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Mizuhopecten yessoensis

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Yesso scallop
Mizuhopecten yessoensis.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Pectinida
Family: Pectinidae
Genus: Mizuhopecten
Species:
M. yessoensis
Binomial name
Mizuhopecten yessoensis
(Jay, 1857)
Synonyms

Pecten yessoensis Jay, 1857
Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1857)

Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Yesso scallop, giant Ezo scallop) is a species of marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. Its name Yesso/Ezo refers to its being found north of Japan.

Its tissues bioaccumulate algal yessotoxins and are studied extensively.

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Species

Species

In biology, a species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour, or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.

Family (biology)

Family (biology)

Family is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family".

Scallop

Scallop

Scallop is a common name that encompasses various species of marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family Pectinidae, the scallops. However, the common name "scallop" is also sometimes applied to species in other closely related families within the superfamily Pectinoidea, which also includes the thorny oysters.

Ezo

Ezo

Ezo (蝦夷) is the Japanese term historically used to refer to the people and the lands to the northeast of the Japanese island of Honshu. This included the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido, which changed its name from "Ezo" to "Hokkaidō" in 1869, and sometimes included Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Yessotoxin

Yessotoxin

Yessotoxins are a group of lipophilic, sulfur bearing polyether toxins that are related to ciguatoxins. They are produced by a variety of dinoflagellates, most notably Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera.

Description

The Yesso scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) is a cold water marine bivalve species. The valves have a convex center with a smooth exterior shell. On one side it is white and on the other dark brown.[1]

Living Yesso scallop at Suma aquarium, Japan, 2014.
Living Yesso scallop at Suma aquarium, Japan, 2014.

Habitat

The Yesso scallop is widely distributed along the cold coast of Northern Japan. Scallop cultivation is located in the northern islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, with the Sea of Okhotsk, Saroma Lake and Funka Bay in Hokkaido accounting for more than 80% of the scallop production during the period of 1991 to 2002.[2]

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Japan

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 14,125 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 sq mi); the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

Honshu

Honshu

Honshu , historically called Hondo , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separates the Sea of Japan, which lies to its north and west, from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east. It is the seventh-largest island in the world, and the second-most populous after the Indonesian island of Java.

Hokkaido

Hokkaido

Hokkaido is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel.

Sea of Okhotsk

Sea of Okhotsk

The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is located between Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, Japan's island of Hokkaido on the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north. The northeast corner is the Shelikhov Gulf. The sea is named after the Okhota river, which is in turn named after the Even word окат meaning "river".

Ecology and behavior

Temperature plays a key role in the timing of spawning and larvae settlement of the Yesso scallop. Generally, the scallops spawn between May 1 to June 9 over the span of 10 days. It was found that the timing for the commencement of spawning is shifted to a later date when the surface temperature of the water remains below 0°C for a prolonged period. In addition, lower temperatures throughout April could potentially influence the onset timing of scallop spawning. Furthermore, the shortening of pre-spawning period (dates between the surface water temperature rise above zero to May 1) may be another contributing factor to the later dates of spawning. On the other hand, the timing of scallop spat settlement is closely related to water temperature too; the colder the pre-spawning period, the later the larvae settlement. The commencement of the Yesso Scallop larvae settlement is typically between June 4 to July 5 over the period of 15 days.[3] The upper limit for scallop development was found to be 18°C.[4]

Development

The growth of scallops also varies with the water temperature. When the water is warm and below 18°C, the scallops tend to grow most rapidly between the age of 2 and 4. On the other hand, they often reach the peak of their growing ability between 3 to 5 years of age in colder environments. Consequently, it was established that the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis experiences the lowest mortality rate between the age of 2 and 5. Starting from the age of 6 to 7, the mortality rate rises dramatically.[4]

Predation

The main predators of the Yesso scallops are the sea stars Asterias amurensis and Distolasterias nipon. The scallops are preyed on one after the other, and it was found that smaller scallops are preferred over larger ones. Scallops found in warmer waters are also more likely to be preyed upon. Due to the morphological differences between D. nipon and A. amurensis, D. nipon had a much greater influence on the predation of the Yesso scallops.[5]

Diet

The scallops depend on sinking organic matter for food, with detritus being their main source of food. These organic matter are from rivers being drained nearby. Another source of food for the scallops are dissolved organic carbon from phytoplankton production.[6]

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Organic matter

Organic matter

Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.

Detritus

Detritus

In biology, detritus is dead particulate organic material, as distinguished from dissolved organic material. Detritus typically includes the bodies or fragments of bodies of dead organisms, and fecal material. Detritus typically hosts communities of microorganisms that colonize and decompose it. In terrestrial ecosystems it is present as leaf litter and other organic matter that is intermixed with soil, which is denominated "soil organic matter". The detritus of aquatic ecosystems is organic material that is suspended in the water and accumulates in depositions on the floor of the body of water; when this floor is a seabed, such a deposition is denominated "marine snow".

Dissolved organic carbon

Dissolved organic carbon

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the fraction of organic carbon operationally defined as that which can pass through a filter with a pore size typically between 0.22 and 0.7 micrometers. The fraction remaining on the filter is called particulate organic carbon (POC).

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν, meaning 'plant', and πλαγκτός, meaning 'wanderer' or 'drifter'.

Source: "Mizuhopecten yessoensis", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 29th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuhopecten_yessoensis.

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Further Reading

Ezo

Northern Pacific seastar in Australia

Fish hatchery

Pacific oyster

Asterias amurensis

Ezo salamander

Cathepsin F

Pecten maximus

Aquaculture in New Zealand

Scallop aquaculture

Aquaculture in South Korea

Aquaculture of sea cucumbers

Antarctic scallop

Sterechinus neumayeri

Asterias rollestoni

Uchiura Bay
References
  1. ^ Sun X, Yang A, Wu B, Zhou L, Liu Z (2015-04-09). "Characterization of the mantle transcriptome of yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis): identification of genes potentially involved in biomineralization and pigmentation". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0122967. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1022967S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122967. PMC 4391921. PMID 25856556.
  2. ^ Radiarta IN, Saitoh SI, Miyazono A (November 2008). "GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation models for identifying suitable sites for Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) aquaculture in Funka Bay, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan". Aquaculture. 284 (1–4): 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.07.048.
  3. ^ Luchin VA, Grigoryeva NI (December 2020). "The Effects of Water Temperature on the Timing of Spawning and Spat Settlement of the Yesso Scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis Jay, 1857) in Minonosok Cove (Posyet Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan)". Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 46 (7): 580–589. doi:10.1134/S1063074020070056. ISSN 1063-0740. S2CID 234538478.
  4. ^ a b Silina AV (May 1996). "Mortality of late juvenile and adult stages of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay)". Aquaculture. 141 (1–2): 97–105. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)01207-9.
  5. ^ Miyoshi K, Kuwahara Y, Chiba S (September 2019). "Interactions between predatory sea stars ( Asterias amurensis and Distolasterias nipon ) and Japanese scallops ( Mizuhopecten yessoensis ) and implications for scallop seeding in mariculture". Aquaculture Research. 50 (9): 2419–2428. doi:10.1111/are.14195. ISSN 1355-557X. S2CID 190914077.
  6. ^ Aya FA, Kudo I (August 2007). "Isotopic Determination of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten (Mizuhopecten) Yessoensis (Jay) Tissues Shows Habitat-Related Differences in Food Sources". Journal of Shellfish Research. 26 (2): 295–302. doi:10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[295:idojsp]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0730-8000.
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