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Port Colborne

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Port Colborne
City (lower-tier)
City of Port Colborne
Former bank building on West Street in Port Colborne[1]
Former bank building on West Street in Port Colborne[1]
Official seal of Port Colborne
Seal
Motto: 
"Gateway to Navigation"[2]
Location of Port Colborne in the Niagara Region
Location of Port Colborne in the Niagara Region
Port Colborne is located in Southern Ontario
Port Colborne
Port Colborne
Location in southern Ontario
Coordinates: 42°53′N 79°15′W / 42.883°N 79.250°W / 42.883; -79.250Coordinates: 42°53′N 79°15′W / 42.883°N 79.250°W / 42.883; -79.250
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
RegionNiagara
Settled1830s
Incorporated1870 (village)
 1966 (city)
Government
[3]
 • MayorBill Steele
 • MPVance Badawey (Liberal)
 • MPPJeff Burch (NDP)
Area
[4]
 • Land121.96 km2 (47.09 sq mi)
Elevation
[5]
175.30 m (575.13 ft)
Population
 (2021)[4]
 • Total20,033
 • Density164.2/km2 (425/sq mi)
DemonymPort Colbornite
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Forward Sortation Area
L3K
Area code(s)905, 289, 365, and 742
GNBC CodeFCHYP[6]
Websiteportcolborne.ca

Port Colborne is a city in Ontario, Canada that is located on Lake Erie, at the southern end of the Welland Canal, in the Niagara Region of Southern Ontario. The original settlement, known as Gravelly Bay, dates from 1832 [7] and was renamed after Sir John Colborne, a British war hero and the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada at the time of the opening of the (new) southern terminus of the First Welland Canal in 1833. The city's population in 2021 was 20,033.

Discover more about Port Colborne related topics

Ontario

Ontario

Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Located in Central Canada, it is Canada's most populous province, with 38.3 percent of the country's population, and is the second-largest province by total area. Ontario is Canada's fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto, which is Ontario's provincial capital.

Lake Erie

Lake Erie

Lake Erie ( "eerie") is the fourth largest lake by surface area of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 m) deep.

Welland Canal

Welland Canal

The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Ontario, Canada, connecting Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. It forms a key section of the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway. Traversing the Niagara Peninsula from Port Weller in St. Catharines to Port Colborne, it enables ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment and bypass Niagara Falls. It is the fourth canal connecting these waterways; three smaller predecessors also bore the same name.

Regional Municipality of Niagara

Regional Municipality of Niagara

The Regional Municipality of Niagara, also colloquially known as the Niagara Region or Region of Niagara, is a regional municipality comprising twelve municipalities of Southern Ontario, Canada. The regional seat is in Thorold. It is the southern end of the Golden Horseshoe, the largest megalopolis in Canada.

Southern Ontario

Southern Ontario

Southern Ontario is a primary region of the Canadian province of Ontario. It is the most densely populated and southernmost region in Canada, with approximately 13.5 million people, approximately 36% of Canada's population of 37 million. The region lies south of the province's other primary region, Northern Ontario, although the exact northern boundary of Southern Ontario is disputed. However, its core region is situated south of Algonquin Park, the latter being in an area of transition between coniferous forest north of the French and Mattawa Rivers and southern deciduous forest. It covers between 14 and 15% of the province, depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts which also lie in the transitional area between northern and southern forest regions. Southern Ontario differs greatly from Northern Ontario, having a much higher population density, a different climate, and a different culture than its northern counterpart. It is broken into smaller subregions, including Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, the Golden Horseshoe, and Southwestern Ontario.

John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton

John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton

Field Marshal John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton, was a British Army officer and colonial governor. After taking part as a junior officer in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition to Egypt and then the War of the Third Coalition, he served as military secretary to Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna. He then commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 66th Regiment of Foot and, later, the 52nd Regiment of Foot at many of the battles of the Peninsular War. At the Battle of Waterloo, Colborne on his own initiative brought the 52nd Regiment of Foot forward, took up a flanking position in relation to the French Imperial Guard and then, after firing repeated volleys into their flank, charged at the Guard so driving them back in disorder.

First Welland Canal

First Welland Canal

The Welland Canal has gone through many incarnations in its history. Today, five distinct canal-construction efforts are recognized. The retronym First Welland Canal is applied to the original canal, constructed from 1824 to 1829 and 1831 to 1833.

History

In pre-colonial times, Indigenous people of the Onguiaahra (Neutral Iroquois) lived in the area, due in part to the ready availability of flint and chert from outcroppings on the Onondaga Escarpment.[8][9] This advantage was diminished by the introduction of firearms by European traders, and they were driven out by the Six Nations of the Iroquois around 1650 as part of the Beaver Wars.

Originally called Gravelly Bay, after the shallow, bedrock-floored bay upon which it sits, today's City of Port Colborne traces its roots back to the United Empire Loyalist settlements that grew up in the area following the American Revolution. Growth became focused around the southern terminus of the Welland Canal after it reached Lake Erie in 1833. The town was the location of the Port Colborne explosion, a grain elevator explosion in 1919 that killed 10 and injured 16.

As the population rose, Welland County was formed in 1845 from Lincoln County and Port Colborne was incorporated as a village in 1870, became a town in 1918, merged with the neighbouring Village of Humberstone in 1952, and was re-incorporated as a city in 1966. In 1970, Niagara Region municipal restructuring added Humberstone Township, further expanding the city.[10][11]

In the year 1888, American tourists from the Southern states began building vacation homes on the lakeshore of the Western edge of the town. By 1890, an entire gated community of vacationers from the US South called Port Colborne their home during the summer months, naming the community The Humberstone Club. Over 30 grand summer homes, along with a variety of clubhouses and service buildings, were built along the lake in the following years, many of which still stand today on historic Tennessee Avenue. The southern architecture and style of these buildings would influence the design and construction of other historic buildings in the area. During the American Civil War, Varina Davis, wife of Confederacy President Jefferson Davis, spent three years in the relative comfort and safety of the community.[11][12]

Port Colborne was one of the hardest hit communities during the Blizzard of 1977. Thousands of people were stranded when the city was paralyzed during the storm, and the incident remains one of significance to the local population.[13]

Environmental concerns

Emissions from Inco's base metal refinery, closed in 1984, resulted in soils contaminated with concentrations of nickel, copper and cobalt above the Ontario Ministry of the Environment's "soil remediation criteria."[14] However, two studies, one in 1997 and another in 1999 found "[no] adverse health effects which may have resulted from environmental exposures."[14] After a series of public meetings between the City, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and Inco, it was decided to perform a Community-Based Risk Assessment, a process designed to determine whether the contamination poses a threat to the current, past, or future residents of Port Colborne, and what Inco must do to clean up the contaminated areas.[15]

Some residents launched a Class-Action Lawsuit against Inco in 2001[16][17] seeking $750 million in damages to health, property value, and quality-of-life. Although this suit failed to be certified in 2002,[18][19] it was subsequently modified to limit the class, and focus solely on devaluation of property[20] and was certified on appeal on November 18, 2005.[21][22] A timeline of the case has been written from the point of view of the plaintiffs.[23]

On July 6, 2010, the Ontario Supreme Court sided with the residents and awarded more than 7,000 households in Port Colborne a total of $36 million. Households in the Rodney Street area, in the shadow of the nickel refinery, were each awarded $23,000 while those living on the east and west sides of Port Colborne were each awarded $9,000 and $2,500 respectively.[24] Vale appealed the ruling to the Ontario Court of Appeal, which found in 2010 that the plaintiff had not provided sufficient evidence of economic harm, raising the legal burden of proof but not invalidating Rylands v Fletcher as precedent law.[25][26][27] In April 2012 the Supreme Court of Canada sided with Vale and denied the residents the awarded compensation.[28][29] Court costs in the amount of CAD$1,766,000 were awarded the defendant by Henderson, J.[23]

Discover more about History related topics

New France

New France

New France was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.

Flint

Flint

Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Flint was widely used historically to make stone tools and start fires.

Chert

Chert

Chert is a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz, the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2). Chert is characteristically of biological origin, but may also occur inorganically as a chemical precipitate or a diagenetic replacement, as in petrified wood.

Iroquois

Iroquois

The Iroquois, officially the Haudenosaunee, are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America and Upstate New York. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the Iroquois League, and later as the Iroquois Confederacy. The English called them the Five Nations, comprising the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After 1722, the Iroquoian-speaking Tuscarora from the southeast were accepted into the confederacy, which became known as the Six Nations.

Beaver Wars

Beaver Wars

The Beaver Wars, also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars were a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in North America throughout the Saint Lawrence River valley in Canada and the lower Great Lakes region which pitted the Iroquois against the Hurons, northern Algonquians and their French allies. As a result of this conflict, the Iroquois destroyed several confederacies and tribes through warfare: the Hurons or Wendat, Erie, Neutral, Wenro, Petun, Susquehannock, Mahican and northern Algonquins whom they defeated and dispersed, some fleeing to neighboring peoples and others assimilated, routed, or killed.

American Revolution

American Revolution

The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States as the first country founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy.

Lake Erie

Lake Erie

Lake Erie ( "eerie") is the fourth largest lake by surface area of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 m) deep.

Port Colborne explosion

Port Colborne explosion

The Port Colborne explosion at Port Colborne, Ontario was a dust explosion in the Dominion grain elevator on August 9, 1919. The blast killed 10 and seriously injured 16 more.

Lincoln County, Ontario

Lincoln County, Ontario

Lincoln County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario.

American Civil War

American Civil War

The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson F. Davis was an American politician who served as the first and only president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. He represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party before the American Civil War. He had previously served as the United States Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce.

Blizzard of 1977

Blizzard of 1977

The blizzard of 1977 hit Western New York and Southern Ontario from January 28 to February 1 of that year. Daily peak wind gusts ranging from 46 to 69 mph were recorded by the National Weather Service in Buffalo, with snowfall as high as 100 in (254 cm) recorded in areas, and the high winds blew this into drifts of 30 to 40 ft. There were 23 total storm-related deaths in Western New York, with five more in northern New York.

Geography

Climate

Climate data for Port Colborne (1981−2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.5
(88.7) 		33.5
(92.3) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		35.0
(95.0)
Average high °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		14.8
(58.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		13.0
(55.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		11.0
(51.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		9.2
(48.6)
Average low °C (°F) −6.9
(19.6) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		8.5
(47.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		7.3
(45.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		5.3
(41.5)
Record low °C (°F) −26
(−15) 		−25
(−13) 		−24
(−11) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−26
(−15) 		−26
(−15)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 73.1
(2.88) 		57.0
(2.24) 		66.8
(2.63) 		76.1
(3.00) 		89.7
(3.53) 		78.9
(3.11) 		82.2
(3.24) 		82.5
(3.25) 		98.0
(3.86) 		90.4
(3.56) 		100.9
(3.97) 		88.8
(3.50) 		984.6
(38.76)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 32.5
(1.28) 		26.9
(1.06) 		46.6
(1.83) 		71.9
(2.83) 		89.1
(3.51) 		78.9
(3.11) 		82.2
(3.24) 		82.5
(3.25) 		98.0
(3.86) 		89.7
(3.53) 		95.2
(3.75) 		53.2
(2.09) 		846.8
(33.34)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 40.5
(15.9) 		30.1
(11.9) 		20.2
(8.0) 		4.2
(1.7) 		0.6
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(0.3) 		5.8
(2.3) 		35.6
(14.0) 		137.7
(54.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 15.2 11.1 12.5 13.8 13.3 11.2 10.6 10.3 11.8 13.4 15.1 14.9 153.2
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 6.2 5.3 8.7 13.2 13.3 11.2 10.6 10.3 11.8 13.4 13.9 9.0 127.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 9.6 6.6 4.5 1.4 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.12 1.9 7.1 31.3
Source: Environment Canada.[5]

Communities

Communities within the city include:

  • Bethel - Chippawa Road and Yeger Road
  • Cedar Bay - Cedar Bay Road and Vimy Road
  • East Village
  • Elco Beach - Wyldewood Road and Fireland 15
  • Gasline - Pinecrest Road and Vimy Road
  • Humberstone - Killaly Street and Highway 3
  • Lorraine - Weaver Road and Firelane 1
  • Nickel Beach - foot of Lake Road
  • Pine Crest Point - Pincrest Road and Firelane 2
  • Pleasant Beach
  • Sherkston
  • Sherkston Beaches
  • Shisler Point
  • Silver Bay
  • Sugar Loaf Point/Sugar Loaf Marina - west side of Gravelly Bay
  • Lidsville

Demographics

Port Colborne
YearPop.±%
18711,500—    
19011,253−16.5%
19111,624+29.6%
19213,415+110.3%
19316,503+90.4%
19416,928+6.5%
19518,275+19.4%
196114,886+79.9%
197121,420+43.9%
198119,225−10.2%
199118,766−2.4%
200118,450−1.7%
200618,599+0.8%
201118,424−0.9%
201618,306−0.6%
202120,033+9.4%

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Port Colborne had a population of 20,033 living in 8,710 of its 10,219 total private dwellings, a change of 9.4% from its 2016 population of 18,306. With a land area of 121.99 km2 (47.10 sq mi), it had a population density of 164.2/km2 (425.3/sq mi) in 2021.[30]

Canada census – Port Colborne community profile
202120162011
Population20,033 (+9.4% from 2016)18,306 (-0.6% from 2011)18,424 (-0.9% from 2006)
Land area121.99 km2 (47.10 sq mi)121.96 km2 (47.09 sq mi)121.97 km2 (47.09 sq mi)
Population density164.2/km2 (425/sq mi)150.1/km2 (389/sq mi)151.1/km2 (391/sq mi)
Median age50.4 (M: 48.8, F: 52)50.0 (M: 48.8, F: 51.1)47.5 (M: 46.4, F: 48.6)
Total private dwellings10,2199,82510,083
Median household income$57,244
References: 2021[31] 2016[32] 2011[33] earlier[34][35]

Discover more about Demographics related topics

2021 Canadian census

2021 Canadian census

The 2021 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population with a reference date of May 11, 2021. It follows the 2016 Canadian census, which recorded a population of 35,151,728. The overall response rate was 98%, which is slightly lower than the response rate for the 2016 census. It recorded a population of 36,991,981, a 5.2% increase from 2016.

Statistics Canada

Statistics Canada

Statistics Canada, formed in 1971, is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. It is headquartered in Ottawa.

2016 Canadian census

2016 Canadian census

The 2016 Canadian census was an enumeration of Canadian residents, which counted a population of 35,151,728, a 5% change from its 2011 population of 33,476,688. The census, conducted by Statistics Canada, was Canada's seventh quinquennial census. The official census day was May 10, 2016. Census web access codes began arriving in the mail on May 2, 2016. The 2016 census marked the reinstatement of the mandatory long-form census, which had been dropped in favour of the voluntary National Household Survey for the 2011 census. With a response rate of 98.4%, this census is said to be the best one ever recorded since the 1666 census of New France. This census was succeeded by Canada's 2021 census.

2011 Canadian census

2011 Canadian census

The 2011 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population on May 10, 2011. Statistics Canada, an agency of the Canadian government, conducts a nationwide census every five years. In 2011, it consisted of a mandatory short form census questionnaire and an inaugural National Household Survey (NHS), a voluntary survey which replaced the mandatory long form census questionnaire; this substitution was the focus of much controversy. Completion of the census is mandatory for all Canadians, and those who do not complete it may face penalties ranging from fines to prison sentences.

Economy

Maritime commerce, including supplying goods to the camps for the labourers who worked on the first canal, ship repair and the provisioning trade, was, and still is, an important part of Port Colborne's economy. Like other cities in the region, Port Colborne was a heavily industrial city throughout most of the early 20th century. A grain elevator, two modern flour mills,[36][37] a Vale nickel refinery,[38] a cement plant operated by Port Colborne Canada Cement, and a blast furnace operated by Algoma Steel were all major employers.

As recently as 2017, Port Colborne has been successful attracting new industry, such as the agro-business operations of Casco Inc.[39] and Jungbunzlauer,[40] which process corn into products such as sweeteners and citric acid.

The International Nickel Company (now Vale) has long been one of the city's main employers, since the opening of a refinery in 1918. Taking advantage of inexpensive hydroelectricity from generating stations at nearby Niagara Falls, the refinery produced electro-refined nickel for the war effort, and grew to employ over 2,000 workers by the 1950s. Cutbacks in operations and increasing factory automation have reduced the workforce to its present-day (2018) total of 170.[41]

Marine Recycling Corporation is a ship recycling firm, boasting of Green (environmentally friendly) services, located next to the Welland Canal at Gravelly Bay and operating since the 1970s. [42]

A 2012 report indicates the following as the largest private sector employers, with a staff of over 50, in Port Colborne at that time:[43]

  • Port Colborne Poultry (Pinty's Delicious Foods), 229 employees
  • Vale Canada Limited, 200
  • J. Oskam Steel Fabricators Ltd., 150
  • IMT Partnership, 108
  • ADM Milling, 95
  • Thurston Machine Co. Ltd., 85
  • JTL Machine Ltd., 78
  • Jungbunzlauer Canada Inc., 74
  • Brennan Paving Ltd., 70
  • Ingredion Canada Inc., 70

Discover more about Economy related topics

Grain elevator

Grain elevator

A grain elevator is a facility designed to stockpile or store grain. In the grain trade, the term "grain elevator" also describes a tower containing a bucket elevator or a pneumatic conveyor, which scoops up grain from a lower level and deposits it in a silo or other storage facility.

Gristmill

Gristmill

A gristmill grinds cereal grain into flour and middlings. The term can refer to either the grinding mechanism or the building that holds it. Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff in preparation for grinding.

Nickel

Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive but large pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because a passivation layer of nickel oxide forms on the surface that prevents further corrosion. Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.

Refining (metallurgy)

Refining (metallurgy)

In metallurgy, refining consists of purifying an impure metal. It is to be distinguished from other processes such as smelting and calcining in that those two involve a chemical change to the raw material, whereas in refining, the final material is usually identical chemically to the original one, only it is purer. The processes used are of many types, including pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques.

Cement

Cement

A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.

Blast furnace

Blast furnace

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. Blast refers to the combustion air being supplied above atmospheric pressure.

Algoma Steel

Algoma Steel

Algoma Steel Inc. is an integrated primary steel producer located on the St. Marys River in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Its products are sold in Canada and the United States as well as overseas. Algoma Steel was founded in 1902 by Francis Clergue, an American entrepreneur who had settled in Sault Ste. Marie. The company emerged from bankruptcy protection in 2004. In April 2007, Algoma Steel was purchased by India's Essar Group for US$ 1.63 billion, continuing operations as a subsidiary known as Essar Steel Algoma Inc. It was purchased again in 2017, by a group of US investors.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower. Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity, almost 4500 TWh in 2020, which is more than all other renewable sources combined and also more than nuclear power. Hydropower can provide large amounts of low-carbon electricity on demand, making it a key element for creating secure and clean electricity supply systems. A hydroelectric power station that has a dam and reservoir is a flexible source, since the amount of electricity produced can be increased or decreased in seconds or minutes in response to varying electricity demand. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, it produces no direct waste, and almost always emits considerably less greenhouse gas than fossil fuel-powered energy plants. However, when constructed in lowland rainforest areas, where part of the forest is inundated, substantial amounts of greenhouse gases may be emitted.

Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls is a group of three waterfalls at the southern end of Niagara Gorge, spanning the border between the province of Ontario in Canada and the state of New York in the United States. The largest of the three is Horseshoe Falls, which straddles the international border of the two countries. It is also known as the Canadian Falls. The smaller American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls lie within the United States. Bridal Veil Falls is separated from Horseshoe Falls by Goat Island and from American Falls by Luna Island, with both islands situated in New York.

Welland Canal

Welland Canal

The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Ontario, Canada, connecting Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. It forms a key section of the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway. Traversing the Niagara Peninsula from Port Weller in St. Catharines to Port Colborne, it enables ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment and bypass Niagara Falls. It is the fourth canal connecting these waterways; three smaller predecessors also bore the same name.

Arts and culture

Canal Days 2019
Canal Days 2019

Port Colborne hosts the annual Canal Days festival in recognition of the important role played by the Welland Canal in the history of the city. Originating as a small fair held at the Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum, it has grown to feature live music, an antique car show, fireworks, tall ships, a kite festival, and international foods. The festival also highlights Lock 8, which at 420 m (1,380 ft), is one of the world's longest canal locks.[44] Lock 8 keeps the water level on the Welland Canal constant independent of weather on Lake Erie. Hence the ships are only raised or lowered one to four feet depending on the current water level in Lake Erie. Much of the festival centres around West St., which runs parallel to the canal, and offers a view of the Clarence St. Bridge, built in 1929, it is one of only three remaining lift bridges on the canal today.

The Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum, located near the centre of town, is a resource for local history and archival research. In addition to a collection of historic buildings and artifacts, it opened the "Marie Semley Research Wing" to foster research into local history, named to commemorate the long-standing efforts of a local resident who devoted hours to the museum.

The community features theatre venues with the professional Showboat Festival Theatre and the amateur Port Colborne Operatic Society.[45] The company has been presenting annual productions since its inception in 1945.

The Port Colborne Lions Club, chartered in 1922, is one of the world's oldest Lions Clubs, and one of Canada's oldest service clubs in continuous operation.[46] The club is still active within the community, hosting many yearly events including an annual Lions Club Carnival in the summer.[47]

Kinnear House is a local heritage property associated with the jurist Helen Kinnear, the first woman in Canada to be appointed judge by the federal government, or to appear as counsel before the Supreme Court.[48]

The "incredible shrinking mill" is an optical illusion produced when viewing the federal grain elevator in Port Colborne. When travelling east on Lakeshore Road, the mill appears to move farther away as one drives closer.[49]

Discover more about Arts and culture related topics

Canal Days

Canal Days

Canal Days is a marine heritage festival held in Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. The festival has been held annually since it was started in 1979 by the Port Colborne Historical & Marine Museum.

Welland Canal

Welland Canal

The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Ontario, Canada, connecting Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. It forms a key section of the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway. Traversing the Niagara Peninsula from Port Weller in St. Catharines to Port Colborne, it enables ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment and bypass Niagara Falls. It is the fourth canal connecting these waterways; three smaller predecessors also bore the same name.

Clarence St. Bridge

Clarence St. Bridge

The Clarence Street Bridge is a vertical-lift bridge located in Port Colborne, Ontario. Built between 1927–1929 during 4th Welland Canal Construction, the bridge still serves today as a vital link connecting East and West Port Colborne. The structure uses simple electric motors and counterweights to raise the deck 36.5 meters (120ft.) above passing vessels. The raising and lowering of the bridge takes approximately 90 seconds. The western bridge approach, over former canal locks 26 and 27, was added when Bridge 21 was constructed, making these locks inoperable.

Service club

Service club

A service club or service organization is a voluntary nonprofit organization where members meet regularly to perform charitable works either by direct hands-on efforts or by raising money for other organizations. A service club is defined firstly by its service mission and secondly its membership benefits, such as social occasions, networking, and personal growth opportunities that encourage involvement.

Helen Kinnear

Helen Kinnear

Helen Alice Kinnear, was a Canadian lawyer and judge. She was the first woman in the British Commonwealth to be made a King's Counsel, the first female lawyer to argue before the Supreme Court of Canada, and the first woman appointed as a judge by the Government of Canada.

Supreme Court of Canada

Supreme Court of Canada

The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada. It comprises nine justices, whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law, and grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal appellate courts. The Supreme Court is bijural, hearing cases from two major legal traditions and bilingual, hearing cases in both official languages of Canada.

Attractions

Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum
Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum
Welland Canal in Port Colborne
Welland Canal in Port Colborne

Tourism is important to the Port Colborne's economy, aided by the city's proximity to Lake Erie beaches and marinas, and to Niagara Falls. In 2015, Port Colborne formed The Tourism and Marketing Advisory Committee to provide advice and recommendations for increasing this aspect of the economy.[50] Described by the city as "Niagara's South Coast", Port Colborne features live theatre, golfing, trails, fishing, beaches, restaurants, recreation, a marina, and shopping districts along the Welland Canal.[51]

Notable sites in Port Colborne include:[52]

  • The Welland Canal
  • Port Colborne Port Promenade
  • The Friendship Trail
  • HH Knoll Lakeview Park
  • The Welland Canals Parkways Trail
  • Nickel Beach
  • Lock 8 Gateway Park
  • Sugarloaf Harbour Marina
  • Historical and Marine Museum

Education

There are two high schools in Port Colborne, Port Colborne High School (commonly called Port High) and the Lakeshore Catholic High School (formerly a public high school called Lockview Park Secondary School). Lockview closed in 1987.

Notable people

Discover more about Notable people related topics

David Lametti

David Lametti

David T. Lametti is a Canadian politician who has been the minister of justice and attorney general of Canada since 2019. A member of the Liberal Party, Lametti sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and has represented LaSalle—Émard—Verdun in the House of Commons since 2015.

Great Lake Swimmers

Great Lake Swimmers

Great Lake Swimmers is a Canadian folk rock band from Wainfleet, Ontario, and currently based in Toronto.

Jim Gregory (ice hockey)

Jim Gregory (ice hockey)

James Michael Gregory was a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and executive. Born in Port Colborne, Ontario and raised in Dunnville, Ontario, Gregory attended St. Michael's College School in Toronto where he became involved with the school's ice hockey teams, first as a trainer, eventually moving to management and coaching positions. He went on to coach and manage the Toronto Marlboros, winning two championships. He then moved to the National Hockey League's (NHL) Toronto Maple Leafs, serving as their general manager between 1969 and 1979. He led the team to eight playoff appearances during his ten-year tenure. He then moved to the NHL head offices, becoming the director of central scouting, and later took a directorship position in the hockey operations department, which he held until his death.

Helen Kinnear

Helen Kinnear

Helen Alice Kinnear, was a Canadian lawyer and judge. She was the first woman in the British Commonwealth to be made a King's Counsel, the first female lawyer to argue before the Supreme Court of Canada, and the first woman appointed as a judge by the Government of Canada.

Government of Canada

Government of Canada

The government of Canada is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown assumes distinct roles: the executive, as the Crown-in-Council; the legislative, as the Crown-in-Parliament; and the judicial, as the Crown-on-the-Bench. Three institutions—the Privy Council, the Parliament, and the judiciary, respectively—exercise the powers of the Crown.

Bronco Horvath

Bronco Horvath

Bronco Joseph Horvath was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 434 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1955 and 1968.

Floyd G. Robinson

Floyd G. Robinson

Floyd Grant Robinson is a teacher, education theorist and curriculum developer. He has written many works on the topics of stimulating complex thinking and the importance of education across the entire lifespan. Robinson is most notable for his work done while at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) between 1965 and 1991.

Degrassi: The Next Generation

Degrassi: The Next Generation

Degrassi: The Next Generation is a Canadian teen drama television series created by Yan Moore and Linda Schuyler. The fourth series in the Degrassi franchise and a revival of Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High, it premiered on CTV on October 14, 2001 and concluded on August 2, 2015 on MTV Canada. The series centers around a new ensemble cast of students at the fictional Degrassi Community School who face challenges such as sex, teen pregnancy, bullying, date rape, drug abuse, body image, homosexuality, domestic violence, gang violence, self-injury, suicide, abortion, mental disorders and many other issues. Various characters from the previous two series also returned as adults in recurring or guest roles.

Don Simmons (ice hockey)

Don Simmons (ice hockey)

Donald William "Dippy" Simmons was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender. He played for the Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, and New York Rangers of the National Hockey League between 1956 and 1969. He won the Stanley Cup three times in a row with the Maple Leafs, from 1962 to 1964.

BCE Inc.

BCE Inc.

BCE Inc., an abbreviation of its full name Bell Canada Enterprises Inc., is a publicly traded Canadian holding company for Bell Canada, which includes telecommunications providers and various mass media assets under its subsidiary Bell Media Inc. Founded through a corporate reorganization in 1983 when Bell Canada, Northern Telecom, and other related companies all became subsidiaries of Bell Canada Enterprises Inc., it is one of Canada's largest corporations. The company is headquartered at 1 Carrefour Alexander-Graham-Bell in the Verdun borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

McMaster University

McMaster University

McMaster University is a public research university in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main McMaster campus is on 121 hectares of land near the residential neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale, adjacent to the Royal Botanical Gardens. It operates six academic faculties: the DeGroote School of Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Humanities, Social Science, and Science. It is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada.

Francis Moore (ice hockey)

Francis Moore (ice hockey)

Francis William "Dinty" Moore was a Canadian goaltender who competed in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics. He was born in Port Colborne, Ontario and died in Morgan's Point, Ontario.

Source: "Port Colborne", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 27th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Colborne.

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Further Reading

Welland

Thorold

Welland Canal

Niagara Peninsula

Regional Municipality of Niagara

Helen Kinnear

Vale Canada

Ontario Highway 3

Welland County

Dain City, Ontario

Niagara Centre

Trillium Railway

First Welland Canal
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