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Rahmaniyya

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The Raḥmâniyya (Arabic: الرحمانية) is an Algerian Sufi order (tariqa or brotherhood) founded by Kabyle religious scholar Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥman al-Azhari Bu Qabrayn in the 1770s.[1] It was initially a branch of the Khalwatîya (Arabic: الخلوتية) established in Kabylia region. However, its membership grew unwaveringly elsewhere in Algeria and in North Africa.[2]

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Arabic

Arabic

Arabic is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world. Having emerged in the 1st century, it is named after the Arab people; the term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula, as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece.

Tariqa

Tariqa

A tariqa is a school or order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking haqiqa, which translates as "ultimate truth".

Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine

Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Gashtuli al-Jurjuri al-Azhari Abu Qabrayn, mostly known as Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine was a Berber ash'ari 'alim, founder of the Rahmaniyya Sufi order and is one of the seven Patron Saints of Algiers. The Sidi M'Hamed District in Algiers and the municipality of the same name, Sidi M'Hamed, are both named after him.

Khalwati order

Khalwati order

The Khalwati order is an Islamic Sufi brotherhood (tariqa). Along with the Naqshbandi, Qadiri, and Shadhili orders, it is among the most famous Sufi orders. The order takes its name from the Arabic word khalwa, meaning “method of withdrawal or isolation from the world for mystical purposes.”

Kabylia

Kabylia

Kabylia is a cultural, natural and historical region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people. It is part of the Tell Atlas mountain range and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean Sea.

Algeria

Algeria

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered part of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, being more than 200 times as large as the smallest country in the continent, The Gambia. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.

North Africa

North Africa

North Africa, or Northern Africa, is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in the west, to Egypt's Suez Canal in the east.

Founder

Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azharî (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الرحمن الأزهري), more commonly known as Bû Qabrayn (Arabic: بوقبرين, "the man with two tombs"), was an 18th-century Algerian Islamic scholar, saint and a Sufi mystic. He was born in 1715-29 into the Berber Ait Ismâ'îl tribe of the Qashtula, in Kabylia.[1] He studied first in a nearby zawiya in his hometown of Jurjura. Then, he went on studying at the Great Mosque in Algiers before undertaking his journey to Mašriq in 1739–40 to perform the hajj.

Following his stay in the Hijaz, Bu Qubrayn settled in Egypt to attain greater knowledge at the Al-Azhar mosque in Cairo. This is where he was initiated to the Sufi order of khalwatîya under Muḥammad ibn Salim al-Hifnawi (1689-1767/8), the leader of the Egyptian khalwatîya and rector of al-Azhar. As part of his learning with al-Hifnawi, Bu Qubrayn traveled extensively to teach ḫalwatîya doctrines, including in Darfur for six years and as far as India.

After three decades, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rahman returned to his village Jurjura in Algeria sometime between 1763 and 1770. There, he founded a school and zawiya in the 1770s and initiated the Kabyles into the tarîqa.[3] He rapidly attracted local notables and developed his zawiya into a prestigious center of learning, before his death in 1793/4.[4]

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Khalwati order

Khalwati order

The Khalwati order is an Islamic Sufi brotherhood (tariqa). Along with the Naqshbandi, Qadiri, and Shadhili orders, it is among the most famous Sufi orders. The order takes its name from the Arabic word khalwa, meaning “method of withdrawal or isolation from the world for mystical purposes.”

Ulama

Ulama

In Islam, the ulama are the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam, including Islamic doctrine and law.

Sufism

Sufism

Sufism, also known as Tasawwuf, is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ritualism, asceticism and esotericism. It has been variously defined as "Islamic mysticism", "the mystical expression of Islamic faith", "the inward dimension of Islam", "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam", the "main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization" of mystical practice in Islam, and "the interiorization and intensification of Islamic faith and practice".

Mysticism

Mysticism

Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences.

Berbers

Berbers

Berbers, also called by their self-name Amazigh or Imazighen, are an ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb region of North Africa, where they live in scattered communities across parts of Morocco, Algeria, and Libya, and to a lesser extent Tunisia, Mauritania, northern Mali, and northern Niger. Smaller Berber communities are also found in Burkina Faso and Egypt's Siwa Oasis. Historically, Berber nations have spoken Berber languages, which are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

Zawiya (institution)

Zawiya (institution)

A zawiya or zaouia is a building and institution associated with Sufis in the Islamic world. It can serve a variety of functions such a place of worship, school, monastery and/or mausoleum. In some regions the term is interchangeable with the term khanqah, which serves a similar purpose. In the Maghreb, the term is often used for a place where the founder of a Sufi order or a local saint or holy man lived and was buried. In the Maghreb the word can also be used to refer to the wider tariqa and its membership.

Djurdjura

Djurdjura

The Djurdjura or Jurjura Range is a mountain range of the Tell Atlas, part of the Atlas Mountain System. It is located in Kabylie, Algeria.

Hajj

Hajj

Hajj is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and of supporting their family during their absence from home.

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world.

Al-Azhar Mosque

Al-Azhar Mosque

Al-Azhar Mosque, known in Egypt simply as al-Azhar, is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt in the historic Islamic core of the city. Commissioned by Jawhar al-Siqilli shortly after Cairo was established as the new capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in 970, it was the first mosque established in a city that eventually earned the nickname "the City of a Thousand Minarets". Its name is usually thought to derive from az-Zahrāʾ, a title given to Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad.

Tariqa

Tariqa

A tariqa is a school or order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking haqiqa, which translates as "ultimate truth".

List of Sufi orders

List of Sufi orders

The following is a list of notable Sufi orders or schools (tariqa).

Propagation and influence

The Raḥmâniyya grew rapidly beyond Kabylia region, in eastern and south-eastern Algeria where it competed with other Sufi orders such as Qâdiriyya or Tijâniyya. However, within Kabylia, its influence was almost exclusive of any other order.[5] In 1851, French military authorities estimated the membership of the order to 295,000 members.[6]

After the death of Bu Qubrayn, his successor 'Alî ibn 'Îsâ al-Maghribî remained the undisputed leader of the order until 1835.[7] The leadership was then more disputed until 1860, which led to the division of the Raḥmâniyya into independent branches. But Muḥammad Amezzyân ibn al-Haddâd of Saddûk took over in 1860, bringing unity and dynamism back to the order for a decade.[5]

The Raḥmâniyya, along with other Sufi orders, fulfilled an important role as education centers and charitable organizations.[8] The zawiyas offered different teachings and supports across the order, but it included studies on religion, grammar, religious law, geography, and mathematics.[9]

Role in the uprising of 1871

The Raḥmâniyya and Shaykh al-Haddâd [fr] played a major role during the Algerian uprising of 1871. After the transition from a military regime to a civilian regime, the Crémieux decree, and the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Shaykh Mokrani launched the revolt against French authorities in March 1871.[10] But the insurrection really gained ground when Shaykh al-Haddâd proclaimed the holy war against the French in April.[11] Soon, around 250 tribes and 150,000 combattants rose from everywhere in Kabylia, especially members of the Raḥmâniyya.[12] However, Kabyle troops suffered decisive defeats in June and July, and the repression that followed was severe.[10]

Evolution after 1871

After the insurrection of 1871, the main zawiya definitively lost control over the other branches of the order,[5] which were now following and adapting the Raḥmâniyya teachings more or less independently.[13] The order lost some of its influence but remained vigorous. In 1897, the Raḥmâniyya was the largest Sufi order in Algeria, with 177 zawiyas and over 155,000 members.[14]

In the 20th century, Sufism declined in Algeria for multiple reasons. First, the French colonial authorities both used Sufi orders and tried to weaken them. Second, reformers from the Islamic Modernism movement attacked Sufis, claiming they were into deviational and heretical practices, superstitions keeping people ignorant.[15] Also, under the presidencies of Ahmed Ben Bella (1963-1965) and Houari Boumedienne (1965-1978), Sufi orders were further weakened by governments trying to increase their control of Algerian society. Sufi shaykhs were often subject to house arrest, and Sufi-owned properties were nationalized.[16] However, the Raḥmâniyya experienced a renewed activity after the independence, and around 1950, it had around 230,000 members, mostly Berbers, namely almost half of the 500,000 members in Algerian Sufi orders.[14]

The situation of Sufi orders improved under the presidency of Chadli Benjedid (1979-1992), who returned some of the properties previously nationalized. Sufi orders managed to resume their activities and the number of their followers started to increase again. However, this reversal ended during the Algerian civil war in the 1990s. After the military took control of the state, they sanctioned not only Salafi and Wahhabi groups but also Sufi orders. At the end of the war, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-2019) endeavored to support "Sufism as a more moderate alternative to more radical Salafis and more conservative Wahhabis".[16]

Today, Sufi orders such as the Raḥmâniyya survive in Algeria despite their reduced influence in Algerian society. Sufism is viewed positively, even though most Algerian youth don't practice what they don't consider a modern lifestyle.[17] And in Kabylia, where the Raḥmāniyya is stronger, rates of affiliation are higher than in other regions.[18]

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Ahmed Ben Bella

Ahmed Ben Bella

Ahmed Ben Bella was an Algerian politician, soldier and socialist revolutionary who served as the head of government of Algeria from 27 September 1962 to 15 September 1963 and then the first president of Algeria from 15 September 1963 to 19 June 1965.

Houari Boumédiène

Houari Boumédiène

Houari Boumédiène was an Algerian politician and army colonel who served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as the second President of Algeria until his death in 1978.

Chadli Bendjedid

Chadli Bendjedid

Chadli Bendjedid was the third President of Algeria and an Algerian Nationalist. His presidential term of office ran from 9 February 1979 to 11 January 1992.

Algerian Civil War

Algerian Civil War

The Algerian Civil War, known in Algeria as the Black Decade, was a civil war fought between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups from 26 December 1991 to 8 February 2002. The war began slowly, as it initially appeared the government had successfully crushed the Islamist movement, but armed groups emerged to declare jihad and by 1994, violence had reached such a level that it appeared the government might not be able to withstand it. By 1996–97, it had become clear that the Islamist resistance had lost its popular support, although fighting continued for several years after.

Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelaziz Bouteflika was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as President of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019.

Practices of Raḥmâniyya

The principles of Raḥmâniyya are fairly egalitarian and democratic, which partly explains its success in Kabylia. The order recognizes local saints and integrates them in its Islamic teachings, achieving the synthesis between local traditions and Islamic orthodoxy. Its practices are simple and accessible, as they do not require an extensive knowledge of the Quran beyond a few important verses. Scholars and brothers widely use the Kabyle language and do not need a deep understanding of Arabic.[19]

A fundamental practice involves teaching the mûrîd (Arabic: موريد "the disciple") an array of seven "names". The first one consists in repeating lâ ilâha ilal 'llâhu (Arabic: لا إله إلا الله "there is no god except God") between 12,000 and 70,000 times in a day and night. If the mûršîd (Arabic: مورشيد "the spiritual guide") is satisfied with the mûrîd's progress, then the mûrîd is allowed to continue with the six remaining names: Allâh (Arabic: الله "God") three times; huwa (Arabic: هو "He is"), ḥaqq (Arabic: الحق "The Absolute Truth") three times; ḥayy (Arabic: الحى "The Ever- Living) three times; qayyûm (Arabic: القيوم "The Sustainer, The Self Subsisting") three times; qahhâr (Arabic: القهار "The Ever-Dominating").[7]

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Quran

Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters, which consist of verses. In addition to its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic language.

Murid

Murid

In Sufism, a murīd is a novice committed to spiritual enlightenment by sulūk under a spiritual guide, who may take the title murshid, pir or shaykh. A sālik or Sufi follower only becomes a murīd when he makes a pledge (bayʿah) to a murshid. The equivalent Persian term is shāgird.

Murshid

Murshid

Murshid is Arabic for "guide" or "teacher", derived from the root r-sh-d, with the basic meaning of having integrity, being sensible, mature. Particularly in Sufism it refers to a spiritual guide. The term is frequently used in Sufi orders such as the Naqshbandiyya, Qādiriyya, Chishtiya, Shadhiliya and Suhrawardiyya.

Allah

Allah

Allah is the common Arabic word for God. In the English language, the word generally refers to God in Islam. The word is thought to be derived by contraction from al-ilāh, which means "the god", and is linguistically related to the Aramaic words Elah and Syriac ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ (ʼAlāhā) and the Hebrew word El (Elohim) for God.

Names of God in Islam

Names of God in Islam

Names of God in Islam are names attributed to God in Islam by Muslims. Some names are known from either the Quran or the hadith, while others can be found in both sources.

Sufism in Algeria

Sufism in Algeria

Sufism is considered as an essential part of Islam In Algeria. Sufism was fought and oppressed by the Salafists, and now is again regaining its importance as it was there before Algerian Civil War. Sufis have a considerable influence on both urban and rural society of Algeria. Sufism is the part of Algeria as long as 1400 years ago, so recognised as "Home of Sufi Marabouts". Most of the people in Algeria are the followers and murids of Sufism. Sufism has shaped Algerian society and politics for much of the country's history. Today, very few are aware of this legacy. Might the Sufis now provide an important contribution to the stability of the country.

Algerian Islamic reference

Algerian Islamic reference

The Algerian Islamic reference is the fundamentalist and legal framework for the practice of the religion of Islam in Algeria within Sunnism under the tutelage of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments.

Organization of the Raḥmâniyya order

The Raḥmâniyya is organized following a hierarchy common in Sufi orders. Teaching and practicing are conducted in zawiyas under the direction of a shaykh (شيخ, šaiḫ, or religious scholar or master), assisted by a khalifa (ḫalifa or lieutenant) or a naib (نائب, nāʾib, or deputy), The muqaddams (representatives,[2] delegates or local chiefs) and finally the ikhwan (إخوان, iḫwan, or brothers) constitute the bottom of the hierarchy.[20]

Sheikhs

Sheikhs of Tariqa Rahmaniyya[21]
# Sheikhs From To
01 Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine 1774 1793
02 Mohamed Lamali [ar] 1793 1830
03 Hmida Lamali [ar] 1830 1863
04 Sheikh Kacimi [ar][22] 1863 1897
05 Zaynab Kacimi[23] 1897 1904
06 Mohamed Kacimi (Sufi) [Wikidata][24] 1904 1913
07 Mokhtar Kacimi [Wikidata] 1913 1915
08 Belkacem Kacimi [Wikidata] 1915 1927
09 Ahmed Kacimi [Wikidata] 1927 1928
10 Mostafa Kacimi [Wikidata] 1928 1970
11 Hassan Kacimi [Wikidata] 1970 1987
12 Khalil Kacimi [Wikidata] 1987 1994
13 Mohamed Mamoun Kacimi [Wikidata] 1994 2022

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Lalla Zaynab

Lalla Zaynab

Lalla Zaynab, was an Algerian Sufi Muslim spiritual leader. Regarded as a living saint by her followers, she fought a bitter battle over the succession of her father's barakah and Zawiya with her cousin Sa'id ibn Lakhdar which involved the French colonial administration. She would later build a friendship with Isabelle Eberhardt.

Sheikh (Sufism)

Sheikh (Sufism)

A Sheikh or shaykh, of Sufism is a Sufi who is authorized to teach, initiate and guide aspiring dervishes in the Islamic faith. He has laid all his worldly desires to rest thru the one intense desire for knowing the love of God his beloved. The sheik is vital to the path of the novice Sufi, for the sheik has himself travelled the path of mysticism. Viewed as the spiritual master, the sheik forms a formal allegiance (bay'a) to the disciple of Sufism and authorizes the disciple's travels and helps the disciple along the mystical path. Islamic tradition focuses on the importance of chains and legitimization. In Sufism, sheiks are connected by a continuous spiritual chain. This chain links every previous Sufi sheik, and eventually can be traced back to the Successors, and in later times to the Prophet himself. As Sufism grew, influential shayks began to acquire spiritual centers and waypoints known as khanqah, ribat, and zaouia. Sheikhs duplicate the Prophetic realities, and are also expected to perform and act as an intermediary between the Creator and the created, since the sheikh has arrived close to God through his meditations and spiritual travels. There are several types of such sheikh.

Tariqa

Tariqa

A tariqa is a school or order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking haqiqa, which translates as "ultimate truth".

Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine

Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Gashtuli al-Jurjuri al-Azhari Abu Qabrayn, mostly known as Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine was a Berber ash'ari 'alim, founder of the Rahmaniyya Sufi order and is one of the seven Patron Saints of Algiers. The Sidi M'Hamed District in Algiers and the municipality of the same name, Sidi M'Hamed, are both named after him.

Prominent Raḥmâniyya Sufis

Brahim Boushaki (1912-1997)
Brahim Boushaki (1912-1997)

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Ahmed bin Salem

Ahmed bin Salem

Ahmed bin Tayeb bin Salem al-Debaisi or simply Ahmed bin Salem was an Algerian Sufi, commander, and warrior mostly known for commanding the Kabyle Zwawa resistance in the Emirate of Abdelkader.

Brahim Boushaki

Brahim Boushaki

Brahim Boushaki, was an Algerian Scholar, Imam and Sufi Sheikh. He was born in the village of Soumâa near the town of Thénia 53 km east of Algiers. He was raised in a very spiritual environment within Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki with high Islamic values and ethics. He had great interpersonal skills and devoted his entire life in service of Islam and Algeria according to the Algerian Islamic reference.

Lalla Zaynab

Lalla Zaynab

Lalla Zaynab, was an Algerian Sufi Muslim spiritual leader. Regarded as a living saint by her followers, she fought a bitter battle over the succession of her father's barakah and Zawiya with her cousin Sa'id ibn Lakhdar which involved the French colonial administration. She would later build a friendship with Isabelle Eberhardt.

Mohamed Rahmoune

Mohamed Rahmoune

Mohamed Rahmoune, commonly known as Si Rabah or simply as Rahmoune, was a prominent revolutionary leader during the Algerian war of independence as a member of the Front de Libération Nationale that launched an armed revolt throughout Algeria and issued a proclamation calling for a sovereign Algerian state.

Mohamed Seghir Boushaki

Mohamed Seghir Boushaki

Mohamed Seghir Boushaki, was an Algerian Berber politician after the French conquest of Algeria.

Yahia Boushaki (Shahid)

Yahia Boushaki (Shahid)

Yahia Boushaki, commonly known as Si Omar or simply as Boushaki, was a prominent revolutionary leader during the Algerian war of independence as a member of the Front de Libération Nationale that launched an armed revolt throughout Algeria and issued a proclamation calling for a sovereign Algerian state.

Source: "Rahmaniyya", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 26th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmaniyya.

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Bibliography
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Citations
  1. ^ a b Clancy-Smith. Between Cairo and the Algerian Kabylia: the Rahmaniyya tariqa, 1715-1800. p. 202.
  2. ^ a b Clancy-Smith. Between Cairo and the Algerian Kabylia: the Rahmaniyya tariqa, 1715-1800. p. 204.
  3. ^ Clancy-Smith. Between Cairo and the Algerian Kabylia: the Rahmaniyya tariqa, 1715-1800. p. 203.
  4. ^ Clancy-Smith. Between Cairo and the Algerian Kabylia: the Rahmaniyya tariqa, 1715-1800. p. 208.
  5. ^ a b c Salhi. "Confrérie religieuse et champ religieux en Grande-Kabylie au milieu du XXe siècle: la rahmaniyya". Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord: 254.
  6. ^ Bouchène; et al. "La résistance de l'émir Abd el-Kader". Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale : 1830-1962.
  7. ^ a b Margoliouth. "Raḥmāniyya". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.).
  8. ^ Khemissi; et al. "Sufism, Salafism and state policy towards religion in Algeria: a survey of Algerian youth". The Journal of North African Studies: 549.
  9. ^ Salhi. "Confrérie religieuse et champ religieux en Grande-Kabylie au milieu du XXe siècle: la rahmaniyya". Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord: 256 & 258.
  10. ^ a b Yacono. "Kabylie : L'insurrection de 1871". Encyclopédie berbère. pp. 3–5.
  11. ^ Bouchène; et al. "1871-1881: d'une insurrection à l'autre". Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale: 1830-1962.
  12. ^ Lacoste-Dujardin. "Insurrection de 1871". Dictionnaire de la culture berbère en Kabylie.
  13. ^ Nadir. "La fortune d'un ordre religieux algérien vers la fin du XIXe siècle". Le Mouvement Social: 61.
  14. ^ a b Benaissa. "Le soufisme algérien à l'époque coloniale". Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire: 92.
  15. ^ Benaissa. "Le soufisme algérien à l'époque coloniale". Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire: 100.
  16. ^ a b Khemissi; et al. "Sufism, Salafism and state policy towards religion in Algeria: a survey of Algerian youth". The Journal of North African Studies: 550.
  17. ^ Khemissi; et al. "Sufism, Salafism and state policy towards religion in Algeria: a survey of Algerian youth". The Journal of North African Studies: 553.
  18. ^ Khemissi; et al. "Sufism, Salafism and state policy towards religion in Algeria: a survey of Algerian youth". The Journal of North African Studies: 555.
  19. ^ Lacoste-Dujardin. Dictionnaire de la culture berbère en Kabylie. pp. Rahmaniya.
  20. ^ Nadir. "La fortune d'un ordre religieux algérien vers la fin du XIXe siècle". Le Mouvement Social: 59.
  21. ^ دار الخليل القاسمي للنشر والتوزيع: تعريف الطريقة الرحمانيّة الخلوتيّة والزاويّة القاسميّة Archived 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ ترجمة مؤسس زاوية الهامل سيدي محمد بن أبي القاسم الهاملي - مدونة برج بن عزوز Archived 2017-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ El Kacimi: لالة زينب القاسمية المرأة الرمز Archived 2017-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ ترجمة الشيخ الفقيه العلامة سيدي محمد بن الحاج محمد. - مدونة برج بن عزوز Archived 2017-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
See also

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