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Powerhouse Museum

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Powerhouse Museum
MAAS Logo.png
A black, re, and gold-trimmed locomotive with coal tender and two passenger cars sits on a rail siding at the museum
Locomotive No. 1 in Powerhouse Turbine Hall
Powerhouse Museum is located in Sydney
Powerhouse Museum
Location within Sydney
Former name
Technological Museum (until August 1893 - March 1988)
Established1879 as the "Technological, Industrial and Sanitary Museum of New South Wales"
Location500 Harris Street, Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Coordinates33°52′40″S 151°11′58″E / 33.877898°S 151.199573°E / -33.877898; 151.199573Coordinates: 33°52′40″S 151°11′58″E / 33.877898°S 151.199573°E / -33.877898; 151.199573
TypeTechnology museum
Visitors757,166 (2018–19)
CEOLisa Havilah
OwnerNSW State Government
Public transit access
Websitepowerhousemuseum.com

The Powerhouse Museum is the major branch of the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences (MAAS) in Sydney, and owned by the New South Wales State Government

The Powerhouse is a collection of museums with its main centre in Ultimo, New South Wales, the others being the historic Sydney Observatory at Observatory Hill, and the newer Museums Discovery Centre at Castle Hill and at Parramatta.

Although often described as a science museum, the Powerhouse has a diverse collection encompassing all sorts of technology including decorative arts, science, communication, transport, costume, furniture, media, computer technology, space technology and steam engines.

The museum has existed in various guises for over 125 years, previously named the Technological, Industrial and Sanitary Museum of New South Wales (1879–1882) and the Technological Museum (August 1893 – March 1988). As of 2022, the collection contains over 500,000 objects collected over the last 135 years,[1] many of which are displayed or housed at the site it has occupied since 1988, and for which it is named – a converted electric tram power station in the Inner West suburb of Ultimo, originally constructed in 1902 and is a well-known and popular Sydney tourist destination. The Federation-style building is listed on the New South Wales Government's State Heritage Register.[2]

The current building, designed by Lionel Glendenning for the Australian Bicentenary in 1988, won the Sir John Sulman Medal for architecture.[3] It includes a specially installed reticulated steam system, run from the old boiler house, to drive the large, rare steam machines in its collection.

Discover more about Powerhouse Museum related topics

Observatory Park, Sydney

Observatory Park, Sydney

Observatory Park is located in the heart of the Sydney central business district, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is near the Harbour Bridge and is bounded by Kent Street, Watson Road, Upper Fort Street and Bradfield Highway, Millers Point. Its history dates back to 1796 when it was used as the site of the first windmill in the colony, when it was known as Windmill Hill. It is also the site of a number of historical buildings including the historic Sydney Observatory, the Signal Station, the remains of Fort Philip, the National Trust Centre and a rotunda which is used for weddings.

Castle Hill, New South Wales

Castle Hill, New South Wales

Castle Hill is a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, located 34 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district and 9.5 kilometres north of Parramatta. It is within the Hills District region, split between the local government areas of The Hills Shire and Hornsby Shire.

Decorative arts

Decorative arts

The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional. It includes most of the arts making objects for the interiors of buildings, and interior design, but not usually architecture. Ceramic art, metalwork, furniture, jewellery, fashion, various forms of the textile arts and glassware are major groupings.

Science

Science

Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Communication

Communication

Communication is usually defined as the transmission of information. The term can also refer to the message itself, or the field of inquiry studying these transmissions, also known as communication studies. There are some disagreements about the precise definition of communication - for example, whether unintentional or failed transmissions are also included and whether communication does not just transmit meaning but also create it. Models of communication aim to provide a simplified overview of its main components and their interaction. Many models include the idea that a source uses a coding system to express information in the form of a message. The source uses a channel to send the message to a receiver who has to decode it in order to understand its meaning. Channels are usually discussed in terms of the senses used to perceive the message, like hearing, sight, smell, touch, and taste.

Costume

Costume

Costume is the distinctive style of dress or cosmetic of an individual or group that reflects class, gender, profession, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch. In short costume is a cultural visual of the people.

Furniture

Furniture

Furniture refers to movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating, eating (tables), storing items, eating and/or working with an item, and sleeping. Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work, or to store things. Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It can be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

Mass media

Mass media

Mass media refers to a diverse array of media that reach a large audience via mass communication.

Power station

Power station

A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid.

Federation architecture

Federation architecture

Federation architecture is the architectural style in Australia that was prevalent from around 1890 to 1915. The name refers to the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, when the Australian colonies collectively became the Commonwealth of Australia.

Lionel Glendenning

Lionel Glendenning

Lionel William Augustus Glendenning, B.Arch., M.Arch.(Harvard) is an Australian architect.

Australian Bicentenary

Australian Bicentenary

The bicentenary of Australia was celebrated in 1988. It marked 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788 and liberation of Australia from 66,000 years of uncivilized aboriginal rule.

History

The Whitbread Engine steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt, England, 1784
The Whitbread Engine steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt, England, 1784
Boulton & Watt Engine Engineering Heritage Award
Boulton & Watt Engine Engineering Heritage Award

The Powerhouse Museum has its origins in a recommendation of the trustees of the Australian Museum in 1878[4] and the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879 and Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880. The Sydney International Exhibition was held in the Garden Palace, a purpose-built exhibition building located in the grounds of the Royal Botanic Gardens. At the conclusion of the exhibition, the Australian Museum (Sydney's museum of natural history) appointed a committee to select the best exhibits with the intention of exhibiting them permanently in a new museum to be sited within the Garden Palace. The new museum was to be called The Technological, Industrial, and Sanitary Museum of New South Wales; its purpose was to exhibit the latest industrial, construction and design innovations with the intention of showing how improvements in the living standards and health of the population might be brought about.[5]

In September 1882, before the new museum could be opened a fire completely destroyed the Garden Palace, leaving the museum's first curator, Joseph Henry Maiden with a collection consisting of only the most durable artefacts including a Ceylonese statue of an elephant carved in graphite that had miraculously survived the blaze despite a 5-storey plunge.[6]

Maiden commenced rebuilding the collection, but for the subsequent decade the new museum found itself housed in a large tin shed in The Domain, a facility it shared with the Sydney Hospital morgue. The ever-present stench of decaying corpses was not the best advertisement for an institution dedicated to the promotion of sanitation. Eventually – after intense lobbying – the museum was relocated to a three-storey building; a temporary home at the Agricultural Hall in the Domain, a new, purpose-built premises in Harris Street, Ultimo and was given a new name: the "Technological Museum".

The new location placed the museum adjacent to the Sydney Technical College, and as such it was intended to provide material inspiration to the students. As time passed, its name was changed to The Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences and it also established branches in some of New South Wales' main industrial and mining centres, including Broken Hill, Albury, Newcastle and Maitland. It also quickly outgrew the main Harris Street site and by 1978 the situation had become dire, with many exhibits literally stuffed into its attic, and left unexhibited for decades.

On 23 August 1978, Premier Neville Wran announced that the decrepit Ultimo Power Station, several hundred metres north of the Harris Street site had been earmarked as the museum's new permanent home along with the adjoining former Ultimo Tram Depot. The museum spent an interim period exhibiting as the Powerhouse Museum – Stage One in the nearby tram sheds before re-opening as the Powerhouse Museum at the new site on 10 March 1988. The main museum building contains five levels, three courtyards and a cafeteria, as well as some offices. Workshops, library, storage and additional office space is located in the annexed tram sheds (still known in-house as "Stage One"). The size and continually expanding nature of the museum's collection means that offsite storage facilities are also maintained.

The new Powerhouse made it possible to rehabilitate hundreds of treasures stored at Alexandria and "exhibit them for the first time in almost a century".[7] In 1982, the museum incorporated the Sydney Observatory. The museum moved to 500 Harris Street in March 1988, and took its new name from the new location.

Following its closure as a working observatory in 1982, Sydney Observatory was incorporated into the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, as the museum was still formally known, though from 1988 this name was no longer used in marketing materials in favour of the Powerhouse Museum brand.

In January 2019 Lisa Havilah, former director of Carriageworks, took up the position of CEO of MAAS.[8] She became the fourth head of MAAS in 51⁄2 years.[9]

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Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)

Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)

The Melbourne International Exhibition is the eighth World's fair officially recognised by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) and the first official World's Fair in the Southern Hemisphere.

Garden Palace

Garden Palace

The Garden Palace was a large, purpose-built exhibition building constructed to house the Sydney International Exhibition in 1879 in Sydney, Australia. It was designed by James Barnet and constructed by John Young, at a cost of £191,800 in only eight months. This was largely due to the importation from England of electric lighting, which enabled work to be carried out around the clock.

Australian Museum

Australian Museum

The Australian Museum is a heritage-listed museum at 1 William Street, Sydney central business district, New South Wales, Australia. It is the oldest museum in Australia, and the fifth oldest natural history museum in the world, with an international reputation in the fields of natural history and anthropology. It was first conceived and developed along the contemporary European model of an encyclopedic warehouse of cultural and natural history and features collections of vertebrate and invertebrate zoology, as well as mineralogy, palaeontology and anthropology. Apart from exhibitions, the museum is also involved in Indigenous studies research and community programs. In the museum's early years, collecting was its main priority, and specimens were commonly traded with British and other European institutions. The scientific stature of the museum was established under the curatorship of Gerard Krefft, himself a published scientist.

Statue

Statue

A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size; a sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst one more than twice life-size is a colossal statue.

Elephant

Elephant

Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. The order was formerly much more diverse during the Pleistocene, but most species became extinct during the Late Pleistocene epoch. Distinctive features of elephants include a long proboscis called a trunk, tusks, large ear flaps, pillar-like legs, and tough but sensitive skin. The trunk is used for breathing and is prehensile, bringing food and water to the mouth, and grasping objects. Tusks, which are derived from the incisor teeth, serve both as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. The large ear flaps assist in maintaining a constant body temperature as well as in communication. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs, whereas Asian elephants have smaller ears, and convex or level backs.

Graphite

Graphite

Graphite is a crystalline form of the element carbon. It consists of stacked layers of graphene. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on large scale for uses in pencils, lubricants, and electrodes. Under high pressures and temperatures it converts to diamond. It is a good conductor of both heat and electricity.

Sydney Hospital

Sydney Hospital

Sydney Hospital is a major hospital in Australia, located on Macquarie Street in the Sydney central business district. It is the oldest hospital in Australia, dating back to 1788, and has been at its current location since 1811. It first received the name Sydney Hospital in 1881.

Morgue

Morgue

A morgue or mortuary is a place used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification (ID), removal for autopsy, respectful burial, cremation or other methods of disposal. In modern times, corpses have customarily been refrigerated to delay decomposition.

Harris Street

Harris Street

Harris Street is the main thoroughfare in the Inner West suburbs of Pyrmont and Ultimo in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It runs from the northern tip of the Pyrmont peninsula to Broadway in the central business district. Harris Street was formerly lined by industrial sites such as the Ultimo Power Station, Ultimo Tram Depot and the Government Printing Office.

Broken Hill

Broken Hill

Broken Hill is a city in the far west of outback New South Wales, Australia. An inland mining city, is near the border with South Australia on the crossing of the Barrier Highway (A32) and the Silver City Highway (B79), in the Barrier Range. It is 315m above sea level, with a hot desert climate, and an average rainfall of 235mm. The closest major city is Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, which is more than 500km to the southwest and linked via route A32.

Albury

Albury

Albury is a major regional city in New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the Hume Highway and the northern side of the Murray River. Albury is the seat of local government for the council area which also bears the city's name – the City of Albury. It is on the Victoria-New South Wales border.

Newcastle, New South Wales

Newcastle, New South Wales

Newcastle is a metropolitan area and the second-most-populated city in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It includes the Newcastle and Lake Macquarie local government areas, and is the hub of the Greater Newcastle area, which includes most parts of the local government areas of City of Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie, City of Cessnock, City of Maitland and Port Stephens Council.

Heritage listing

The statement of significance for the Federation building says the Powerhouse played a "major part in the 20th-century development of the Ultimo/Pyrmont area and in the wider heritage conservation movement in NSW." and it was part of the Darling Harbour Bicentennial citywide adaptation project, incorporated into "the transition of a major industrial location to a cultural, educational and tourism precinct".[2]

Proposed closure and move

1967 Beechcraft Queenair B80 air ambulance, VH-AMB
1967 Beechcraft Queenair B80 air ambulance, VH-AMB
First class carriage, built by Joseph Wright and Sons, of Saltley, Birmingham, England in 1854 and used on the Sydney to Parramatta line from its 1855 opening
First class carriage, built by Joseph Wright and Sons, of Saltley, Birmingham, England in 1854 and used on the Sydney to Parramatta line from its 1855 opening
"Waratah" motorcycle
"Waratah" motorcycle
Traditional post box
Traditional post box

In February 2015, the State Government controversially announced that the Powerhouse Museum would be relocated to Parramatta.[10][11][12] However this plan was reviewed,[13] and an announcement from the NSW government in April 2017, suggested that the museum would stay in its current location.[13] A decision to remain was announced on 18 July 2017.[14][10] In 2018, the plan was revisited and the move was confirmed with a decision made to close the Ultimo site between June 2020, and early 2021. The final design for a new venue was unveiled in December 2019.[15] The former site was to become a Broadway style theatre and fashion museum. In July 2020, the decision to close the site and relocate the collections was reversed.[16]

The proposed new venue was larger than the old Powerhouse site in Ultimo, containing of 30,000 square metres, with about half (18,000 square metres) slated for exhibition and public space. The NSW Government promised to develop the new facility to international standards and engineered to present larger objects from the collection including the Catalina flying boat and Locomotive No.1[17] but proposals for lending the large items to different organisations across the state were in train since 2019,[18] and concern persisted about risks, logistics and decontextualisation of exhibits.[19]

The insecurity, the "deluge of controversy" and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage sector made planning extremely difficult.[20]

Criticism of proposed closure and move

The proposed closure and move attracted wide-ranging criticism from museum experts, architectural heritage and urban design experts,[21][22] cultural and business leaders,[23] and the public on a number of grounds, including loss of cultural heritage, risk and cost.[24] One critic described the proposal as "akin to the British government relocating the Victoria and Albert Museum to Essex".[3] The museum trust's director of conservation said "Parramatta should have its own distinctive museum", one not founded on the loss of another important one.[25]

The main concerns expressed about the proposed move included that:[3][26][27][22]

  • it would involve significant cultural destruction of existing heritage, including the architectural heritage of the original building as well as 19th century Italianate villa in Parramatta, known as Willow Grove, and a row of 19th century terraces;[24][28]
  • the size and type of collection made its removal and/or relocation extremely expensive and risky;
  • closing or selling it involved a serious "downgrading of public assets";
  • there was ongoing public and expert opposition, a survey by the National Trust (NSW),[29] and a green ban on the destruction of Willow Grove was imposed by the NSW arm of the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU) and the New South Wales Nurses and Midwives' Association;[25][30]
  • the business case for a complete shutdown and move did not consider the option of leaving it at the current site;[31][32]
  • the new venue was designed to be more of an event space than a museum, as most of the 500,000 items in the collection could not be displayed in it, especially the very large ones, given that the design contained numerous cafes and bars, but no storage space, conservation laboratories, sufficient goods lifts or environmental standards appropriate to a museum;[3][32]
  • the proposed site for a new building was unsuitable as it is on a flood plain, which would affect the safety of the proposed undercroft and put patrons and collections at risk;[33][34][35]
  • the new building, scheduled to open in 2024, would not have been ready to display the collection until many years after closure of the original venue;
  • the Ultimo building was purpose-built to meet the needs of its unique collection;
  • a museum relocated out of the former Powerhouse would require a change of name;
  • a better option was creating an additional museum on a different site in Parramatta to meet the needs of the local populace and allow more of the collection to be shown.

Responses to criticism of proposed closure and move

On 4 July 2020, it was decided to keep and renovate the Ultimo building instead of demolishing it and relocating its collections, and build an additional venue in Parramatta. The NSW Premier said this would allow for "an outstanding visitor experience in the areas of technology, science, engineering and design at two major locations",[36] and that like other large collections such as the Smithsonian museums in the United States, multiple centres would display the institution's collections.[16] While Government Ministers argued the decision would be a "win-win"[37] for Sydney and Parramatta, critics argued it would be a "lose-lose", with both cities losing important heritage.[38] On 29 July 2020, the NSW government announced it had abandoned plans to relocate three of the Powerhouse Museum's biggest exhibits – the Boulton and Watt steam engine, the Locomotive No. 1, and the Catalina flying boat.[39]

The planned three centres of Sydney's Powerhouse Museum were the existing building at Ultimo, the Parramatta riverside, Museum Discovery Centre at Castle Hill and the Sydney Observatory.[40] The decision to keep Ultimo site was made in the context of increasing public awareness of the cultural damage that would be done by closing the Powerhouse,[41] along with the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage. The design of the Parramatta venue was subsequently amended by reducing the proposed presentation floor space and researcher apartments, along with a greater setback to the river.[42] In March 2021, during heavy rains, the proposed area flooded for the second time in two years, and even with increased setback from the river, experts were concerned about irreparable damage from increased humidity to items in the collection, especially delicate ones made of paper, textile and wood.[34][43]

Revised plans to move Willow Grove "brick by brick" also created further controversy,[30] with the National Trust advising that dismantling a building of such fragile materials would be an expensive and "catastrophic" failure.[44]

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Saltley

Saltley

Saltley is an inner-city area of Birmingham, east of the city centre. The area is part of the Washwood Heath ward, and was previously part of the Nechells ward. It is part of the Ladywood constituency in the city.

Government of New South Wales

Government of New South Wales

The Government of New South Wales, also known as the NSW Government, is the executive branch of state government in New South Wales, Australia, and is empowered by the state Constitution. Since Federation in 1901, New South Wales has been a state of Australia, and the federal Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth. Under the Australian Constitution, all states ceded legislative and judicial supremacy, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth.

Parramatta

Parramatta

Parramatta is a suburb and major commercial centre in Greater Western Sydney Metropolitan area, located in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Central Sydney, on the banks of the Parramatta River. Parramatta is the administrative seat of the local government area of the City of Parramatta and is often regarded as the main commercial centre of Greater Western Sydney Metropolitan area. Parramatta also has a long history as a second administrative centre in the Sydney metropolitan region, playing host to a number of state government departments as well as state and federal courts. It is often colloquially referred to as "Parra".

Consolidated PBY Catalina

Consolidated PBY Catalina

The Consolidated PBY Catalina is a flying boat and amphibious aircraft that was produced in the 1930s and 1940s. In Canadian service it was known as the Canso. It was one of the most widely used seaplanes of World War II. Catalinas served with every branch of the United States Armed Forces and in the air forces and navies of many other nations. The last military PBYs served until the 1980s. As of 2021, 86 years after its first flight, the aircraft continues to fly as a waterbomber in aerial firefighting operations in some parts of the world. None remain in military service.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage

The COVID-19 pandemic had a sudden and substantial impact on the arts and cultural heritage sector. The global health crisis and the uncertainty resulting from it profoundly affected organisations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—across the sector. Arts and culture sector organisations attempted to uphold their mission to provide access to cultural heritage to the community; maintain the safety of their employees, collections, and the public; while reacting to the unexpected change in their business model with an unknown end.

Victoria and Albert Museum

Victoria and Albert Museum

The Victoria and Albert Museum in London is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.

Essex

Essex

Essex is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and Greater London to the south and south-west. There are three cities in Essex: Southend, Colchester and Chelmsford, in order of population. For the purposes of government statistics, Essex is placed in the East of England region. There are four definitions of the extent of Essex, the widest being the ancient county. Next, the largest is the former postal county, followed by the ceremonial county, with the smallest being the administrative county—the area administered by the County Council, which excludes the two unitary authorities of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea. The ceremonial county occupies the eastern part of what was, during the Early Middle Ages, the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Essex. As well as rural areas and urban areas, it forms part of the wider Home Counties of England.

Green ban

Green ban

A green ban is a form of strike action, usually taken by a trade union or other organised labour group, which is conducted for environmentalist or conservationist purposes. They were mainly done in Australia in the 1970s, led by the Builders Labourers Federation (BLF) and used to protect parkland, low-income housing and buildings with historical significance.

Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union

Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union

The Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union is Australia's main trade union in construction, forestry, maritime, mining, energy, textile, clothing and footwear production. The CFMMEU is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions, with the Australian Labor Party and with the World Federation of Trade Unions.

New South Wales Nurses and Midwives' Association

New South Wales Nurses and Midwives' Association

The New South Wales Nurses and Midwives' Association (NSWNMA) is a trade union which represents nurses and midwives in both the public and private sectors of New South Wales, Australia. It was formed in 1931 and has a membership of over 70,000.

List of Smithsonian museums

List of Smithsonian museums

The Smithsonian museums are the most widely visible part of the United States' Smithsonian Institution and consist of 20 museums and galleries as well as the National Zoological Park. 17 of these collections are located in Washington D.C., with 11 of those located on the National Mall. The remaining ones are in New York City and Chantilly, Virginia. The Arts and Industries Building is only open for special events.

Exhibits

The museum hosts a number of permanent exhibitions, including many concerning different modes of transport and communication.

Inside a commercial QANTAS Catalina aircraft of the type on display in the Powerhouse, en route from Suva to Sydney in January 1949. Flight Steward Max White with young passenger Jennifer Grey.
Inside a commercial QANTAS Catalina aircraft of the type on display in the Powerhouse, en route from Suva to Sydney in January 1949. Flight Steward Max White with young passenger Jennifer Grey.

Key attractions

The Powerhouse Museum houses a number of unique exhibits including the oldest operational rotative steam engine in the world, the Whitbread Engine. Dating from 1785, it is one of only a handful remaining that was built by Boulton and Watt and was acquired from Whitbread's London Brewery in 1888.[45] This engine was named a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1986.[46]

Another important exhibit is Locomotive No. 1, the first steam locomotive to haul a passenger train in New South Wales, built by Robert Stephenson & Company in 1854.[47] The most popular exhibit is arguably "The Strasburg Clock Model", built in 1887 by a 25-year-old Sydney watchmaker named Richard Smith. It is a working model of the famous Strasbourg astronomical clock in Strasbourg Cathedral (which at that time was called Strassburg or Strasburg). Smith had never actually seen the original when he built it but worked from a pamphlet which described its timekeeping and astronomical functions.[48]

The Catalina Flying Boat 'Frigate Bird II' on display in the museum is the one that Sir Patrick Gordon Taylor flew on the first flight from Australia to South America in which he brought home 29 soldiers from New Guinea in 1945. It is the largest suspended plane in any museum in the world,[32] and an example of the most successful flying boat ever introduced and one that was important in connecting Australia by air with the rest of the world after World War II. After involvement in the air-sea rescue squadron, the museum's specimen flew from the Rose Bay flying boat base across the Pacific Ocean on the first uncharted air route between Sydney and Valparaiso, Chile.[49] The use of Catalina flying boats by Qantas Empire Airways after World War II was significant in the development of Australia's commercial air services.

Transport

Locomotive 1243 in Transport Hall
Locomotive 1243 in Transport Hall

The transport exhibition looks at transport through the ages, from horse-drawn carts through steam engines, cars and planes to the latest hybrid technology. On display is Steam Locomotive No. 1243, which served for 87 years, oldest contractor built locomotive in Australia. It stands beside a mock-up of a railway platform, on the other side of which is the Governor of New South Wales's railway carriage, of the 1880s. Also in this exhibition is the original Central railway station destination board, relocated to the museum in the 1980s when the station was refurbished.

Powerhouse Museum restored the locomotives 3830, restored to operational order in 1997 and 3265, restored in 2009 after 40 years off the rails. Sydney's last Hansom Cab was donated to the museum by its driver, who left it at the gates of the Harris Street building. There is also a horse-drawn bus and collection of motorbikes. Suspended aeroplanes, which can be viewed from balconies, include the Catalina flying boat and a Queenair Scout, the first Flying Doctor Service plane. Among the cars is a 1913 Sheffield Simplex, one of only 8 in the world. A four-minute film shows old footage of public transport.[50]

The Powerhouse Museum also has Sydney trams C11 (1898), O805 (1909), R1738 (1938. 1st of its type), steam tram motor 28A, hearse car 27s and Manly horse car 292.

Agricultural steam engine in Steam Revolution Exhibition
Agricultural steam engine in Steam Revolution Exhibition

The steam revolution

This exhibition is remarkable in that nearly all of the engines on display are fully operational and are regularly demonstrated working on steam power. Together with the Boulton and Watt engine, and the museum's locomotives, steam truck and traction engines, they are a unique working collection tracing the development of steam power from the 1770s to the 1930s. Engines on display include an 1830s Maudslay engine, a Ransom and Jeffries agricultural engine and the Broken Hill Fire Brigade's horse-drawn pump-engine. The museum owns a collection of mechanical musical instruments, of which the fairground barrel organ is located in the steam exhibition, where it is powered by a small fairground engine.[51]

Time and space

Strasbourg Astronomical Clock (model)
Strasbourg Astronomical Clock (model)
NASA Space suit
NASA Space suit

The most popular exhibit is arguably the museum's model of the Strasbourg astronomical clock in Strasbourg Cathedral (which at that time was called Strassburg or Strasburg). The reproduction is a working model built between 1887 and 1889 by a 25-year-old Sydney watchmaker named Richard Bartholomew Smith, who had never actually seen the original when he built it but worked from a pamphlet which described its timekeeping and astronomical functions.[48] The museum acquired it in 1890. Made from carved and painted wood with gold painted detailing, the clock displays the position of the planets, the days of the month, solar time, lunar phases and analog time.[52]

The Space exhibition looks at space and discoveries relating to it. It includes a life size model space-shuttle cockpit. It has a feature on Australian satellites and joins the Transport exhibit through an underground temporary exhibit walkway and two side entrances.[53]

The Powerhouse Museum has a 7 1⁄2-inch Merz Telescope that was manufactured in 1860–1861.[54]

Environment

The EcoLogic exhibition focuses on the challenges facing the environment, human impact, and ways and technologies to stop this effect. There is a house setup called Ecohouse where people toggle light variables to see the outcome as well as other energy use simulators and a 'ecological footprint' game. The exhibition includes a section of a tree with a time line marked on its rings, dating back to the 17th century.[55]

Computers and connections

The 'Interface: people, machines, design' explores how humans have been impacted by technology. A gallery of computing technology from the typewriter to the Tamagotchi. It explores successful and not-so successful design approaches made in the computing technology world.[56]

Experimentations

"Experimentations" is a science exhibition and contains interactive displays demonstrating aspects of magnetism, light, electricity, motion and the senses. These include a machine that explains how chocolate is made and lets one taste four 'stages' of chocolate. There is a full-sized model of the front of a firetruck that measures the pedal-power used to sound its horn and lights, and a hand-powered model railway using a magnetic system to provide electric current to the track. One of the most popular features is a plasma ball that shows the electric current through the glowing gas inside it, and changes when touched.[57]

Art and industry

Decorated sanitary ware
Decorated sanitary ware
"Embryo chair" (1988) by Marc Newson
"Embryo chair" (1988) by Marc Newson

The museum holds an extensive and significant collection of Doulton ware and other ceramics, as well as industrial equipment and industrial design, such as furniture.

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Suva

Suva

Suva is the capital and largest city of Fiji. It is the home of the country's largest metropolitan area and serves as its major port. The city is located on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu, in Rewa Province, Central Division.

Boulton and Watt

Boulton and Watt

Boulton & Watt was an early British engineering and manufacturing firm in the business of designing and making marine and stationary steam engines. Founded in the English West Midlands around Birmingham in 1775 as a partnership between the English manufacturer Matthew Boulton and the Scottish engineer James Watt, the firm had a major role in the Industrial Revolution and grew to be a major producer of steam engines in the 19th century.

Whitbread

Whitbread

Whitbread plc is a multinational British hotel and restaurant company headquartered in Houghton Regis, England.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is an American professional association that, in its own words, "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach." ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, an advocacy organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization. Founded as an engineering society focused on mechanical engineering in North America, ASME is today multidisciplinary and global.

Locomotive No. 1

Locomotive No. 1

Locomotive No. 1 hauled the first passenger train in New South Wales, Australia. It was built by Robert Stephenson and Company. In 1846, the Sydney Railway Company was formed with the objective of building a railway line between Sydney and Parramatta. No. 1 was one of four locomotives that arrived by sea from the manufacturer in January 1855. The first passenger train hauled by No. 1 was a special service from Sydney Station to Long Cove viaduct on 24 May 1855, Queen Victoria's birthday.

Steam locomotive

Steam locomotive

A steam locomotive is a locomotive that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of steam. It is fuelled by burning combustible material to heat water in the locomotive's boiler to the point where it becomes gaseous and its volume increases 1,700 times. Functionally, it is a steam engine on wheels.

New South Wales

New South Wales

New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east. The Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory are enclaves within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In December 2021, the population of New South Wales was over 8 million, making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 5.3 million, live in the Greater Sydney area.

Strasbourg astronomical clock

Strasbourg astronomical clock

The Strasbourg astronomical clock is located in the Cathédrale Notre-Dame of Strasbourg, Alsace, France. It is the third clock on that spot and dates from the time of the first French possession of the city (1681–1870). The first clock had been built in the 14th century, the second in the 16th century, when Strasbourg was a Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.

Strasbourg Cathedral

Strasbourg Cathedral

Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg, also known as Strasbourg Minster, is a Catholic cathedral in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. Although considerable parts of it are still in Romanesque architecture, it is widely considered to be among the finest examples of Rayonnant Gothic architecture. Architect Erwin von Steinbach is credited for major contributions from 1277 to his death in 1318, and beyond through his son Johannes von Steinbach, and his grandson Gerlach von Steinbach, who succeeded him as chief architects. The Steinbachs's plans for the completion of the cathedral were not followed through by the chief architects who took over after them, and instead of the originally envisioned two spires, a single, octagonal tower with an elongated, octagonal crowning was built on the northern side of the west facade by master Ulrich von Ensingen and his successor, Johannes Hültz. The construction of the cathedral, which had started in the year 1015 and had been relaunched in 1190, was finished in 1439.

New Guinea

New Guinea

New Guinea is the world's second-largest island, with an area of 785,753 km2 (303,381 sq mi). Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the 150-kilometre wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east.

Rose Bay Water Airport

Rose Bay Water Airport

Rose Bay Water Airport is a water airport located in the Sydney suburb of Rose Bay, New South Wales, Australia. It is eight kilometres from the city centre and is one of two water airports in Sydney, the other being Palm Beach Water Airport.

Valparaíso

Valparaíso

Valparaíso is a major city, commune, seaport, naval base, and educational centre in the Valparaíso Region, Chile.

Temporary exhibitions

Australian popular culture

Decorated utility vehicle
Decorated utility vehicle

Various exhibitions have paid tribute to Australian popular culture. Some of these have included On the box: great moments in Australian television 1956–2006[58] tribute to 50 years of Australian television and The 80s are back[59] which looks back at life in Australia in the 1980s.

Arts

Arts oriented temporary exhibitions have included the Fabergé exhibition, the Treasures of Palestine[60] exhibition, the Strictly Mardi Gras exhibition, the Christian Dior exhibition, the Audrey Hepburn exhibition, Kylie: an exhibition[61] – a tribute to Kylie Minogue and her contribution to music, stage and screen, featuring many of her costumes. An exhibition about Diana, Princess of Wales, called Diana: a celebration[62] included items from the collection at her ancestral home, Althorp, including her wedding gown, family jewellery and film of Diana as a child.

Harry Potter: The Exhibition in 2011–2012 was another popular exhibition, showcasing real costumes and sets from the eight Harry Potter films including the golden snitch, Nimbus 2000 and the Firebolt broomsticks, and various artefacts associated with all of the main characters.

In 2011, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of The Wiggles, the Powerhouse mounted The Wiggles Exhibition, which exhibited memorabilia from the group as well as from The Cockroaches, since two of the group were previously members of The Cockroaches. Due to its popularity, the exhibition was kept as one of the museum's permanent exhibitions.

Cinema themed

Since 1988, the Powerhouse hosted a number of large temporary exhibitions, including ones based on popular cinema franchises such as Star Trek, The Lord of the Rings,[63] and the Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination[64] exhibition, showing models, props and costumes from all six Star Wars films, together with recent advances in technology that are turning fantasy into reality.

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Television in Australia

Television in Australia

Television in Australia began experimentally as early as 1929 in Melbourne with radio stations 3DB and 3UZ, and 2UE in Sydney, using the Radiovision system by Gilbert Miles and Donald McDonald, and later from other locations, such as Brisbane in 1934.

House of Fabergé

House of Fabergé

The House of Fabergé was a jewellery firm founded in 1842 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, by Gustav Faberge, using the accented name Fabergé. Gustav's sons – Peter Carl and Agathon – and grandsons followed him in running the business until it was nationalised by the Bolsheviks in 1918. The firm was famous for designing elaborate jewel-encrusted Fabergé eggs for the Russian Tsars, and for a range of other work of high quality and intricate detail. In 1924, Peter Carl's sons Alexander and Eugène Fabergé opened a firm called Fabergé & Cie in Paris, France, making similar jewellery items and adding the name of the city to their firm's stamp, styling it FABERGÉ, PARIS.

Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras

Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras

The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras or Sydney Mardi Gras is an event in Sydney, New South Wales attended by hundreds of thousands of people from around Australia and overseas. One of the largest such festivals in the world, Mardi Gras is the largest Pride event in Oceania. It includes a variety of events such as the Sydney Mardi Gras Parade and Party, Bondi Beach Drag Races, Harbour Party, the academic discussion panel Queer Thinking, Mardi Gras Film Festival, as well as Fair Day, which attracts 70,000 people to Victoria Park, Sydney.

Christian Dior

Christian Dior

Christian Ernest Dior was a French fashion designer, best known as the founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, Christian Dior SE, which is now owned by parent company LVMH. His fashion houses are known all around the world, specifically "on five continents in only a decade" (Sauer).

Audrey Hepburn

Audrey Hepburn

Audrey Hepburn was a British actress and humanitarian. Recognised as both a film and fashion icon, she was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend from the Classical Hollywood cinema and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame.

Kylie Minogue

Kylie Minogue

Kylie Ann Minogue is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress. She is the highest-selling female Australian artist of all time, having sold over 80 million records worldwide. She has been recognised for reinventing herself in music and fashion, for which she is referred to by the European press as the "Princess of Pop" and a style icon. Her accolades include a Grammy Award, three Brit Awards and 17 ARIA Music Awards.

Diana, Princess of Wales

Diana, Princess of Wales

Diana, Princess of Wales, was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of King Charles III and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon, and earned her enduring popularity.

Althorp

Althorp

Althorp is a Grade I listed stately home and estate in the civil parish of Althorp, in West Northamptonshire, England of about 13,000 acres (5,300 ha). By road it is about 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of the county town of Northampton and about 75 miles (121 km) northwest of central London, situated between the villages of Great Brington and Harlestone. It has been held by the prominent aristocratic Spencer family for more than 500 years, and has been owned by Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer since 1992. It was also the home of Lady Diana Spencer from her parents' divorce until her marriage to Charles, Prince of Wales.

Harry Potter: The Exhibition

Harry Potter: The Exhibition

Harry Potter: The Exhibition is a travelling exhibition based on the Harry Potter series of books and films, which features props, costumes, and other artefacts. The first iteration of the exhibition ran from April 2009 to March 2020. A second iteration of the exhibition is scheduled to premiere in early 2022.

Harry Potter (film series)

Harry Potter (film series)

Harry Potter is a film series based on the eponymous novels by J. K. Rowling. The series is produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). A spin-off prequel series, planned to consist of five films, started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise.

Star Trek

Star Trek

Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into various films, television series, video games, novels, and comic books. With an estimated $10.6 billion in revenue, it is one of the most recognizable and highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

Star Wars

Star Wars

Star Wars is an American epic space opera multimedia franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the eponymous 1977 film and quickly became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. The franchise has been expanded into various films and other media, including television series, video games, novels, comic books, theme park attractions, and themed areas, comprising an all-encompassing fictional universe. Star Wars is one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

Museums Discovery Centre

About 95 percent of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences collection is maintained in storage at any one time. From late 2004, 60 percent of this was moved to a new 3 hectares (7.4 acres) site in the northwestern Sydney suburb of Castle Hill. Built at a cost of A$12 million, this facility consists of seven huge sheds, including one the size of an aircraft hangar, within which are housed artefacts as a section of the mast of HMS Victory, Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar, and the spare wheel from Bluebird-Proteus CN7, the car Donald Campbell drove to break the world land speed record on Lake Eyre in the 1960s.

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Castle Hill, New South Wales

Castle Hill, New South Wales

Castle Hill is a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, located 34 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district and 9.5 kilometres north of Parramatta. It is within the Hills District region, split between the local government areas of The Hills Shire and Hornsby Shire.

HMS Victory

HMS Victory

HMS Victory is a 104-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, she is the world's oldest naval ship still in commission. With 245 years' service as of 2023, ordered in 1758, laid down in 1759 and launched in 1765 - she is best known for her role as Lord Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805.

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy. His inspirational leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest naval commanders in history.

Battle of Trafalgar

Battle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement that took place on 21 October 1805 between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).

Bluebird-Proteus CN7

Bluebird-Proteus CN7

The Bluebird-Proteus CN7 is a gas turbine-powered vehicle that was driven by Donald Campbell and achieved the world land speed record on Lake Eyre in Australia on 17 July 1964. The vehicle set the FIA world record for the flying mile at 403.1 mph (648.7 km/h).

Donald Campbell

Donald Campbell

Donald Malcolm Campbell, was a British speed record breaker who broke eight absolute world speed records on water and on land in the 1950s and 1960s. He remains the only person to set both world land and water speed records in the same year (1964). He died during a water speed record attempt at Coniston Water in the Lake District, England.

Land speed record

Land speed record

The land speed record is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land. There is no single body for validation and regulation; in practice the Category C flying start regulations are used, officiated by regional or national organizations under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The land speed record (LSR) is standardized as the speed over a course of fixed length, averaged over two runs. Two runs are required in opposite directions within one hour, and a new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated.

Lake Eyre

Lake Eyre

Lake Eyre, officially known as Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, is an endorheic lake in the east-central part of the Far North region of South Australia, some 700 km (435 mi) north of Adelaide. The shallow lake is the depocentre of the vast endorheic Lake Eyre basin, and contains the lowest natural point in Australia, at approximately 15 m (49 ft) below sea level. On the rare occasions that it fills completely, it is the largest lake in Australia, covering an area of up to 9,500 km2 (3,668 sq mi). When the lake is full, it has the same salinity as seawater, but becomes hypersaline as the lake dries up and the water evaporates.

Source: "Powerhouse Museum", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 26th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum.

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Further Reading

Australian Museum

Locomotive No. 1

Museum of Contemporary Art Australia

NSW Rail Museum

New South Wales Z12 class locomotive

3265

Hunter Valley Steamfest

Elizabeth Farrelly

New South Wales X10 class locomotive

Z1243

Transport Heritage NSW

Sydney Steam Motor Tram

Workshops Rail Museum

The Goods Line

Valley Heights Steam Tram Rolling Stock

Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre
See also
References
  1. ^ "Collection FAQ". Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Ultimo Power House". NSW Office of Environment & Heritage. 20 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d McDonald, John (27 June 2020). "New Powerhouse not a museum but global 'embarrassment'". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  4. ^ "Technological Museums and Instruction". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 29 September 1880. p. 8. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  5. ^ "The Technological, Industrial, and Sanitary Museum". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 22 October 1880. p. 3. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  6. ^ Frawley, Jodi (2011). "Maiden, Joseph". Dictionary of Sydney.
  7. ^ Schofields, Leo (5 July 2020). "For Once, the Right Decision Has Been Made for the Future of Our Wonderful City". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  8. ^ "Carriageworks director to depart". Australian Design Review. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  9. ^ Albert, Jane (29 January 2020). "Lisa Havilah's ambitious plans for Sydney's Powerhouse Museum". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  10. ^ a b Taylor, Andrew (19 February 2016). "Culture wars: Powerhouse debate pits east against west". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  11. ^ Fitzgerald, Deborah (26 November 2014). "Powerhouse Museum to move to Parramatta". Parramatta Advertiser. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  12. ^ "NSW election 2015: Sydney's Powerhouse Museum to move to Parramatta under Coalition plan". ABC News. Australia. 26 February 2015.
  13. ^ a b Robertson, James (19 April 2017). "Government hints Powerhouse Museum may stay at Ultimo site". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  14. ^ OKeefe, Chris (18 July 2017). "Parramatta to get two new arts venues in NSW government deal". Nine Network website. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  15. ^ Collins, Antonette (17 December 2019). "Winning design for Parramatta's Powerhouse Museum branded a 'monstrosity on stilts'". ABC News. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  16. ^ a b Smith, Alexandra (4 July 2020). "Powerhouse backflip as Ultimo site saved by Berejiklian government". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  17. ^ Glover, Barney (30 June 2020). "Powerhouse Parramatta will be bigger and better than before". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  18. ^ Morris, Linda; Fellner, Carrie (28 June 2020). "Powerhouse collection to be 'scattered' across NSW, plans reveal". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  19. ^ Barlass, Tim (1 July 2020). "'Slap in the face': Daughter of legendary aviator warns against Powerhouse move". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  20. ^ Burke, Kelly (9 February 2021). ""Everything had been on hold" - Powerhouse announces program after rocky few years". The Guardian (Australia).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ Weirick, James (22 March 2021). "After a decade of lost opportunity to fix NSW's planning mess, here's a model for success". The Sydney Morning Herald.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ a b Farrelly, Elizabeth (20 June 2020). "Powerhouse will run out of puff in Parramatta". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  23. ^ Taylor, Andrew (18 February 2016). "'Don't Destroy the Powerhouse': businessmen and prominent people tell NSW government". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  24. ^ a b Morris, Linda (14 May 2020). "New Powerhouse Museum report approves loss of heritage buildings". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  25. ^ a b Morris, Linda (30 June 2020). "'Bodies in front of machinery': Parramatta Powerhouse hit by boycott". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  26. ^ Morris, Linda (21 June 2020). "Parramatta Powerhouse opening delayed". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  27. ^ Schofield, Leo (21 June 2020). "Government barges ahead with cultural destruction". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  28. ^ Farrelly, Elizabeth (20 February 2021). "Heritage is meaningless in NSW if we let Willow Grove go". The Sydney Morning Herald.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ "Powerhouse Museum: The Community Speaks National Trust (NSW) Survey Reveals Overwhelming Vote to Stay at Ultimo". National Trust (NSW). 2 June 2020.
  30. ^ a b Burke, Kelly (17 November 2020). "'Insignificant' building threatens to scuttle $800m Powerhouse Parramatta". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  31. ^ Davies, Anne (28 February 2019). "Relocation of Powerhouse Museum condemned by NSW opposition inquiry". Guardian (Australia).
  32. ^ a b c Morris, Linda (21 June 2020). "Powerhouse push slammed as more 'pleasure palace' than museum". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  33. ^ Morris, Linda (2 July 2020). "Council warns of Parramatta Powerhouse safety risk". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  34. ^ a b Morris, Linda; Taylor, Andrew (20 March 2020). "Parramatta River breaks its banks, flooding Powerhouse Museum site". The Sydney Morning Herald.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ Burke, Kelly (15 February 2021). "NSW arts minister defends Powerhouse Parramatta museum days after giving it the green light". Guardian (Australia).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ Australian Associated Press (4 July 2020). "Powerhouse museum: NSW premier dumps plans to close Ultimo site". The Guardian (Australia).
  37. ^ Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (4 July 2020). "Powerhouse decision an investment in 'museums not just motorways'". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  38. ^ Farrelly, Elizabeth (2021). Killing Sydney - The Fight For a City's Soul. Sydney: Picador. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-76055-258-9.
  39. ^ Morris, Linda (29 July 2020). "Ultimo is final stop for the Powerhouse's famous locomotive". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  40. ^ Morris, Linda (5 July 2020). "Berejiklian's Powerhouse backflip a crowd-pleaser for east and west". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  41. ^ Editorial (6 July 2020). "Saving Powerhouse is welcome but big questions remain". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  42. ^ Morris, Linda (1 November 2020). "New Powerhouse to be smaller, cheaper, more refined". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  43. ^ Burke, Kelly (22 March 2021). "'Monstrosity on stilts': Powerhouse museum under fire after Parramatta River floods". Guardian (Australia).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ^ Burdon, David (20 November 2020). "Letter from National Trust (NSW) to Department of Planning".
  45. ^ "The Boulton and Watt engine". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  46. ^ "Boulton & Watt Rotative Steam Engine (1785)". Landmarks. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  47. ^ "Locomotive No. 1". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  48. ^ a b "Strasburg Clock". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  49. ^ Simpson, Margaret. "Catalina flying boat 'Frigate Bird II'". Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences.
  50. ^ "Transport". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  51. ^ "The steam revolution". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  52. ^ "'Strasburg Clock' model by Richard Bartholomew Smith". Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences.
  53. ^ "Space". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  54. ^ "The Powerhouse Museum has a 7 1/2 inch Merz Telescope that was manufactured in 1860–1861" (PDF). Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  55. ^ "Ecologic: Creating a sustainable future". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  56. ^ "Interface: people, machine, design". Interface. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  57. ^ "Experimentations". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  58. ^ "On the box: great moments in Australian television 1956–2006". Powerhousemuseum.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  59. ^ "The 80s Are Back – ended on 27 March 2011". Powerhouse Museum. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  60. ^ "Treasures of Palestine". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  61. ^ "Kylie: An Exhibition". powerhousemuseum.com.
  62. ^ "Diana: A Celebration – exhibition open 29 September 2007 to 4 May 2008 – Sydney, Australia". Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  63. ^ "The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  64. ^ "Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination | closed on 26 April 2009". Exhibitions. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
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