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Red Bull Stratos

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Red Bull Stratos
Red Bull Stratos logo.svg
Logo
Date14 October 2012 (2012-10-14)
LocationLaunch site:
Roswell International Air Center, Roswell, New Mexico, United States
CoordinatesLaunch site:
33°18′39″N 104°32′21″W / 33.3109°N 104.5392°W / 33.3109; -104.5392Coordinates: 33°18′39″N 104°32′21″W / 33.3109°N 104.5392°W / 33.3109; -104.5392
Landing site:
33°21′29″N 103°47′06″W / 33.3580°N 103.7849°W / 33.3580; -103.7849
Also known asMission to the edge of space
ParticipantsFelix Baumgartner
OutcomeBalloon altitude record and sound barrier broken
Websiteredbullstratos.com

Red Bull Stratos was a high-altitude skydiving project involving Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner. On 14 October 2012, Baumgartner flew approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi)[1][2][3] into the stratosphere over New Mexico, United States, in a helium balloon before free falling in a pressure suit and then parachuting to Earth.[4] The total jump, from leaving the capsule to landing on the ground, lasted approximately ten minutes.[1] While the free fall was initially expected to last between five and six minutes,[5] Baumgartner deployed his parachute after 4 minutes and 19 seconds.[1]

Reaching 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph)—Mach 1.25—Baumgartner broke the sound barrier on his descent,[6] becoming the first human to do so without any form of engine power.[4][7] Measurements show Baumgartner also broke two other world records. With a final altitude of 38,969 m (127,851 ft; 24 mi),[8] Baumgartner broke the unofficial record for the highest manned balloon flight of 37,640 m (123,491 ft) previously set by Nick Piantanida.[9][10][11][12] He also broke the record for the highest-altitude jump, set in 1960 by USAF Colonel Joseph Kittinger, who was Baumgartner's mentor and capsule communicator at mission control. These claims were verified by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).[13]

Baumgartner's height record has since been surpassed by Alan Eustace.

Discover more about Red Bull Stratos related topics

Austria

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state. Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The country occupies an area of 83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi) and has a population of 9 million.

Felix Baumgartner

Felix Baumgartner

Felix Baumgartner is an Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper. He is widely known for jumping to Earth from a helium balloon from the stratosphere on 14 October 2012 and landing in New Mexico, United States, as part of the Red Bull Stratos project. Doing so, he set world records for skydiving an estimated 39 km (24 mi), reaching an estimated top speed of 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph), or Mach 1.25. He became the first person to break the sound barrier relative to the surface without vehicular power on his descent. He broke skydiving records for exit altitude, vertical freefall distance without a drogue parachute, and vertical speed without a drogue. Though he still holds the two latter records, the first was broken two years later, when on 24 October 2014, Alan Eustace jumped from 135,890 feet with a drogue.

New Mexico

New Mexico

New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region of the western U.S. with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona, and bordering Texas to the east and southeast, Oklahoma to the northeast, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora to the south. New Mexico's largest city is Albuquerque, and its state capital is Santa Fe, which is the oldest state capital in the U.S., having been founded in 1610 as the government seat of Nuevo México in New Spain.

Gas balloon

Gas balloon

A gas balloon is a balloon that rises and floats in the air because it is filled with a gas lighter than air. When not in flight, it is tethered to prevent it from flying away and is sealed at the bottom to prevent the escape of gas. A gas balloon may also be called a Charlière for its inventor, the Frenchman Jacques Charles. Today, familiar gas balloons include large blimps and small latex party balloons. For nearly 200 years, well into the 20th century, manned balloon flight utilized gas balloons before hot-air balloons became dominant. Without power, heat or fuel, untethered flights of gas balloons depended on the skill of the pilot. Gas balloons have greater lift for a given volume, so they do not need to be so large, and they can stay up for much longer than hot air balloons.

Free fall

Free fall

In Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it. In the context of general relativity, where gravitation is reduced to a space-time curvature, a body in free fall has no force acting on it.

Mach number

Mach number

Mach number is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. It is named after the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.

Flight altitude record

Flight altitude record

This listing of flight altitude records are the records set for the highest aeronautical flights conducted in the atmosphere, set since the age of ballooning.

Nick Piantanida

Nick Piantanida

Nicholas John Piantanida was an American amateur parachute jumper who reached 123,500 feet with his Strato Jump II balloon on February 2, 1966, flying a crewed balloon higher than anyone before, a record that stood until Felix Baumgartner's flight on October 14, 2012.

Colonel (United States)

Colonel (United States)

A colonel in the United States Army, Marine Corps, Air Force and Space Force, is the most senior field-grade military officer rank, immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general. Colonel is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services. By law, an officer previously required at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted to colonel. With the signing of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2019, military services now have the authorization to directly commission new officers up to the rank of colonel. The pay grade for colonel is O-6.

Joseph Kittinger

Joseph Kittinger

Joseph William Kittinger II was an officer in the United States Air Force (USAF) who served from 1950 to 1978, and earned Command Pilot status before retiring with the rank of colonel. He held the world record for the highest skydive—102,800 feet (31.3 km)—from 1960 until 2012.

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

The Fédération aéronautique internationale is the world governing body for air sports, and also stewards definitions regarding human spaceflight. It was founded on 14 October 1905, and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. It maintains world records for aeronautical activities, including ballooning, aeromodeling, and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), as well as flights into space.

Alan Eustace

Alan Eustace

Robert Alan Eustace is an American computer scientist who served as Senior Vice President of Engineering at Google until retiring in 2015. On October 24, 2014, he made a free-fall jump from the stratosphere, breaking Felix Baumgartner's world record. The jump was from 135,890 feet (41.42 km) and lasted 15 minutes, an altitude record that stands as of 2023.

History

In January 2010, it was reported that Baumgartner was working with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull GmbH to attempt the highest sky-dive on record.[14] By wearing the Equivital LifeMonitor, researchers were able to monitor Felix Baumgartner's physiological response within an extreme environment. Baumgartner was going to make the 36,600 m (120,100 ft) jump from a capsule suspended from a balloon filled with helium, intending to become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier.[15][16][17] This would be possible because while the normal terminal velocity of a skydiver freeflying is about 320 km/h (200 mph or 90 m/s), the high altitude with less-dense atmosphere would decrease drag.[18] On 12 October 2010, Red Bull announced it was placing the project on hold after Daniel Hogan filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Los Angeles, California, USA in April, claiming he originated the idea of the parachute dive from the edge of space in 2004 and that Red Bull stole the idea from him.[19][20] The lawsuit was resolved out of court in June 2011[21] and on 5 February 2012, it was reported that the project would be resumed.[22]

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Red Bull GmbH

Red Bull GmbH

Red Bull GmbH is an Austrian private company known for its range of energy drinks of the same name. It is also known for its sponsorship of a range of sporting events and teams. The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are located in Fuschl am See, Salzburg.

Sound barrier

Sound barrier

The sound barrier or sonic barrier is the large increase in aerodynamic drag and other undesirable effects experienced by an aircraft or other object when it approaches the speed of sound. When aircraft first approached the speed of sound, these effects were seen as constituting a barrier, making faster speeds very difficult or impossible. The term sound barrier is still sometimes used today to refer to aircraft approaching supersonic flight in this high drag regime. Flying faster than sound produces a sonic boom.

Terminal velocity

Terminal velocity

Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity (speed) attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid. It occurs when the sum of the drag force (Fd) and the buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity (FG) acting on the object. Since the net force on the object is zero, the object has zero acceleration.

Freeflying

Freeflying

Freeflying is a skydiving discipline which began in the late 1980s, involving freefalling in various vertical orientations, as opposed to the traditional "belly-to-earth" orientation. The discipline is known to have originated when Olav Zipser began experimenting with non-traditional forms of bodyflight. Zipser founded the FreeFly Clowns as a two-person competitive team with Mike Vail in 1992. He was joined by Omar Alhegelan, Charles Bryan, and Stefania Martinengo in 1994. The FreeFly Clowns are also credited with opening the first school to teach freeflying, The First School of Modern SkyFlying.

Preparation

Comparison of approximate altitudes of various objects and successful stratospheric jumps, and a graph of International Standard Atmosphere temperature and pressure.
Comparison of approximate altitudes of various objects and successful stratospheric jumps, and a graph of International Standard Atmosphere temperature and pressure.

On 15 March 2012, Baumgartner completed the first of two test jumps, from 21,818 metres (71,581 ft). During the jump, he spent approximately three minutes and 43 seconds in free fall, claiming to have reached speeds of more than 580 kilometres per hour (360 mph), before opening his parachute. In total, the jump lasted approximately eight minutes and eight seconds and Baumgartner became only the third person to parachute safely from a height of over 21.7 kilometres (13.5 mi).[23]

On 25 July 2012, Baumgartner completed the second of two planned test jumps, from 29,460 metres (96,650 ft). It took Baumgartner about 90 minutes to reach the target altitude and his free fall was estimated to have lasted three minutes and 48 seconds before his parachutes were deployed. Baumgartner landed safely near Roswell, New Mexico, USA. His top speed was an estimated 863 kilometres per hour (536 mph) according to Brian Utley, an official observer on site. The jump represented a personal best for Baumgartner.[24][25][26] Joseph Kittinger, who parachuted from 31,300 m (102,800 feet) in 1960, became involved with the mission to advise Baumgartner and to help gather scientific data on next-generation full pressure suits.[14][27]

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International Standard Atmosphere

International Standard Atmosphere

The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes the ISA as an international standard, ISO 2533:1975. Other standards organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the United States Government, publish extensions or subsets of the same atmospheric model under their own standards-making authority.

Roswell, New Mexico

Roswell, New Mexico

Roswell is a city in, and the seat of, Chaves County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Chaves County forms the entirety of the Roswell micropolitan area. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 48,422, making it the fifth-largest city in New Mexico. It is home of the New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI), founded in 1891. The city is also the location of an Eastern New Mexico University campus. Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located a few miles northeast of the city on the Pecos River. Bottomless Lakes State Park is located 12 miles (19 km) east of Roswell on US 380.

Joseph Kittinger

Joseph Kittinger

Joseph William Kittinger II was an officer in the United States Air Force (USAF) who served from 1950 to 1978, and earned Command Pilot status before retiring with the rank of colonel. He held the world record for the highest skydive—102,800 feet (31.3 km)—from 1960 until 2012.

Pressure suit

Pressure suit

A pressure suit is a protective suit worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the air pressure is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at positive pressure. Such suits may be either full-pressure or partial-pressure. Partial-pressure suits work by providing mechanical counter-pressure to assist breathing at altitude.

Mission

Aborted launch

The project's original scheduled launch on the morning of 9 October 2012 was delayed five hours because of weather problems. Technicians at the launch site also found that one of the capsule's communication radios was faulty.[28] At 11:42 MDT,[29] the launch was aborted due to a 40-kilometre-per-hour (25 mph) gust of wind at the launch site.[30] The launch was rescheduled for the morning of 11 October,[31] though the project's meteorologist announced that the date would again be postponed.[32]

Launch

The capsule was launched from Roswell International Air Center[33] at 09:30 MDT (15:30 UTC) on 14 October 2012,[29] which was also the 65th anniversary of Chuck Yeager's Bell X-1 flight. The weather at launch was clear, with south-easterly winds blowing at 5.5 kilometres per hour (3.4 mph).[34] The ground temperature was 14 °C (57 °F).[34] Baumgartner's ascent took approximately 21⁄2 hours,[35] after which the capsule levelled at approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi).[35] A valve in the balloon was used to vent gas to control the ascent.[36]

Shortly after passing the Armstrong limit, Baumgartner expressed concerns that his visor heater was not functioning properly. Mission Control continued with the mission, and 40 minutes later announced that the jump would continue regardless of the reported problem.[36] An abort procedure—which would have seen helium vented from the balloon to allow the capsule to descend—was considered.[36]

After approximately 2+1⁄2 hours of ascent, Baumgartner and mission control began the egress procedures. This involved depressurisation of the capsule, detachment of his umbilical air supplies, and adjusting the capsule interior ready for decamp.[36] As the final checks were being undertaken, Kittinger said to Baumgartner, "OK, we're getting serious now, Felix".[6]

Jump and descent

Fifteen minutes after the egress checks began, the pressure between the capsule and the outside stabilized and the door opened.[36] One of the last items was for Baumgartner to enable his suit cameras.

At 12:08 MDT and at an altitude of 39 kilometres, Baumgartner jumped from the capsule. These images span the first five seconds of the jump.
At 12:08 MDT and at an altitude of 39 kilometres, Baumgartner jumped from the capsule. These images span the first five seconds of the jump.

Baumgartner dove forward off the ledge at 12:08 MDT (18:08 UTC);[6] After 42 seconds of descent Baumgartner reached his maximum velocity—an unverified 1,342 kilometres per hour (834 mph).[7] An uncontrolled spin started within the first minute of the jump which could have been fatal, but it ended at 01:23 when Baumgartner regained stability,[6][37] though in a later press conference he likened the fall in the suit to "swimming without feeling the water" as he could not feel the air to give him a sense of direction.[34] Baumgartner had an abort switch that would have allowed deployment of a drogue parachute, which would have arrested the spin but also would have prevented him from breaking any speed records.[6]

After 03:40 of free fall Baumgartner radioed to Mission Control that his visor was fogging up, echoing his earlier concerns about its heating.[38] After 04:16 minutes of free fall he deployed his parachute, which opened and arrested freefall at 4:20 minutes. At the deployment altitude Baumgartner could have continued to fall safely for another 20 seconds, but it was difficult for him to verify his exact altitude. At 12:17 MDT (18:17 UTC), approximately 9 minutes after jumping from the capsule, Baumgartner landed on his feet in eastern New Mexico.[39] Baumgartner dropped to his knees and punched the air before being met by ground crews.[6][34] A helicopter was dispatched to return Baumgartner to the Roswell base.[7]

According to YouTube the jump was viewed live by over 9.5 million users, setting a record for the "live stream with the most concurrent views ever on YouTube".[40][41][42][43]

The capsule returned to the ground via its own parachute, and landed approximately 70.5 kilometres (43.8 mi) east of Baumgartner's landing site.[44] While the capsule could theoretically be reused, the balloon was only made for a single use.[45]

Analysis

On 22 February 2013, FAI announced that Baumgartner had broken three of the four planned records.[13]

The jump records Baumgartner attained:[13]

  • Exit altitude of 38.9694 kilometres (24.2145 mi)
  • Maximum vertical speed (without drogue) of 1,357.6 kilometres per hour (843.6 mph)
  • Vertical distance of freefall (without drogue) of 36,402.6 metres (119,431 ft)

Timeline

The timeline for the mission was split into eight stages.[46] Stages 1 and 2 covered the balloon's ascent, stages 3–7 covered the descent and landing, and stage 8 covered the return of the balloon and capsule:

  1. Launch of balloon with Baumgartner in capsule suspended below canopy
    • Completed at approximately 09:30 MDT (15:30 UTC)
  2. Balloon reaches maximum altitude[46]—38,969 metres (127,851 ft)—after a 2.5-hour ascent
    • Completed (38.969 kilometres (24.214 mi) reached[1])
  3. Baumgartner de-pressurises the capsule, opens the door and jumps
    • Completed (jumped from capsule at approximately 12:07 MDT (18:07 UTC))
  4. At approximately 30,000 metres (98,000 ft), Baumgartner reaches the speed of sound
    • Achieved Mach 1.25—1,357.64 kilometres per hour (843.60 mph)[47]—after approximately 00:40 of freefall
  5. After approximately 3:30 of freefall, air resistance slows Baumgartner as the atmosphere becomes denser
    • Parachute deployed at 4:16 and fully opened by 4:19, earlier than scheduled, preventing the duration milestone from being reached
  6. Baumgartner deploys his parachute at approximately 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above sea level, and 1500 m above ground level.
    • Completed
  7. Approximately 5:00 of controlled parachute descent until landing
    • Completed at approximately 12:17 MDT (18:17 UTC)
  8. Mission control remotely detach the balloon from the capsule; both descend to Earth to be recovered
    • Completed
  • The following table shows the ascent of the capsule from ground to top altitude in altitude (ft) and velocity (ft/min) versus time (min).

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Roswell International Air Center

Roswell International Air Center

Roswell Air Center is an airport five miles (8.0 km) south of Roswell, in Chaves County, New Mexico, United States.

Chuck Yeager

Chuck Yeager

Brigadier General Charles Elwood Yeager was a United States Air Force officer, flying ace, and record-setting test pilot who in October 1947 became the first pilot in history confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight.

Bell X-1

Bell X-1

The Bell X-1 is a rocket engine–powered aircraft, designated originally as the XS-1, and was a joint National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics–U.S. Army Air Forces–U.S. Air Force supersonic research project built by Bell Aircraft. Conceived during 1944 and designed and built in 1945, it achieved a speed of nearly 1,000 miles per hour in 1948. A derivative of this same design, the Bell X-1A, having greater fuel capacity and hence longer rocket burning time, exceeded 1,600 miles per hour in 1954. The X-1 aircraft #46-062, nicknamed Glamorous Glennis and flown by Chuck Yeager, was the first piloted airplane to exceed the speed of sound in level flight and was the first of the X-planes, a series of American experimental rocket planes designed for testing new technologies.

Armstrong limit

Armstrong limit

The Armstrong limit or Armstrong's line is a measure of altitude above which atmospheric pressure is sufficiently low that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body. Exposure to pressure below this limit results in a rapid loss of consciousness, followed by a series of changes to cardiovascular and neurological functions, and eventually death, unless pressure is restored within 60–90 seconds. On Earth, the limit is around 18–19 km above sea level, above which atmospheric air pressure drops below 0.0618 atm. The U.S. Standard Atmospheric model sets the Armstrong pressure at an altitude of 63,000 feet (19,202 m).

Drogue parachute

Drogue parachute

A drogue parachute is a parachute designed for deployment from a rapidly-moving object. It can be used for various purposes, such as to decrease speed, to provide control and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute. Vehicles that have used drogue parachutes include multi-stage parachutes, aircraft, and spacecraft recovery systems.

YouTube

YouTube

YouTube is an American global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google and is the second most visited website, after Google Search. YouTube has more than 2.5 billion monthly users, who collectively watch more than one billion hours of videos each day. As of May 2019, videos were being uploaded at a rate of more than 500 hours of content per minute.

Speed of sound

Speed of sound

The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 343 metres per second, or one kilometre in 2.91 s or one mile in 4.69 s. It depends strongly on temperature as well as the medium through which a sound wave is propagating. At 0 °C (32 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 331 m/s. More simply, the speed of sound is how fast vibrations travel.

Scientific benefits

Red Bull Stratos on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Red Bull Stratos on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

There were many unknowns about what would happen with Baumgartner when he jumped, the biggest of which was what breaking the sound barrier would do to his body.[48] Gathered information on the feasibility of high-altitude bailouts will be useful to the budding commercial space-flight industry.[48] Jonathan Clark, medical director of the project, said:

We'll be setting new standards for aviation. Never before has anyone reached the speed of sound without being in an aircraft. Red Bull Stratos is testing new equipment and developing the procedures for inhabiting such high altitudes as well as enduring such extreme acceleration. The aim is to improve the safety for space professionals as well as potential space tourists.[49]

The project provided data for the development of high-performance, high-altitude parachute systems. It has been stated these will inform the development of new ideas for emergency evacuation from vehicles, such as spacecraft, passing through the stratosphere.[50]

Controversy

While the jump altitude was generally described as the "edge of space" in the media,[51] critics questioned that label, pointing that the more scientifically accepted definition for the "edge of space" is the Kármán line at 100 kilometres (62 mi), or nearly three times the height of the project's jump altitude.[52] The 100 km altitude is also used as a defining line by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, which administers aeronautics records worldwide.[53]

The FAA and NASA set the border to space at 50 mi (80 km) altitude above sea level.

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Kármán line

Kármán line

The Kármán line is a proposed conventional boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space set by the international record-keeping body FAI at an altitude of 100 kilometres above mean sea level. However, such definition of the edge of space is not universally adopted.

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

The Fédération aéronautique internationale is the world governing body for air sports, and also stewards definitions regarding human spaceflight. It was founded on 14 October 1905, and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. It maintains world records for aeronautical activities, including ballooning, aeromodeling, and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), as well as flights into space.

Federal Aviation Administration

Federal Aviation Administration

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the largest transportation agency of the U.S. government and regulates all aspects of civil aviation in the country as well as over surrounding international waters. Its powers include air traffic control, certification of personnel and aircraft, setting standards for airports, and protection of U.S. assets during the launch or re-entry of commercial space vehicles. Powers over neighboring international waters were delegated to the FAA by authority of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

NASA

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

Source: "Red Bull Stratos", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 7th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Stratos.

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Further Reading

BASE jumping

Parachute

Joseph Kittinger

Sound barrier

Wingsuit flying

Project Excelsior

ARCAspace

Victor Prather

Felix Baumgartner

Malcolm Ross (balloonist)

Flight altitude record

Space diving

Parachuting

Nick Piantanida

Yevgeni Nikolayevich Andreyev

Alan Eustace
See also
References
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  2. ^ "Felix Baumgartner to make space jump attempt on Sunday". The Telegraph. London. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  3. ^ Paur, Jason (15 October 2013). "Red Bull Releases Incredible POV Video of 128,000-Foot Stratos Jump". Wired. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  4. ^ a b Henderson, Barney; Irvine, Chris (9 October 2012). "Skydiver Felix Baumgartner attempts to break sound barrier: latest". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  5. ^ Smith, Chris (9 October 2012). "Red Bull Stratos Live Blog: Watch Felix Baumgartner Break Speed of Sound". Forbes. Retrieved 9 October 2012. This post is from Tuesday's failed launch attempt.
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  7. ^ a b c Amos, Jonathan (14 October 2012). "Skydiver Felix Baumgartner lands highest ever jump". BBC. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  8. ^ "Fearless Felix makes successful freefall jump". New Zealand Herald. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  9. ^ Ryan, Craig (2003). The Pre-Astronauts: Manned Ballooning on the Threshold of Space. Naval Institute Press. pp. 258–269. ISBN 978-1591147480.
  10. ^ Ryan, Craig (2003). Magnificent Failure: Free Fall from the Edge of Space. Smithsonian Books. p. 267. ISBN 978-1588341419.
  11. ^ Betancourt, Mark (July 2012). "The 120,000-Foot Leap". Air & Space Magazine.
  12. ^ "Chutist Changes Mind 123,500 Feet in Sky". New York Times. 2 February 1966. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  13. ^ a b c "Baumgartner's Records Ratified By FAI". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  14. ^ a b Choi, Charles Q. (22 January 2010). "'Space diver' to attempt first supersonic freefall". New Scientist. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  15. ^ Diaz, Jesus (22 January 2010). "Man to Break Sound Barrier Jumping from Edge of Space". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  16. ^ Paterson, Tony (25 January 2010). "Faster than the speed of sound: the man who falls to earth". The Independent. London. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  17. ^ Quain, John R. (11 April 2010). "Daredevil to Plunge From Outer Space in Supersonic Suit". Fox News. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  18. ^ "Red Bull Stratos: Mission Accomplished". Red Bull Stratos Mission Press Releases. Red Bull Stratos Mission. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  19. ^ Pasztor, Andy (12 October 2010). "Lawsuit Grounds Red Bull". The Wall Street Journal.
  20. ^ "Statement regarding Red Bull Stratos" (Press release). Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  21. ^ "Official statement on closing of legal case" (Press release). Red Bull Stratos. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011.
  22. ^ Gray, Richard (5 February 2012). "Sky diver to break sound barrier with jump from edge of space". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.
  23. ^ Dunn, Marcia (15 March 2012). "Skydiver jumps 13.6 miles on path to world's highest jump". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  24. ^ Dunn, Marcia (25 July 2012). "Skydiver Fearless Felix jumps from 18 miles up". Phys.Org. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  25. ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (25 July 2012). "'Fearless Felix' Hits 536 MPH Skydiving From 18 Miles Up". Wired. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  26. ^ Dunn, Marcia (25 July 2012). "Skydiver Fearless Felix jumps from 18 miles up". Yahoo! News. The Associated Press. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  27. ^ Tierney, John (15 March 2010). "A Supersonic Jump, From 23 Miles in the Air". New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  28. ^ Stanglin, Doug (9 October 2012). "Supersonic skydive attempt scrubbed by gusty winds". USA Today. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
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