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Octopus cyanea

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Big blue octopus
Octopus cyanea Maldives.JPG
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Octopodidae
Genus: Octopus
Species:
O. cyanea
Binomial name
Octopus cyanea
Gray, 1849 [2]
Synonyms[2]
  • Callistoctopus magnocellatus Taki, 1964
  • Octopus cyaneus Gray, 1849
  • Octopus cyanea var. gracilis Robson, 1929
  • Octopus glaber Wülker, 1920
  • Octopus herdmani Hoyle, 1904
  • Octopus horsti Joubin, 1898
  • Octopus marmoratus Hoyle, 1885
  • Sepia barffi Curtiss, 1938

Octopus cyanea, also known as the big blue octopus[3] or day octopus,[4] is an octopus in the family Octopodidae. It occurs in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans, from Hawaii to the eastern coast of Africa.[5] O. cyanea grows to 16 cm in mantle length with arms to at least 80 cm.[5] This octopus was described initially by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1849; the type specimen was collected off Australia and is at the Natural History Museum in London.[6]

Discover more about Octopus cyanea related topics

Octopus

Octopus

An octopus is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda. The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth at the center point of the eight limbs. The soft body can radically alter its shape, enabling octopuses to squeeze through small gaps. They trail their eight appendages behind them as they swim. The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight, and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates.

Family (biology)

Family (biology)

Family is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family".

Octopodidae

Octopodidae

The Octopodidae comprise the family containing the majority of known octopus species.

Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi) or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica, depending on the definition in use. Along its core, the Indian Ocean has some large marginal or regional seas such as the Arabian Sea, Laccadive Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Andaman Sea.

Hawaii

Hawaii

Hawaii is a state in the Western United States, about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the U.S. mainland in the Pacific Ocean. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state in the tropics.

Mantle (mollusc)

Mantle (mollusc)

The mantle is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.

Species description

Species description

A species description is a formal scientific description of a newly encountered species, usually in the form of a scientific paper. Its purpose is to give a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species that have been described previously or are related. To be considered valid, a species description must follow guidelines established over time. Naming requires adherence to respective codes, for example: in zoology, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); plants, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN); viruses, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The species description often contains photographs or other illustrations of type material along with a note on where they are deposited. The publication in which the species is described gives the new species a formal scientific name. Some 1.9 million species have been identified and described, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist. Millions more have become extinct throughout the existence of life on Earth.

John Edward Gray

John Edward Gray

John Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The standard author abbreviation J.E.Gray is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. The same is used for a zoological name.

Type (biology)

Type (biology)

In biology, a type is a particular specimen of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage, a type was a taxon rather than a specimen.

Natural History Museum, London

Natural History Museum, London

{{FoRHD atural History Museum London logo (large).svg | image = Natural History Museum London Jan 2006.jpg | caption = Front façade of the museum in January 2006 | map_type = central London | pushpin_map = Central London | former_name = | established = 1881 | location = Kensington & Chelsea, London, SW7United Kingdom | coordinates = 51°29′46″N 00°10′35″W | type = Natural history museum | visitors = 4,654,608 | director = Douglas Gurr

London

London

London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised Greater London, which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.

Description

Living as it does on coral reefs, and hunting by day, O. cyanea is adept at camouflage and not only can change colour frequently, but also can change the patterns on and texture of its skin. One researcher observed it change its appearance 1000 times in seven hours.[3][4] As it moves across the seabed it makes changes in its colouring and appearance to match the substrate beneath.[7] The colour changes are instantaneous and made by chromatophores under direct control of the brain.[8] This octopus sometimes produces a "passing clouds" display when stationary near prey such as a crab; this mimics a dark shadow passing across its surface and may encourage the crab to move incautiously.[9]

Distribution

O. cyanea is found on reefs and in shallow waters in the Indo-Pacific. Its range extends from the Red Sea, the East African coast, and Madagascar, to southeastern Asia, Oceania, and as far as Hawaii.[7]

Ecology

While most species of octopus are nocturnal, O. cyanea is diurnal,[4][10] although mostly crepuscular, being active at dawn and dusk. It maintains a den to which it returns after foraging; a rock crevice, a hidden place under an overhang, a hiding place among coral heads, or a hole excavated in rubble or sand.[11]

It is a predator and searches the reef for fish, crabs, shrimp, and molluscs. Small items may be eaten where they are caught, while larger items are carried back to the den for consumption. Crabs may be killed by a bite and given an injection of toxic saliva, then chewed up in the beak of the octopus, while molluscs may have their shells drilled and the animal inside being predigested to ease extraction. Empty mollusc shells and crab carapaces are discarded outside the den, forming a midden.[4][7]

They sometimes engage in cooperative hunting with the roving coral grouper.[12]

O. cyanea has a lifespan of 12–15 months after settling from the planktonic larval state. During this time, it grows from about 67 to 6,500 g (0.1 to 14.3 lb).[13] Its growth curve is nearly exponential and it converts its prey into new growth with an efficiency greater than 50%, relying on protein for growth, energy production, and energy reserves.[14]

In captivity, it breeds at any time of year, probably depending on when the female reaches maturity. Mating may become cannibalistic.[15] However Octopus cyanea will socially tolerate other individuals by sharing tanks and dens and with typically no loss to cannibalism or escape. They also exhibit significant levels of social repulsion, and individuals often chose a solitary den when given the option.[16] The male may mate with several different females, but after this, the suckers on the edge of his webbing expand in size. During the next two to three months, they continue enlarging while the octopus goes into a decline and dies. Meanwhile, the female remains beside her eggs that are deposited in a den, and dies soon after they hatch.[13]

  • Octopus cyaneain Kona.jpg
  • Octopus cyanea3.jpg

Discover more about Ecology related topics

Predation

Predation

Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation and parasitoidism. It is distinct from scavenging on dead prey, though many predators also scavenge; it overlaps with herbivory, as seed predators and destructive frugivores are predators.

Mollusc shell

Mollusc shell

The mollusc shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, tusk shells, and several other classes. Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea; many live on the land and in freshwater.

Carapace

Carapace

A carapace is a dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tortoises, the underside is called the plastron.

Midden

Midden

A midden is an old dump for domestic waste which may consist of animal bone, human excrement, botanical material, mollusc shells, potsherds, lithics, and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human occupation.

Roving coral grouper

Roving coral grouper

The roving coral grouper, also known as the spotted coral grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific, although the Red Sea taxon, P. marisrubri, is regarded as a separate species by some authorities.

Plankton

Plankton

Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water that are unable to propel themselves against a current. The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. In the ocean, they provide a crucial source of food to many small and large aquatic organisms, such as bivalves, fish and whales.

Exponential growth

Exponential growth

Exponential growth is a process that increases quantity over time. It occurs when the instantaneous rate of change of a quantity with respect to time is proportional to the quantity itself. Described as a function, a quantity undergoing exponential growth is an exponential function of time, that is, the variable representing time is the exponent.

Cannibalism

Cannibalism

Cannibalism is the act of consuming another individual of the same species as food. Cannibalism is a common ecological interaction in the animal kingdom and has been recorded in more than 1,500 species. Human cannibalism is well documented, both in ancient and in recent times.

Ethnozoology

Hawaii

In the Hawaiian language, the octopus is called generically as heʻe', or heʻe mauli to distinguish it from the night octopus (heʻe pūloa) species.[17][a] Of these, only the day octopus was typically eaten by the natives.[19][b] A traditional method of capture made use of a cowrie shell lure to attract the octopuses.[17]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Also, the octopus is commonly called "squid" by local residents of Hawaii.[18]
  2. ^ That is to say, the tough-textured and bitter-tasting night octopus (O. ornatus) rarely eaten except for medicinal purpose.[18]

Source: "Octopus cyanea", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 21st), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_cyanea.

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Further Reading

Octopus

Squid

Cephalopod

Shellfish

Mimic octopus

Cephalopod intelligence

Giant Pacific octopus

Sepia latimanus

East Pacific red octopus

Cephalopod ink

Cuttlefish

Underwater camouflage

Bigfin reef squid

Octopus aquaculture

Octopus tetricus

Pinnoctopus cordiformis

Octopus minor

Larger Pacific striped octopus
References
  1. ^ Allcock, L.; Taite, M.; Headlam, J.; Allen, G. (2018). "Octopus cyanea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T163055A967286. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T163055A967286.en. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b Bouchet, Philippe (2010). "Octopus cyanea Gray, 1849". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Octopus cyanea:Big blue octopus". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d "Day octopus". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  5. ^ a b Norman, M.D. 2000. Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks.
  6. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda
  7. ^ a b c "Day Octopuses, Octopus cyanea". MarineBio. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  8. ^ Hanlon, Roger T.; Messenger, John B. (1998). Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-521-64583-6.
  9. ^ Mather, Jennifer A.; Mather, D. Lynn (2004). "Apparent movement in a visual display: the 'passing cloud' of Octopus cyanea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)". Journal of Zoology. 263 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1017/S0952836904004911.
  10. ^ Chung, Wen-Sung; Kurniawan, Nyoman D.; Marshall, N. Justin (November 2021). "Comparative brain structure and visual processing in octopus from different habitats". Current Biology. 32 (1): 97–110.E4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.070. PMID 34798049.
  11. ^ "Octopus cyanea: Big blue octopus". SeaLifeBase. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  12. ^ Vail, Alexander L.; Manica, Andrea; Bshary, Redouan (2013). "Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 1765. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1765V. doi:10.1038/ncomms2781. PMID 23612306.
  13. ^ a b van Heukelem, William F. (1973). "Growth and life-span of Octopus cyanea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)". Journal of Zoology. 169 (3): 299–315. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb04559.x.
  14. ^ New Scientist. Reed Business Information. 3 November 1983. pp. 333–334. ISSN 0262-4079.
  15. ^ Hanlon, Roger T.; Forsythe, John W. (March 2008). "Sexual cannibalism by Octopus cyanea on a Pacific coral reef". Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology. 41 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1080/10236240701661123. S2CID 83800950.
  16. ^ Edsinger, Eric (2020). "Social tolerance in Octopus laqueus—A maximum entropy model". PLOS ONE. 15 (6): e0233834. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1533834E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233834. PMC 7286511. PMID 32520975.
  17. ^ a b Evenhuis, N. L.; Eldredge, Lucius G. (2004). Natural History of Nihoa and Necker Islands. Bishop Museum bulletin in cultural and environmental studies 1. Bishop Museum Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 9781581780291.
  18. ^ a b Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986) [1957]. "he'e // he'e mākoko // he'e pūloa". Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English English-Hawaiian. Bishop Museum bulletin in cultural and environmental studies 1 (Revised and Enlarged ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780824807030.
  19. ^ "Octopus". Waikīkī Aquarium. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
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