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National Museum of the Philippines

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
National Museum of the Philippines
Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas
National Museum of the Philippines.svg
Agency overview
FormedAugust 12, 1887[1]
Preceding Agency
  • Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas
JurisdictionPhilippine arts and cultural development
HeadquartersNational Museum of Fine Arts, Padre Burgos Avenue, Rizal Park, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
14°35′12″N 120°58′52″E / 14.58667°N 120.98111°E / 14.58667; 120.98111
Annual budget₱537.44 million (2021)[2]
Agency executives
  • Jeremy R. Barns, Director-General
  • Evangelina Lourdes Arroyo-Bernas, Chairperson of the Board of Trustees
Parent departmentDepartment of Education
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
Websitewww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph
This article is about the government organization. For the museum complex in Manila, see National Museum Complex (Manila).

The National Museum of the Philippines (Filipino: Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas) is an umbrella government organization that oversees a number of national museums in the Philippines including ethnographic, anthropological, archaeological, and visual arts collections. From 1973 until 2021,[3] the National Museum served as the regulatory and enforcement agency of the government of the Philippines in the restoring and safeguarding of significant cultural properties, sites, and reservations throughout the Philippines. The mandate has since been transferred to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.[4]

The National Museum operates the National Museum of Fine Arts, National Museum of Anthropology, and the National Museum of Natural History, all located in the National Museum Complex in Manila. The institution also operates branch museums throughout the country.

The National Museum also established and operates regional museums across the Philippines: National Museum Eastern-Northern Mindanao (Butuan), National Museum Central Visayas Regional Museum (Cebu City), National Museum Western Visayas (Iloilo City), National Museum Western-Southern Mindanao (Zamboanga City), and National Museum Ilocos (Vigan City), to name a few.

Discover more about National Museum of the Philippines related topics

Filipino language

Filipino language

Filipino is a language under the Austronesian language family. It is the national language of the Philippines, and one of the two official languages of the country, with English. It is a standardized variety of Tagalog based on the native dialect, spoken and written, in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the other languages of the Philippines. Filipino is only used as a tertiary language in the Philippine public sphere.

Government of the Philippines

Government of the Philippines

The Government of the Philippines has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system.

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

The National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines is the official government agency for culture in the Philippines. It is the overall policy making body, coordinating, and grants giving agency for the preservation, development and promotion of Philippine arts and culture; an executing agency for the policies it formulates; and task to administering the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA) – fund exclusively for the implementation of culture and arts programs and projects.

National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)

National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)

The National Museum of Fine Arts, formerly known as the National Art Gallery, is an art museum in Manila, Philippines. It is located on Padre Burgos Avenue across from the National Museum of Anthropology in the eastern side of Rizal Park. The museum, owned and operated by the National Museum of the Philippines, was founded in 1998 and houses a collection of paintings and sculptures by classical Filipino artists such as Juan Luna, Félix Resurrección Hidalgo and Guillermo Tolentino.

National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)

National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)

The National Museum of Anthropology, formerly known as the Museum of the Filipino People, is a component museum of the National Museum of the Philippines which houses Ethnological and Archaeological exhibitions. It is located in the Agrifina Circle, Rizal Park, Manila adjacent to the National Museum of Fine Arts building.

National Museum of Natural History (Manila)

National Museum of Natural History (Manila)

The National Museum of Natural History is the national natural history museum of the Philippines. It is located along Agrifina Circle in Rizal Park, Manila.

National Museum Complex (Manila)

National Museum Complex (Manila)

The National Museum Complex in Manila refers to the main or central museums of the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila, most of which are within the grounds of the Rizal Park.

Manila

Manila

Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines and its second-most populous city. Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on the island of Luzon. It is highly urbanized and as of 2019, was the world's most densely populated city proper. Manila is considered to be a global city and is rated as an Alpha – City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). It was the first chartered city in the country, and was designated as such by the Philippine Commission Act 183 of July 31, 1901. It became autonomous with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949. Manila is considered to be part of the world's original set of global cities because its commercial networks were the first to extend across the Pacific Ocean and connect Asia with the Spanish Americas through the galleon trade; when this was accomplished, it was the first time an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been established. Manila is among the most-populous and fastest-growing cities in Southeast Asia.

Butuan

Butuan

Butuan, officially the City of Butuan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Caraga, Philippines. It is the de facto capital of the province of Agusan del Norte where it is geographically situated but has an administratively independent government. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 372,910 people. 

Cebu City

Cebu City

Cebu City, officially the City of Cebu, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. It is the capital of the Cebu Province, where it is geographically located but is one of three cities that are administratively independent of the provincial government. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 964,169 people,  making it the sixth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas.

Iloilo City

Iloilo City

Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines on the island of Panay. It is the capital city of the province of Iloilo, where it is geographically situated and grouped under the Philippine Statistics Authority, but remains politically independent in terms of government and administration. In addition, it is the center of the Iloilo–Guimaras Metropolitan Area, as well as the regional center and primate city of the Western Visayas region. According to the 2020 census, Iloilo City has a population of 457,626 people.  For the metropolitan area, the total population is 1,007,945 people.

Vigan

Vigan

Vigan, officially the City of Vigan, is a 4th class component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 53,935 people. 

History

Casa de la Moneda which hosted the museum-library of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas
Casa de la Moneda which hosted the museum-library of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas

Spanish era

The first predecessor to the current National Museum of the Philippines organization was the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas which was established by royal decree by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines on August 12, 1887. Its first museum-library opened at the Casa de la Moneda along Cabildo Street on October 24, 1891. It later moved to a building along Gunao Street in Quiapo before it became defunct sometime around the onset of the American occupation of the Philippines in 1900.[5]

American era

The American-supervised Philippine Commission established the Insular Museum of Ethnology, Natural History, and Commerce under the Department of Public Instruction on October 29, 1901 through Act No. 284 to replace the museum-library. The Insular Museum was founded to complement the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes which was later renamed as the Bureau of Ethnological Survey. After the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, the Insular Museum was renamed as the Philippine Museum. The Bureau of Ethnological Survey was abolished as a separate bureau and was reorganized as the Division of Ethnology under the Bureau of Education in 1905. It was subsequently moved to the Bureau of Science in 1906.[6]

In 1916, the organization of the Philippine Museum underwent another overhaul. Through Act No. 2572, the Philippine Library and Museum was created through the merger of the Division of Ethnology and the Fine Arts Division of the Philippine Museum. The Philippine Museum's Natural History Division was retained under the Bureau of Science.[6]

The National Museum of the Philippine Islands would be established on December 7, 1928 through Act No. 3477. It was placed under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. It was abolished in 1933 by Act No. 4007. The Division of Fine Arts was placed under the Philippine Library and Museum (now National Library of the Philippines) while the Division of Ethnology was placed under the Bureau of Science. The National Museum Division was created from the merger of the Division of Ethnology and the Natural History Division. The National Museum Division was renamed as the National History Museum Division with the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce named as its parent agency via Commonwealth Act No. 453 in 1939. The Division was later merged to the National Library's Division of Fine Arts to become the National Museum under the Office of the Executive Secretary.[6]

World War II

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II brought the Natural History Museum Division and the National Library's Fine Arts Division back under a single organization, but the museum lost a large part of its collection during the Liberation of Manila of 1945 when the Old Legislative Building and the Bureau of Science Building was destroyed. The organization which resulted from the divisions' merger was named as the National Museum and was placed under the Office of the Executive Secretary.[5] The Legislative Building would be restored.

Contemporary era

Historic Marker of the Philippine National Museum
Historic Marker of the Philippine National Museum

The museum's role in cultural growth was recognized as contributing to government's desire for national development.[7] In 1966, President Ferdinand Marcos signed Republic Act No. 4846 or the Cultural Properties and Protection Act. The law designated the museum as the lead agency in the protection and preservation of the nation's cultural properties through the conduct of census, study, and declaration of such properties and the monitoring and regulation of archaeological exploration, excavation, or diggings in historical or archaeological sites. With its new powers, it was able to strengthen its cultural mandate by declaring properties, structures, and sites of historical and cultural value to the nation. The educational mandate was strengthened because it was able to inform the public of the research it conducted and through the acquisition and exhibition of archaeological finds.

In 2019, the powers of the National Museum were further expanded through Republic Act No. 11333 which was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte. Under the law the museum body's official name was lengthened to National Museum of the Philippines from just being National Museum. It was also classified as a government trust attached to the government for only budgetary reasons preserving a degree of independence and autonomy. It is also mandated to establish regional museums in each of the country's administrative regions.[8]

Discover more about History related topics

Manila Mint

Manila Mint

The Manila Mint was a coinage mint that briefly served as a branch of the United States Mint, located in Manila, now the capital city of the Philippines.

Quiapo, Manila

Quiapo, Manila

Quiapo is a district of the city of Manila, in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. Referred to as the "Old Downtown of Manila", Quiapo is home to the Quiapo Church, where the feast of the Black Nazarene is held with millions of people attending annually. Quiapo has also made a name for itself as a place for marketplace bargain hunting.

Philippine Commission

Philippine Commission

The Philippine Commission was the name of two bodies, both appointed by the president of the United States, to assist with governing the Philippines.

Department of Education (Philippines)

Department of Education (Philippines)

The Department of Education is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and improving the quality of basic education. It is the main agency tasked to manage and govern the Philippine system of basic education. It is the chief formulator of Philippine education policy and responsible for the Philippine primary and secondary school systems. It has its headquarters at the DepEd Complex in Meralco Avenue, Pasig.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Louisiana Purchase Exposition

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was an international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds totaling $15 million were used to finance the event. More than 60 countries and 43 of the then-45 American states maintained exhibition spaces at the fair, which was attended by nearly 19.7 million people.

National Library of the Philippines

National Library of the Philippines

The National Library of the Philippines is the official national library of the Philippines. The complex is located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing T. M. Kalaw Avenue, neighboring culturally significant buildings such as the Museum of Philippine Political History and the National Historical Commission. Like its neighbors, it is under the jurisdiction of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).

Japanese occupation of the Philippines

Japanese occupation of the Philippines

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.

World War II

World War II

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war.

Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. was a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator, and kleptocrat who was the 10th president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled under martial law from 1972 until 1981 and kept most of his martial law powers until he was deposed in 1986, branding his rule as "constitutional authoritarianism" under his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. One of the most controversial leaders of the 20th century, Marcos's rule was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality.

Museums

Central museums

Main article: National Museum Complex (Manila)
National Museum of Fine Arts
National Museum of Fine Arts

The National Museum Complex consist of the central museums of the National Museum of the Philippines. These are the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Anthropology, and the National Museum of Natural History. The National Planetarium was also part of this complex.

Museum Opened
National Museum of Fine Arts 04762jfNational Museum of the Philippines Ermita Manilafvf 07.jpg 2000
National Museum of Anthropology Pic stock-geo ph-mm-manila-ermita-rizal park-old finance bldg. (national museum annex) (2014) a0001.JPG 1998
National Museum of Natural History National Museum of National History (Manila) in 2019.jpg 2017

Satellite museums

Butuan National Museum
Butuan National Museum
Sugbu (Cebu) National Museum
Sugbu (Cebu) National Museum
The Western Visayas National Museum in Iloilo City.
The Western Visayas National Museum in Iloilo City.
Zamboanga National Museum
Zamboanga National Museum

The National Museum has also established numerous satellite museums outside Metro Manila.

Regional museums

Museum Location Opened
NM Cordillera Regional Museum
(National Museum Cordillera)		 Kiangan, Ifugao 1984
NM Ilocos Regional Museum Complex
(National Museum Ilocos)		 Vigan and Magsingal, Ilocos Sur
NM Cagayan Valley Regional Museum
(National Museum Cagayan Valley)		 Peñablanca, Cagayan 1980s
NM Bicol Regional Museum
(National Museum Bicol)		 Daraga, Albay
NM Western Visayas Regional Museum
(National Museum Western Visayas)		 Iloilo City, Iloilo 2019
NM Eastern-Northern Mindanao Regional Museum
(National Museum Eastern-Northern Mindanao)		 Butuan, Agusan del Norte 1978
NM Western-Southern Mindanao Regional Museum
(National Museum Western-Southern Mindanao)		 Zamboanga City 1986

Area museums

Museum Location Opened
NM Batanes Area Museum
(National Museum Batanes)		 Uyugan, Batanes 2012
NM Marinduque-Romblon Area Museum
(National Museum Marinduque-Romblon)		 Boac, Marinduque 1995
NM Bohol Area Museum
(National Museum Bohol)		 Tagbilaran, Bohol 2018
NM Sulu Archipelago Area Museum
(National Museum Sulu)		 Jolo, Sulu 1982
NM Dumaguete Museum Dumaguete, Negros Oriental 2022

Site museums

Museum Location Opened
NM Kabayan Burial Caves Site Museum
(National Museum Kabayan)		 Kabayan, Benguet 1982
NM Tabon Caves Site Museum Quezon, Palawan 1972
Angono Binangonan Petroglyphs Angono and Binangonan, Rizal

Discover more about Museums related topics

National Museum Complex (Manila)

National Museum Complex (Manila)

The National Museum Complex in Manila refers to the main or central museums of the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila, most of which are within the grounds of the Rizal Park.

National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)

National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)

The National Museum of Fine Arts, formerly known as the National Art Gallery, is an art museum in Manila, Philippines. It is located on Padre Burgos Avenue across from the National Museum of Anthropology in the eastern side of Rizal Park. The museum, owned and operated by the National Museum of the Philippines, was founded in 1998 and houses a collection of paintings and sculptures by classical Filipino artists such as Juan Luna, Félix Resurrección Hidalgo and Guillermo Tolentino.

National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)

National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)

The National Museum of Anthropology, formerly known as the Museum of the Filipino People, is a component museum of the National Museum of the Philippines which houses Ethnological and Archaeological exhibitions. It is located in the Agrifina Circle, Rizal Park, Manila adjacent to the National Museum of Fine Arts building.

National Museum of Natural History (Manila)

National Museum of Natural History (Manila)

The National Museum of Natural History is the national natural history museum of the Philippines. It is located along Agrifina Circle in Rizal Park, Manila.

Iloilo City

Iloilo City

Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines on the island of Panay. It is the capital city of the province of Iloilo, where it is geographically situated and grouped under the Philippine Statistics Authority, but remains politically independent in terms of government and administration. In addition, it is the center of the Iloilo–Guimaras Metropolitan Area, as well as the regional center and primate city of the Western Visayas region. According to the 2020 census, Iloilo City has a population of 457,626 people.  For the metropolitan area, the total population is 1,007,945 people.

Kiangan

Kiangan

Kiangan, officially the Municipality of Kiangan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Ifugao, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 17,691 people. 

Ifugao

Ifugao

Ifugao, officially the Province of Ifugao, is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.

Magsingal

Magsingal

Magsingal, officially the Municipality of Magsingal is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 31,308 people. 

Ilocos Sur

Ilocos Sur

Ilocos Sur, officially the Province of Ilocos Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Located on the mouth of the Mestizo River is the capital of Vigan. Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain Province to the east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the west.

Cagayan

Cagayan

Cagayan, officially the Province of Cagayan, is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region, covering the northeastern tip of Luzon. Its capital is the city of Tuguegarao. It is about 431 kilometres (268 mi) northwest of Manila, and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga and Isabela to the south.

Daraga

Daraga

Daraga, officially the Municipality of Daraga, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 133,893. 

Albay

Albay

Albay, officially the Province of Albay, is a province in the Bicol Region of the Philippines, mostly on the southeastern part of the island of Luzon. Its capital is the city of Legazpi, the regional center of the whole Bicol Region, which is located in the southern foothill of Mayon Volcano.

Former facilities

Museums

The National Museum had a satellite museum in Bolinao, Pangasinan. It was an archeological museum featuring historic objects retrieved from the different parts of the province. It first opened in 1970.[9]

National Planetarium

Main article: National Planetarium (Manila)
National Planetarium
National Planetarium

The Planetarium was planned in 1970's by former National Museum Director Godofredo Alcasid Sr. with the assistance of Mr. Maximo P. Sacro Jr. of the Philippine Weather bureau and one of the founders of the Philippine Astronomical Society.

The building started on construction on 1974 and completed 9 months after. It was formally inaugurated on October 8, 1975. The Presidential Decree No. 804-A, issued on September 30, 1975, affirmed the Planetarium's status. The Planetarium is located between the Japanese Garden and the Chinese Garden at the Rizal Park.[10]

Discover more about Former facilities related topics

Bolinao

Bolinao

Bolinao, officially the Municipality of Bolinao, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 83,979 people. 

Pangasinan

Pangasinan

Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan, is a coastal province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is in the western area of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea. It has a total land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres (2,104.65 sq mi). According to the 2020 census it has a population of 3,163,190.  The official number of registered voters in Pangasinan is 1,651,814. The western portion of the province is part of the homeland of the Sambal people, while the central and eastern portions are the homeland of the Pangasinan people. Due to ethnic migration, the Ilocano people settled in the province.

National Planetarium (Manila)

National Planetarium (Manila)

The National Planetarium, also known as the National Museum Planetarium, was a planetarium owned and operated by the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila. It is a 16-meter (52 ft) dome located in Rizal Park between the Japanese Garden and Chinese Garden on Padre Burgos Avenue in the central district of Ermita. It opened on October 8, 1975, and has been in operation since then.

Rizal Park

Rizal Park

Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park or simply Luneta, is a historic urban park located in Ermita, Manila. It is considered one of the largest urban parks in the Philippines, covering an area of 58 hectares. The site on where the park is situated was originally known as Bagumbayan during the Spanish colonial period. It is adjacent to the historic Walled City of Intramuros.

Seminars and lectures

The National Museum offers numerous lectures, workshops, and seminars annually. However, most of these events happen at the museums within Metro Manila. More than 80% of provinces in the country have yet to possess a museum under the authority of the National Museum. A partial reason for this lacking is the non-existence of a Department of Culture. In late 2016, a bill establishing the Department of Culture and the Arts and another bill strengthening the National Museum, including its regional museums, were filed by Senator Loren Legarda in the Senate. Both bills were formally introduced in early 2017.[11]

Source: "National Museum of the Philippines", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 26th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.

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Further Reading

Loren Legarda

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Dean Conant Worcester

PAGASA

National Library of the Philippines

National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)

Department of Education (Philippines)

Department of Agriculture (Philippines)

Philippine Normal University

Philippine Registry of Cultural Property

Insular Government of the Philippine Islands

Philippine Overseas Employment Administration

National Cultural Heritage Act

National Archives of the Philippines

Bureau of Customs

National Museum of Natural History (Manila)
References
  1. ^ "Commemorative Program for the 111th Foundation Day of the National Museum" (PDF). Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office (PCDSPO). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  2. ^ https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2021/TechGAA2021/DEPED/E.pdf
  3. ^ "AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4846, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE "CULTURAL PROPERTIES PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION ACT"". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  4. ^ "An Act Strengthening the National Museum of the Philippines, Repealing for the Purpose R.A. No. 8492, Otherwise Known as the "National Museum Act of 1998", and Appropriating Funds Therefor". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "History". National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c "History of the National Museum". National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  7. ^ Ferdinand Marcos, New Filipinism: The Turning Point, State of the Nation Message to the Congress of the Philippines, January 27, 1969 [on-line] accessed from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1969/01/27/ferdinand-e-marcos-fourth-state-of-the-nation-address-january-27-1969/.
  8. ^ "Duterte signs law giving more powers the National Museum of the PH » Manila Bulletin News". News.mb.com.ph. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  9. ^ "Bolonao branch". National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  10. ^ Branches of the National Museum. National Museum of the Philippines
  11. ^ "LOREN LEGARDA: Sponsorship Speech: Senate Bill No. 1529, Committee Report No. 140". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
Further reading
  • Lenzi, Iola (2004). Museums of Southeast Asia. Singapore: Archipelago Press. p. 200 pages. ISBN 981-4068-96-9.
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