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Self-driving truck

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A self-driving truck, also known as an autonomous truck, or robo-truck is an application of self-driving car designed to transport cargo without requiring a human driver. Many companies are testing self-driving semi trucks.

In September 2022, Guidehouse Insights listed Waymo, Aurora, TuSimple, Gatik, PlusAI, Kodiak Robotics, Daimler Truck, Einride, Locomation, and Embark as the top 10 vendors in automated trucking.[1] And, Transport Topics in November 2022 is listing fourteen companies to know about self-driving truck; Aurora, Waymo, TuSimple, Gatik, Locomation, Torc Robotics, Waabi, Einride, PlusAI, Embark, Kodiak Robotics, Robotic Research, Outrider and Pronto.[2]

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Self-driving car

Self-driving car

A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car, driver-less car, or robotic car (robo-car), is a car that is capable of traveling without human input. Self-driving cars use sensors to perceive their surroundings, such as optical and thermographic cameras, radar, lidar, ultrasound/sonar, GPS, odometry and inertial measurement units. Control systems interpret sensory information to create a three-dimensional model of the vehicle's surroundings. Based on the model, the car then identifies an appropriate navigation path and strategies for managing traffic controls and obstacles.

Semi-trailer truck

Semi-trailer truck

A semi-trailer truck, also known as a semitruck, is the combination of a tractor unit and one or more semi-trailers to carry freight. A semi-trailer attaches to the tractor with a type of hitch called a fifth wheel.

Waymo

Waymo

Waymo LLC, formerly known as the Google Self-Driving Car Project, is an American autonomous driving technology company headquartered in Mountain View, California. It is a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., the parent company of Google.

Aurora Innovation

Aurora Innovation

Aurora Innovation, Inc., doing business as Aurora, is a self-driving vehicle technology company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aurora has developed the Aurora Driver, a computer system that can be integrated into cars for autonomous driving. Aurora was co-founded by Chris Urmson, the former chief technology officer of Google/Alphabet Inc.'s self-driving team, which became known as Waymo, as well as by Sterling Anderson, former head of Tesla Autopilot, and Drew Bagnell, former head of Uber's autonomy and perception team.

TuSimple

TuSimple

TuSimple Holdings, Inc. is an American autonomous trucking company, based in San Diego, California, with offices in Arizona, Texas, and China. It was founded in 2015 by Xiaodi Hou and Mo Chen. Initial financial backers include Volkswagen, United Parcel Services, and U.S. Xpress Enterprises. The company was the first autonomous trucking company to go public on the NASDAQ composite index in April 2021. TuSimple and its leadership are currently under investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) on suspicions of illicit technology transfer.

Daimler Truck

Daimler Truck

Daimler Truck AG is one of the world's largest commercial vehicle manufacturers, with over 35 main locations worldwide and approximately 100,000 employees. Daimler Truck AG is headquartered in Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany. It was part of Daimler AG from November 2019 to December 2021.

Einride

Einride

Einride AB is a Swedish transport company based in Stockholm, Sweden, specializing in electric and self-driving vehicles known as Einride pods. The pods are electric trucks remotely controlled by drivers, and are notable for their lack of a driver’s cab.

American Trucking Associations

American Trucking Associations

The American Trucking Associations (ATA), founded in 1933, is the largest national trade association for the trucking industry. ATA represents more than 37,000 members covering every type of motor carrier in the United States through a federation of other trucking groups, industry-related conferences, and its 50 affiliated state trucking associations. Former Governor of Kansas Bill Graves was replaced by Chris Spear as the ATA's president and CEO in July 2016.

Torc Robotics

Torc Robotics

Torc Robotics (Torc), an independent subsidiary of Daimler Truck, is an American autonomous truck company headquartered in Blacksburg, Virginia, with operations in Albuquerque, New Mexico; Austin, Texas; and Stuttgart, Germany. Torc is testing autonomous trucks in Virginia, New Mexico, and Texas and is taking a pure play approach to commercialization – focusing at first on one platform in one region.

Perspectives

Market
According to Allied Market Research, the global self-driving truck market may have generated as much as $1 billion in revenue in 2020, and is projected to reach the market size of $1,669 million by 2025, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 10.4 percent from 2020 to 2025.[3]

Employment
Economists and policy makers are concerned about the effects of automation and artificial intelligence on employment including whether some kinds of jobs will cease to exist at all, and trucking is the most concerned job. However, Karen Levy is on the view that the path to fully autonomous trucking is likely to be a gradual slope due to social, legal, and cultural factors.[4]

Defense and dual-use technology
In December 2022, the Army partnered with the Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) to prototype a software package, as well as a process to adapt self-driving vehicle technology. The Ground Vehicle Autonomous Pathways project will prototype software for the navigation of uncrewed vehicles by fusing data from multiple sensors and allowing teleoperations of unmanned ground vehicles.[5] Self-driving trucking technology company Kodiak Robotics won the contract to test and deploy autonomous software that can navigate complex, off-road terrain, diverse operational conditions and GPS-challenged environments. DIU is leveraging this partnership to build a pipeline between the commercial and military deployment of self-driving vehicle technologies that will reduce the risk to troops in war zones.[6]

History

The 1990s

As recorded in June 1995 in Popular Science Magazine, self-driving trucks were being developed for combat convoys, whereby only the lead truck would be driven by a human and the following trucks would rely on satellite navigation, an inertial guidance system and ground-speed sensors.[7]

Komatsu made the earliest development in autonomous trucks testing a fleet of five Ultra Class trucks in Codelco Mine Radomiro Tomic in Chile in 2005[8] then in 2007 was installed the first working fleet in the mine Gabriela Mistral in Chile, also a Codelco property.[9]

The 2010s

Lockheed Martin, with funding from the U.S. Army, developed an autonomous truck convoy system that uses a lead truck operated by a human driver with a number of trucks following autonomously.[10] Developed as part of the Army's Autonomous Mobility Applique System (AMAS), the system consists of an autonomous driving package that, as of 2014, has been installed on more than nine types of vehicles and has completed more than 55,000 hours of driving at speeds up to 64 km/h (40 mph).[11] As of 2017 the Army was planning to field 100–200 trucks as part of a rapid-fielding program.

In Europe, truck platooning was being considered with the Safe Road Trains for the Environment approach, a project that ended in September 2012.

Caterpillar Inc. made early developments in 2013 with the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University to improve efficiency and reduce cost at various mining and construction sites.[12] Companies such as Codelco Chilean State Mining Company, Suncor Energy (a Canadian energy company), and Rio Tinto Group were among the first to replace human-operated trucks with driver-less commercial trucks run by computers.[13]

2016

Otto demonstrated its self-driving trucks on the highway before being acquired by Uber in August 2016.[14] In May 2017, San Francisco-based startup Embark[15] announced a partnership with truck manufacturer Peterbilt to test and deploy autonomous technology in Peterbilt's vehicles.[16] Waymo stated it was also testing autonomous technology in trucks,[17] however no timeline has been given for the project.

In April 2016, trucks from major manufacturers including Volvo and Daimler completed a week of autonomous driving across Europe, organized by the Netherlands, in an effort to get self-driving trucks on the road. Volvo has also developed its own autonomous trucks, called Vera.[18]

In 2016, Anheuser-Busch and Uber partnered and made the first commercial delivery of beer over 120 miles (190 km) using a self-driving truck, with a human in the truck, but not behind the wheel.[19] Waymo also delivered freight in Atlanta, Georgia.[20]

2018

In February 2018, Starsky Robotics, the San Francisco-based autonomous truck company, completed a 7-mile (11 km) driver-less trip in Florida without a human in the truck, though one was available to take over by remote control. Starsky Robotics claimed to be the first self-driving truck company to drive on a public road without a person in the cab.[21]

In July 2018, Uber announced it was shuttering the truck-focused branch of its autonomous vehicles program as part of a reorganization of its Advanced Technologies Group following the fatal Uber autonomous passenger vehicle crash in Tempe, Arizona in March 2018.[22] Shortly after Uber shut down its autonomous truck efforts, two autonomous truck startups, Kodiak Robotics and Ike, announced they had hired employees from the Uber program.[23][24]

In September 2018, Ford unveiled its own vision of the heavy-duty truck of the future as the F-Vision semi concept which will be a SAE Level 4 autonomous vehicle.[25]

In November 2018, Embark Trucks announced a pilot with national truck fleet Ryder and Frigidaire to deliver refrigerators via autonomous trucks from El Paso, Texas to Palm Springs, California.[26] During the pilot, manually-driven Ryder trucks provided first and last mile delivery while Embark autonomous trucks carried the load as far as 306 miles (492 km) at a time on Interstate 10.[27]

2019

In March 2019, Daimler AG through its subsidiary Daimler Truck North America announced that it would acquire a majority stake in Torc Robotics for an undisclosed amount as part of its Highly Automated Truck Program.[28]

In May 2019, the company TuSimple announced a contract for a two-week pilot delivering mail for the United States Postal Service. The company planned to run five round trips between Dallas, Texas and Phoenix, Arizona, with two humans on board. The company runs daily cargo for customers in Arizona.[29]

As of June 2019, Starsky Robotics became the first company to operate fully unmanned on public highways at 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) with no one in the cab of the truck.[30] Unable to raise additional funding, Starsky shut down operations on March 19, 2020.[31]

In December 2019, Plus conducted the industry's first cross-country commercial freight run using a self-driving truck, carrying 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg) of butter 2,800 miles (4,500 km) from Tulare, California to Quakertown, Pennsylvania for Land O'Lakes.[32]

The 2020s

2020
In March 2020, the company TuSimple expanded its freight-hauling pilot program with the United Parcel Service (UPS) to run 20 trips per week hauling cargo between Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, and between Phoenix and El Paso, Texas.[33] Also in March 2020, Waymo announced the official launch of Waymo Via, which includes the use of autonomous Class 8 trucks for delivery.[34]

In July 2020, Locomation completed a two-week pilot with Wilson Logistics where Locomation trucks hauled commercial cargo between Portland, Oregon and Nampa, Idaho over Interstate 84.[35] Also in July 2020, Aurora opened an office in Texas to expand testing of self-driving trucks with commercial routes in the Dallas-Fort Worth area by the end of the year.[36]

In September 2020, Daimler Trucks and Torc Robotics opened a test center in Albuquerque, New Mexico, testing automated vehicle runs on New Mexico highways.[37]

2021
In December 2021, TuSimple completed its first autonomous truck run on open public roads, 80-mile between a railyard in Tuscon, Arizona and a distribution center in Phoenix.[38]

2022
An amendment to the UNECE's regulation on Automated Lane Keeping Systems for their use in heavy vehicles including trucks, buses and coaches is expected to enter into force in June 2022 in the 54 Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement, which already apply UNECE's regulation 157.[39]

Torc Robotics opened an engineering office in Austin, Texas,[40] and a Technology and Development Center in Stuttgart, Germany.[41] The company also announced that Penske Truck Leasing would serve as the truck maintenance service provider for Torc's autonomous test fleet.[42]

In June 2022, Einride received approval to operate its vehicles on the U.S. roads.[43]

In October 2022, TuSimple's CEO, Chief Technology Officer, and co-founder, Xiaodi Hou, was fired by the company's board, which cited a "loss in trust and confidence" in Hou's judgment in connection with an alleged sharing of confidential information with a Chinese company, Hydron Inc.[44] The FBI, the SEC, and CFIUS are investigating TuSimple on suspicions of illicit technology transfer to Hydron in China.[45]

In December 2022, Kodiak Robotics won the contract with Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) to prototype autonomous software that can navigate complex, off-road terrain, diverse operational conditions and GPS-challenged environments. DIU is leveraging this partnership to build a pipeline between the commercial and military deployment of self-driving vehicle technologies that will reduce the risk to troops in war zones.[6]

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Satellite navigation

Satellite navigation

A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows satellite navigation devices to determine their location to high precision using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver. The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronisation. These uses are collectively known as Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.

Komatsu Limited

Komatsu Limited

Komatsu Ltd. or Komatsu (コマツ) is a Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures construction, mining, forestry and military equipment, as well as diesel engines and industrial equipment like press machines, lasers and thermoelectric generators. Its headquarters are in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The corporation was named after the city of Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture, where the company was founded in 1921. Worldwide, the Komatsu Group consists of Komatsu Ltd. and 258 other companies.

Haul truck

Haul truck

Haul trucks are off-highway, rigid dump trucks specifically engineered for use in high-production mining and heavy-duty construction environments. Haul trucks are also used for transporting construction equipment from job site to job site. Some are multi-axle in order to support the equipment that is being hauled.

Codelco

Codelco

Codelco is a Chilean state-owned copper mining company. It was formed in 1976 from foreign-owned copper companies that were nationalised in 1971.

Platoon (automobile)

Platoon (automobile)

In transportation, platooning or flocking is a method for driving a group of vehicles together. It is meant to increase the capacity of roads via an automated highway system.

Safe Road Trains for the Environment

Safe Road Trains for the Environment

Safe Road Trains for the Environment (SARTRE) is a European Commission-funded project to investigate and trial technologies and strategies for the safe platooning of road vehicles, a transportation concept in which several vehicles are electronically linked together in a "road train", with only the lead driver in active control. The three-year project was launched in 2009. The research and development was carried out by several European auto manufactures with Volvo at the lead. A first practical test successfully took place in December 2010. In September Volvo announced that the SARTRE research project had come to a close, and that the company was ready to look into putting its finished product on the road.

Caterpillar Inc.

Caterpillar Inc.

Caterpillar Inc. is an American construction equipment manufacturer. The company is the world's largest manufacturer of construction equipment. In 2018, Caterpillar was ranked number 65 on the Fortune 500 list and number 238 on the Global Fortune 500 list. Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The institution was originally established in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools. In 1912, it became the Carnegie Institute of Technology and began granting four-year degrees. In 1967, it became the current-day Carnegie Mellon University through its merger with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, founded in 1913 by Andrew Mellon and Richard B. Mellon and formerly a part of the University of Pittsburgh.

Suncor Energy

Suncor Energy

Suncor Energy is a Canadian integrated energy company based in Calgary, Alberta. It specializes in production of synthetic crude from oil sands. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Suncor Energy was ranked as the 48th-largest public company in the world.

Peterbilt

Peterbilt

Peterbilt Motors Company is an American truck manufacturer. Established in 1939 from the acquisition of Fageol Truck and Motor Company, Peterbilt specializes in the production of heavy-duty and medium-duty commercial vehicles. The namesake of company founder T. A. "Al" Peterman, Peterbilt has operated as part of PACCAR since 1958, operating alongside sister division Kenworth Truck Company.

Europe

Europe

Europe is a continent comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea and the waterways of the Turkish Straits.

Anheuser-Busch

Anheuser-Busch

Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC is an American brewing company headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Since 2008, it has been wholly owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, now the world's largest brewing company, which owns multiple global brands, notably Budweiser, Michelob, Stella Artois, and Beck's.

Source: "Self-driving truck", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 8th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_truck.

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Further Reading

Self-driving car

Vehicular automation

Velodyne Lidar

Waymo

History of self-driving cars

Anthony Levandowski

Argo AI

Starsky Robotics

Yandex self-driving car

Ouster (company)
See also
References
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  28. ^ "Daimler buys Torc Robotics stake for self-driving trucks". Reuters. 2019-03-29.
  29. ^ Korosec, Kirsten (2019-05-21). "Self-driving truck startup TuSimple will haul mail for USPS in two-week pilot". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  30. ^ Ohnsman, Alan. "Big Step For Self-Driving Semis As Starsky Tests Unmanned Robo-Truck On Florida Highway". Forbes.
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  32. ^ Blanco, Sebastian (2019-12-12). "An Autonomous Semi-Truck Just Drove Across America To Deliver Butter". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
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  34. ^ LeBeau, Phil (2020-03-02). "Waymo launches delivery service after raising $2.25 billion". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
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  40. ^ "Self-driving truck company Torc Robotics picks Austin for tech hub". Austin American-Statesman. 2022-01-07.
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