden, south of Norway, and north of Germany, with which it shares a short land border, its only land border.

Principality of Rügen

Principality of Rügen

The Principality of Rügen was a Danish principality, formerly a duchy, consisting of the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 1168 until 1325. It was governed by a local dynasty of princes of the Wizlawiden dynasty. For at least part of this period, Rügen was subject to the Holy Roman Empire.

Siege

Frederick William I positioned his artillery south of the town and started bombardment on 10 October 1678.[1] His aim was to force Swedish commander Otto Wilhelm von Königsmarck[7] into surrender by abundantly firing incendiary bombs on the burghers' mansions.[1] The small, newly created Brandenburgian navy also took part in the siege.[8]

Most of the southern half of the town was destroyed when the defendants surrendered the town on 11 October,[1] namely 285 houses, 476 huts, and 194 servant dwellings.[9][10]

Aftermath

Frederick William I (left) and Königsmarck (right)
Frederick William I (left) and Königsmarck (right)
Frederick William I (left) and Königsmarck (right)

Despite great efforts of Frederick William I to win the loyalty of the Swedish Pomeranian population,[11] including generous aid programs to rebuild Stralsund and Stettin,[12] most remained loyal to Sweden.[11] After the fall of Stralsund, there were only few Swedish-held areas left in Swedish Pomerania, all of which Frederick William I had cleared by the end of 1678.[2]

Stralsund was returned to Sweden in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679).[1] Due to the devastating bombardment of 1678, as well as another fire on 12 June[10] 1680, the population was reduced to about 6,000, with an additional 2,000 garrisoned Swedes.[5] After the 1680 fire destroyed an additional 48 houses, 89 huts, and 82 servant dwellings, only 205 houses, 408 huts, and 158 servant dwellings were still standing.[13]

Source: "Siege of Stralsund (1678)", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 23rd), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1678).

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Further Reading

Stralsund

Greifswald

Anklam

Swedish Pomerania

Demmin

Scanian War

Arvid Wittenberg

Siege of Stralsund (1628)

Treaty of Stettin (1630)

Peace of Lund

Capitulation of Franzburg

Heinrich Holk

Sten Svantesson Bielke

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)

Siege of Stralsund (1807)

Swedish wars on Bremen

Dominium maris baltici

Carl Gustaf Wrangel
See also
Sources

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Grabinsky (2006), p.12
  2. ^ a b Bohmbach (2003), p.298
  3. ^ Langer (2003), p. 397
  4. ^ Meier (2008), p.18
  5. ^ a b Lorenz (2003), p.429
  6. ^ Lorenz (2003), p.428
  7. ^ Rystad (2001), p.333
  8. ^ van der Heyden (2001), p.12
  9. ^ Markfort (2006), p.181
  10. ^ a b Kroll (2003), p.107
  11. ^ a b Meier (2008), p.71
  12. ^ Meier (2008), p.166
  13. ^ Kroll (2003), p.108

Bibliography

  • Bohmbach, Jürgen (2003). "Zuviel Geld für Pommern". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.). Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7150-9.
  • Grabinsky, Anne (2006). "Die Stralsunder Doppelkatastrophe von 1678/80: Wiederaufbau nach zwei vernichtenden Stadtbränden". Kleine Stadtgeschichte (in German). Vol. II. Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-8994-7.
  • Langer, Herbert (2003). "Die Anfänge des Garnisionswesens in Pommern". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.). Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7150-9.
  • Lorenz, Maren (2003). "Schwedisches Militär und seine Justiz". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.). Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7150-9.
  • van der Heyden, Ulrich (2001). Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: die brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika (in German) (2 ed.). Selignow. ISBN 3-933889-04-9.
  • Kroll, Stefan; Gyula Pápay (2003). "Wohnen und Wirtschaften in Stralsund um 1700". Stadtgeschichte und Historische Informationssysteme: der Ostseeraum im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert (in German) (2 ed.). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7103-7.
  • Markfort, Ursula (2006). Stefan Kroll, Kersten Krüger (ed.). Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Frühen Neuzeit: urbane Lebensräume und historische Informationssysteme (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-8778-2.
  • Meier, Martin (2008). Vorpommern nördlich der Peene unter dänischer Verwaltung 1715 bis 1721: Aufbau einer Verwaltung und Herrschaftssicherung in einem eroberten Gebiet (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-58285-7.
  • Rystad, Göran (2001). Karl XI: en biografi (in Swedish). Historiska Media. ISBN 91-89442-27-X.

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