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Merano

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Merano
Meran
Maran (Ladin)
Comune
Comune di Merano
Stadtgemeinde Meran
Blick über Meran nach Nordwesten.jpg
Coat of arms of Merano Meran
Coat of arms
Location of Merano
Meran
Map
Merano Meran is located in Italy
Merano Meran
Merano
Meran
Location of Merano
Meran in Italy
Merano Meran is located in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Merano Meran
Merano
Meran
Merano
Meran (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)
Coordinates: 46°40′N 11°10′E / 46.667°N 11.167°E / 46.667; 11.167Coordinates: 46°40′N 11°10′E / 46.667°N 11.167°E / 46.667; 11.167
CountryItaly
RegionTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
ProvinceSouth Tyrol (BZ)
FrazioniCentro (Altstadt), Maia Alta (Obermais), Maia Bassa (Untermais), Quarazze (Gratsch), Sinigo (Sinich), Labers
Government
 • MayorDario Dal Medico
Area
[1]
 • Total26.34 km2 (10.17 sq mi)
Elevation
325 m (1,066 ft)
Population
 (30-06-2018)[2]
 • Total41,051
 • Density1,600/km2 (4,000/sq mi)
DemonymMeranese/Meraner
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
39012
Dialing code0473
Patron saintSt Nicholas
Saint dayDecember 6
WebsiteOfficial website
For other uses, see Merano (disambiguation).
"Meran" redirects here. For other uses, see Meran (disambiguation).

Merano (UK: /məˈrɑːnoʊ/,[3] US: /meɪˈ-/,[4] Italian: [meˈraːno] (listen)) or Meran (German: [ˌmeːˈʁɑːn] (listen)) is a city and comune in South Tyrol, northern Italy. Generally best known for its spa resorts, it is located within a basin, surrounded by mountains standing up to 3,335 metres (10,942 feet) above sea level, at the entrance to the Passeier Valley and the Vinschgau.

In the past, the city has been a popular place of residence for several scientists, literary people, and artists, including Franz Kafka, Ezra Pound, Paul Lazarsfeld, and also Empress Elisabeth of Austria, who appreciated its mild climate.

Discover more about Merano related topics

British English

British English

British English is, according to Oxford Dictionaries, "English as used in Great Britain, as distinct from that used elsewhere". More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in England, or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the British Isles taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating Scottish English, Welsh English, and Northern Irish English. Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English acknowledges that British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions [with] the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity".

American English

American English

American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and in most circumstances is the de facto common language used in government, education and commerce. Since the 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide.

Comune

Comune

A comune is the third-level administrative division of Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality. It is the third-level administrative division of Italy, after regions (regioni) and provinces (province). The comune can also have the title of città ('city').

South Tyrol

South Tyrol

South Tyrol, officially the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, is an autonomous province in Northern Italy, one of the two that make up the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The province is the northernmost of Italy, the second largest, with an area of 7,400 square kilometres (2,857 sq mi) and has a total population of about 534,000 inhabitants as of 2021. Its capital and largest city is Bolzano.

Spa town

Spa town

A spa town is a resort town based on a mineral spa. Patrons visit spas to "take the waters" for their purported health benefits.

Depression (geology)

Depression (geology)

In geology, a depression is a landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area. Depressions form by various mechanisms.

Passeier Valley

Passeier Valley

The Passeier Valley is the valley of the Passer river, in the mountains of South Tyrol, northern Italy. The Passer river is a left-bank tributary to the Adige. At the mouth of the valley, where the two rivers join, stands the town of Merano. From there, the valley runs north to the Timmelsjoch mountain pass, which leads to Sölden in the Ötztal valley of Austria and to the Jaufenpass which leads to Sterzing in the Wipptal.

Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer based in Prague, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. It has been interpreted as exploring themes of alienation, existential anxiety, guilt, and absurdity. His best known works include the short story "The Metamorphosis" and novels The Trial and The Castle. The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations, like those depicted in his writing.

Ezra Pound

Ezra Pound

Ezra Weston Loomis Pound was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works include Ripostes (1912), Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920), and his 800-page epic poem, The Cantos (c. 1917–1962).

Paul Lazarsfeld

Paul Lazarsfeld

Paul Felix Lazarsfeld was an Austrian-American sociologist. The founder of Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research, he exerted influence over the techniques and the organization of social research. "It is not so much that he was an American sociologist," one colleague said of him after his death, "as it was that he determined what American sociology would be." Lazarsfeld said that his goal was "to produce Paul Lazarsfelds". The two main accomplishments he is associated with can be analyzed within two lenses of analysis: research institutes, methodology, as well as his research content itself. He was a founding figure in 20th-century empirical sociology.

Empress Elisabeth of Austria

Empress Elisabeth of Austria

Elisabeth of Bavaria, nicknamed Sisi or Sissi, was Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary from her marriage to Emperor Franz Joseph I on 24 April 1854 until her assassination in 1898.

Climate

Climate

Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, longitude, terrain, altitude, land use and nearby water bodies and their currents.

Name

Both the Italian (Merano) and the German (Meran) names for the city are used in English. The Ladin form of the name is Maran. The official name of the municipality (comune) is Comune di Merano in Italian and Stadtgemeinde Meran in German (both are in official use).

History

In 17th-century Latin, the city was called Meranum.[5] Other archaic names are Mairania (from 857 AD) and an der Meran (from the 15th century).[6]

Origin

Historical map of Merano and surrounding area (1888)
Historical map of Merano and surrounding area (1888)
The city's coat of arms on the Postbrücke (postal bridge).
The city's coat of arms on the Postbrücke (postal bridge).

The area has been inhabited since the third millennium BC, as shown by the presence of menhirs and other findings. The story of the city proper began in 15 BC when the Romans occupied the Adige valley founding a road station, Statio Maiensis.

The settlement was first mentioned in an 857 deed as Mairania. The Counts at Castle Tyrol elevated Merano to the status of a city during the 13th century and made it the capital of their County of Tyrol. After the county had been handed over to the Habsburg dynasty in 1363 upon the abdication of Margaret, Countess of Tyrol, in 1420 Duke Friedrich IV of Austria moved the Tyrolean court to Innsbruck. Though Merano remained the official capital until 1848, it subsequently lost its predominant position and almost all its importance as an economic hub across the roads connecting Italy and Germany. The important mint was also moved to Hall in 1477.

Modern history

The Tyrolean Rebellion of 1809 against the French occupation drew attention again to Merano. In that year, on the Küchelberg above the city, a peasants' army eked out a victory against the united French and Bavarian forces before their revolt was finally crushed. After World War I, under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Merano became part of the Kingdom of Italy with the rest of the southern part of the former Cisleithanian crown land of Tyrol.

During the Nazi occupation of the region in 1943–5, the Meranese Jewish population was almost completely deported and murdered within concentration camps.[7]

Coat of arms

The city's coat of arms depicts the red Tyrolean eagle sitting on a wall with four pieces of Ghibelline battlements and three arches that symbolize the city. The arms is known from the 14th century and the oldest seal dates from 1353, while the coloured one since 1390. In a 1759 image, the eagle is represented with a crown and a green wreath of honour. After World War I and the annexation of the city from Austria-Hungary to Italy, it was a new coat of arms given in 1928, which looked similar to the old one, but with five parts of the battlements and the arches with the gates opened on a lawn of shamrock. A mural crown was placed above the shield.[8] The five parts of the battlement represented the districts of Maia Bassa, Merano (old city), Maia Alta, and Quarazze and Avelengo, which were incorporated into the city by the Italian fascists.[9] After World War II, Avelengo became independent again and the historical coat of arms was restored.[10][11]

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Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, Ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.

Adige

Adige

The Adige is the second-longest river in Italy, after the Po. It rises near the Reschen Pass in the Vinschgau in the province of South Tyrol, near the Italian border with Austria and Switzerland, and flows 410 kilometres (250 mi) through most of northeastern Italy to the Adriatic Sea.

German town law

German town law

The German town law or German municipal concerns was a set of early town privileges based on the Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I. The Magdeburg law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in Germany, but also in Central and Eastern Europe who modified it during the Middle Ages. The German town law was used in the founding of many German cities, towns, and villages beginning in the 13th century.

County of Tyrol

County of Tyrol

The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg. In 1804, the County of Tyrol, unified with the secularised prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen, became a crown land of the Austrian Empire. From 1867, it was a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary.

House of Habsburg

House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg, alternatively spelled Hapsburg in English and also known as the House of Austria, is one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

Frederick IV, Duke of Austria

Frederick IV, Duke of Austria

Frederick IV, also known as Frederick of the Empty Pockets, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1402 until his death. As a scion of the Habsburg Leopoldian line, he ruled over Further Austria and the County of Tyrol from 1406 onwards.

Duchy of Austria

Duchy of Austria

The Duchy of Austria was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right. After the ruling dukes of the House of Babenberg became extinct in male line, there was as much as three decades of rivalry on inheritance and rulership, until the German king Rudolf I took over the dominion as the first monarch of the Habsburg dynasty in 1276. Thereafter, Austria became the patrimony and ancestral homeland of the dynasty and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1453, the archducal title of the Austrian rulers, invented by Duke Rudolf IV in the forged Privilegium Maius of 1359, was officially acknowledged by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III.

Innsbruck

Innsbruck

Innsbruck is the capital of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria. On the River Inn, at its junction with the Wipp Valley, which provides access to the Brenner Pass 30 km (18.6 mi) to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018.

Hall in Tirol

Hall in Tirol

Hall in Tirol is a town in the Innsbruck-Land district of Tyrol, Austria. Located at an altitude of 574 m, about 5 km (3 mi) east of the state's capital Innsbruck in the Inn valley, it has a population of about 13,000.

First French Empire

First French Empire

The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815.

Kingdom of Bavaria

Kingdom of Bavaria

The Kingdom of Bavaria was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918. With the unification of Germany into the German Empire in 1871, the kingdom became a federated state of the new empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the Kingdom of Prussia.

Cisleithania

Cisleithania

Cisleithania, officially The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, was the northern and western part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual Monarchy created in the Compromise of 1867—as distinguished from Transleithania. This name for the region was a common, but unofficial one.

Main sights

St. Nicholas' Church
St. Nicholas' Church

Among the city's landmarks are the medieval city gates such as the Vinschgauer Tor, Passeirer Tor, and the Bozener Tor. Also belonging to the fortifications is the medieval Ortenstein tower, popularly called Pulverturm (lit. "powder tower").

The main churches are the Gothic St. Nicholas' Church and the St. Barbara's Chapel, both dating to the 15th century. Also dating to this period is the Princely Castle (Landesfürstliche Burg), which was a residence of Archduke Sigismund of Austria.

The Steinerner Steg stone bridge crosses the Passer river and dates to the 17th century.

The city saw further development as it became increasingly popular as a spa resort, especially after Empress Elisabeth of Austria started visiting. Dating from the 19th century are the Civic Theatre, the Kurhaus and the Empress Elisabeth Park. Also famous are the arched Wandelhalle promenades along the river.

After the annexation of the city by Italy in 1919, the Fascist authorities constructed the new city hall in the 1920s.

Outside the city is Trauttmansdorff Castle and its gardens. Located there is the Museum of Tourism, which was opened in the spring of 2003 and shows the historical development of tourism in the province. Tirol Castle is also close by.

Merano as seen from the Hochmuth.
Merano as seen from the Hochmuth.

Discover more about Main sights related topics

St. Nicholas' Church, Merano

St. Nicholas' Church, Merano

The St. Nicholas' Church is the parish church of the town of Merano in South Tyrol, northern Italy.

Gates of Merano

Gates of Merano

The town gates of Merano in South Tyrol date back to the medieval period and are one of the attractions of the town today.

St. Barbara's Chapel, Merano

St. Barbara's Chapel, Merano

The St. Barbara's Chapel is a chapel located in the town of Merano in South Tyrol, northern Italy.

Sigismund, Archduke of Austria

Sigismund, Archduke of Austria

Sigismund, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1439 until his death. As a scion of the Habsburg Leopoldian line, he ruled over Further Austria and the County of Tyrol from 1446 until his resignation in 1490.

Archduchy of Austria

Archduchy of Austria

The Archduchy of Austria was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy was centered at the Empire's southeastern periphery.

Steinerner Steg

Steinerner Steg

The Steinerner Steg is a two-arched, stone-built footbridge across the Passer in Merano, South Tyrol, northern Italy. The oldest bridge in the town, it connects the historic centre and the Steinach district with the Obermais quarter.

Empress Elisabeth of Austria

Empress Elisabeth of Austria

Elisabeth of Bavaria, nicknamed Sisi or Sissi, was Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary from her marriage to Emperor Franz Joseph I on 24 April 1854 until her assassination in 1898.

Stadttheater Meran

Stadttheater Meran

The Stadttheater Meran is the civic theatre of the town of Meran in South Tyrol, northern Italy.

Empress Elisabeth Park

Empress Elisabeth Park

The Empress Elisabeth Park is a public park in the town of Meran, South Tyrol in northern Italy.

Meran Town Hall

Meran Town Hall

The Town Hall of Meran in South Tyrol is the seat of the municipal government and assembly. It is located at the corner of the Laubengasse and the Galilei-Straße.

Trauttmansdorff Castle

Trauttmansdorff Castle

Trauttmansdorff Castle is a castle located south of the city of Merano, South Tyrol, northern Italy. It is home to the Touriseum, a museum of tourism and since 2001 the surrounding grounds have been open as the Trauttmansdorff Castle Gardens, a botanical garden.

Trauttmansdorff Castle Gardens

Trauttmansdorff Castle Gardens

The Gardens of Trauttmansdorff Castle are botanical gardens located on the grounds of Trauttmansdorff Castle in Meran, Italy. The gardens are open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.

Climate

Merano is on the borderline between several climates. Officially, it has an oceanic climate (Cfb). However, it is close to being humid subtropical (Cfa) due to the mean temperature in July being just under 22 °C; even on those terms, the overnight lows in the winter bring the mean temperatures low enough for the city as a whole to have continental (Dfa/Dfb) influences with more distinct seasons.

The average daily temperatures in summer in Merano lie between 27 and 30 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between 12 and 15 °C. The average daily temperatures in winter lie between 6 and 10 °C, while at night temperatures usually drop to between -4 and -2 °C. The wettest month is August with 96 mm, while the driest is February with only 25 mm. This data was measured at the weather station Merano/Quarazze at an altitude of 333 metres between 1983 and 2017.

Climate data for Merano (1983–2017)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21
(70) 		23
(73) 		27
(81) 		31
(88) 		37
(99) 		39
(102) 		40
(104) 		40
(104) 		35
(95) 		29
(84) 		21
(70) 		19
(66) 		40
(104)
Average high °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		18.2
(64.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.0
(53.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.7
(35.1) 		11.8
(53.2)
Average low °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		5.3
(41.5)
Record low °C (°F) −19
(−2) 		−13
(9) 		−12
(10) 		−4
(25) 		−2
(28) 		2
(36) 		2
(36) 		1
(34) 		−2
(28) 		−8
(18) 		−10
(14) 		−13
(9) 		−19
(−2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26.4
(1.04) 		24.5
(0.96) 		36.9
(1.45) 		61.7
(2.43) 		80.0
(3.15) 		94.7
(3.73) 		83.8
(3.30) 		96.3
(3.79) 		72.3
(2.85) 		74.9
(2.95) 		84.5
(3.33) 		37.9
(1.49) 		773.8
(30.46)
Source: Landeswetterdienst Südtirol[12][13]

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Oceanic climate

Oceanic climate

An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Oceanic climates can be found in both hemispheres generally between 45 and 63 latitude, most notably in northwestern Europe, northwestern America, as well as New Zealand.

Humid subtropical climate

Humid subtropical climate

A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 40° and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates. It is also known as warm temperate climate in some climate classifications.

Continental climate

Continental climate

Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature. They tend to occur in the middle latitudes, within large landmasses where prevailing winds blow overland bringing some precipitation, and temperatures are not moderated by oceans. Continental climates occur mostly in the Northern Hemisphere due to the large landmasses found there. Most of northern and northeastern China, eastern and southeastern Europe, Western and north western Iran, central and southeastern Canada, and the central and northeastern United States have this type of climate. Continentality is a measure of the degree to which a region experiences this type of climate.

Precipitation

Precipitation

In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but colloids, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers.

Culture

Food

The area is well known for its wines, both white and red, and vineyards extend right into the city. The local wine, Meraner Leiten (Meranese di collina), is a light red wine, best drunk young.[14] There are also extensive orchards, and apples are exported throughout Europe. The Forst Brewery on the edge of the city produces a popular range of beers, sold throughout Italy and Europe.

Passer river, panoramic view
Passer river, panoramic view

Cultural events

Christmas market Merano
Christmas market Merano

Merano organizes the following events every year.

  • Asfaltart
  • Festival MeranOJazz
  • Meraner Musikwochen
  • Christmas market Merano
  • Merano WineFestival

People

Arbeo of Freising
Arbeo of Freising
Rudolf Slatin, 1910
Rudolf Slatin, 1910
Leo Putz, self portrait, 1914
Leo Putz, self portrait, 1914
Armin Zoeggeler, 2005
Armin Zoeggeler, 2005

Early times

19th C

20th C

Sport

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Arbeo of Freising

Arbeo of Freising

Arbeo of Freising was an early medieval author and Bishop of Freising from 764.

Johann Baptista Ruffini

Johann Baptista Ruffini

Johann Baptista Ruffini was an important salt trader in Bavaria.

Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen

Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen

Ludwig Samson Heinrich Arthur Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen was a Bavarian general.

Oskar von Redwitz

Oskar von Redwitz

Oskar Freiherr von Redwitz was a German poet from Lichtenau, Bavaria. Having studied at the universities of Munich and Erlangen, he was apprenticed to the law in the Bavarian State service (1846–49).

Ignaz Vincenz Zingerle

Ignaz Vincenz Zingerle

Ignaz Vincenz Zingerle was an Austrian poet and scholar.

Hermann von Tappeiner

Hermann von Tappeiner

Hermann von Tappeiner was an Austrian pharmacologist. He was the son of anthropologist Franz Tappeiner (1816–1902).

Leo Putz

Leo Putz

Leo Putz was a Tyrolean painter. His work encompasses Art Nouveau, Impressionism and the beginnings of Expressionism. Figures, nudes and landscapes are his predominant subjects.

House of Orléans

House of Orléans

The 4th House of Orléans, sometimes called the House of Bourbon-Orléans to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet. The house was founded by Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of Louis XIII and younger brother of Louis XIV, the "Sun King".

Austro-Hungarian Army

Austro-Hungarian Army

The Austro-Hungarian Army was the land force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint army, the Imperial Austrian Landwehr, and the Royal Hungarian Honvéd.

Heimwehr

Heimwehr

The Heimwehr or Heimatschutz was a nationalist, initially paramilitary group that operated in the First Austrian Republic from 1920 to 1936. It was similar in methods, organization, and ideology to the Freikorps in Germany. The Heimwehr was opposed to parliamentary democracy, socialism and Marxism and fought in various skirmishes against left-wing and foreign groups during the 1920s and 1930s. Some of its regional groups also opposed Nazism while others favored it. In spite of its anti-democratic stance, the Heimwehr developed a political wing called the Heimatblock that was close to the conservative Christian Social Party and took part in both the cabinet of Chancellor Carl Vaugoin in 1930 and in Engelbert Dollfuss' right-wing government from 1932 to 1934. In 1936 the Heimwehr was absorbed into what was at the time the only legally permitted political party in Austria, the Fatherland Front, and then later into the Frontmiliz, an amalgamation of militia units that in 1937 became part of Austria's armed forces.

Erna Ellmenreich

Erna Ellmenreich

Erna Ellmenreich was a German operatic soprano, a member of the Staatstheater Stuttgart. She performed there leading parts and several premieres, including Ariadne auf Naxos by Strauss and works by Paul Hindemith.

Oswald Menghin

Oswald Menghin

Oswald Menghin was an Austrian Prehistorian and University professor. He established an international reputation before the War, while he was professor at the University of Vienna. His work on race and culture was serviceable to the German nationalist movement of the 1930s. At the time of the Anschluss he served as Minister of Education in the cabinet formed by Arthur Seyß-Inquart. He avoided indictment as a war criminal and resumed his career in Argentina after the war.

Economy

Merano railway station
Merano railway station

Merano is a popular tourist destination especially for Germans and Italians. In the summer, there are concerts on the promenade almost daily, and there are fine walks around the city and in the surrounding hills, not least "Merano 2000", where there is also skiing in winter. The city is reachable with the railway Bolzano-Merano, which continues to the Vinschgau Railway Merano-Malles.

Society

According to the 2011 census, 50.47% of the resident population spoke German as mother language, 49.06% Italian, and 0.47% Ladin.[29]

Sport

A chess opening, the Merano Variation of the Semi-Slav Defense, is named after the city, from its successful use by Akiba Rubinstein against Ernst Grünfeld during a tournament held in the city in 1924.[30] In 1981, the World Chess Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Victor Korchnoi was held in Merano. The first act of the musical Chess also has a world chess championship match set in Merano, and features a song entitled "Merano", which includes the line, "rosy-cheeked Merano, flourishing to a fault".

The city's handball team, Pallamano Merano [it], is one of the most successful in Italy, winning the scudetto in 2005. The ice hockey team won two national championships but currently plays in the second division, Serie B.

Each September, the Gran Premio Merano takes place in the Maia Racecourse; this is the most famous Italian Steeplechase.

Merano hosted the 1953, 1971 and 1983 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships. This is where the well known 'Merano' move was created due to a tricky upstream gate. This move is now used and well known by many slalom paddlers worldwide.

Discover more about Sport related topics

List of chess openings

List of chess openings

This is a list of chess openings, organized by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) code. The chess openings are categorized into five broad areas, with each of those broken up into one hundred subcategories. The openings were published in five volumes of ECO, with volumes labeled "A" through "E". This is a list of chess openings by the ECO classification.

Akiba Rubinstein

Akiba Rubinstein

Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein was a Polish chess player. He is considered to have been one of the greatest players never to have become World Chess Champion. Rubinstein was granted the title International Grandmaster in 1950, at its inauguration.

Ernst Grünfeld

Ernst Grünfeld

Ernst Franz Grünfeld was an Austrian chess player and writer, mainly on opening theory. He was among the inaugural recipients of the grandmaster title in 1950.

Anatoly Karpov

Anatoly Karpov

Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov is a Russian and former Soviet chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, ⁣and politician. He was the 12th World Chess Champion from 1975 to 1985, a three-time FIDE World Champion, twice World Chess champion as a member of the USSR team, and a six-time winner of Chess Olympiads as a member of the USSR team. The International Association of Chess Press awarded him nine Chess Oscars.

Chess (musical)

Chess (musical)

Chess is a musical with music by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of the pop group ABBA, lyrics by Ulvaeus and Tim Rice, and book by Rice. The story involves a politically driven, Cold War-era chess tournament between two grandmasters, one American and the other Soviet, and their fight over a woman who manages one and falls in love with the other. Although the protagonists were not intended to represent any real individuals, the character of the American grandmaster was loosely based on Bobby Fischer, while elements of the story may have been inspired by the chess careers of Russian grandmasters Viktor Korchnoi and Anatoly Karpov.

Scudetto

Scudetto

The scudetto is a decoration having the colors of the flag of Italy which is sewn onto the jersey of the Italian sports clubs that won the highest level championship of their respective sport in the previous season. The scudetto was created in the 1920s to honour the winner of the national association football league and the first team to wear it was Genoa C.F.C. in 1924. Later, it was adopted by the teams of other sports.

HC Merano

HC Merano

HC Merano is an ice hockey team in Merano, Italy. They play in the Alps Hockey League

Gran Premio Merano

Gran Premio Merano

The Gran Premio Merano is an annual horse racing event which takes place in September in Pferderennplatz Meran, Meran/Merano, Italy. First run in 1935, it quickly became Italy's most prestigious and valuable steeplechase and the attendance is roughly 13,000 People. The race, 5,000 meters long, includes twenty-four obstacles and is run over a twisting, figure-of-eight course. The purse in 2018 was € 250.000.

Pferderennplatz Meran

Pferderennplatz Meran

The Pferderennplatz Meran is an Italian racecourse, located in the town of Meran, South Tyrol, used for thoroughbred horse racing. It is one of the leading racecourses in Italy, hosting the annual Grosser Preis von Meran.

1953 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships

1953 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships

The 1953 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Meran, Italy under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 3rd edition.

1971 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships

1971 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships

The 1971 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Meran, Italy under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the second time. It was the 12th edition. The mixed C2 team event was discontinued following the 1969 championships. Meran hosted the championships previously in 1953, tying a record set both by Geneva, Switzerland and by Spittal, Austria.

1983 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships

1983 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships

The 1983 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Meran, Italy under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for a record-tying third time, matching the record set by Spittal, Austria. It was the 18th edition. Meran hosted the event previously in 1953 and 1971. The mixed C2 event was discontinued and the program remained unchanged until the 2009 Championships.

Twin towns and sister cities

The twin towns and sister cities are:

Source: "Merano", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 21st), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merano.

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Further Reading

Innsbruck

South Tyrol

Bolzano

Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

Andreas Hofer

Brixen

Silvius Magnago

Sterzing

South Tyrol Option Agreement

Ignaz Vincenz Zingerle

County of Tyrol

Ettore Tolomei

Südtiroler Pfadfinderschaft

Italianization of South Tyrol

Bolzano/Bozen railway station

Tyrol

South Tyrol wine

Stadttheater Meran
References
  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Merano". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Merano". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  5. ^ Johann Jacob Hofmann, Lexicon Universale (1698), lemma 'Tirolis'
  6. ^ Egon Kühebacher, Die Ortsnamen Südtirols, Vol. 1 (2000), lemma Meran
  7. ^ Sabine Mayr (2017), "The Annihilation of the Jewish Community of Meran", in Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair (ed.), A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015, Oxford, Bern, New York: Peter Lang, pp. 53–75, ISBN 978-3-0343-2240-9
  8. ^ Ralf Hartemink (1996). "Meran – Merano". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  9. ^ Gryffindor (2011). "Image of the coat of arms during the Italian fascist period". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  10. ^ Prünster, Hans (1972). Die Wappen der Gemeinden Südtirols [The coat of arms of the municipalities of South Tyrol]. Etschlandbücher (in German). Vol. 7. Bozen: Landesverband für Heimatpflege in Südtirol.
  11. ^ Gall, Franz (1960). Österreichischer Wappenkalender (in German).
  12. ^ "23200MS-TS-MeranoQuarazze-MeranGratsch.xls". Monatswerte Temperaturen. Landeswetterdienst Südtirol. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  13. ^ "23200MS-PS-MeranoQuarazze-MeranGratsch.xls". Monatswerte Niederschläge. Landeswetterdienst Südtirol. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  14. ^ Hugh Johnson's Pocket Wine Book 2006
  15. ^ "Tann-Rathsamhausen, Ludwig Samson Arthur" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 400.
  16. ^ "Redwitz, Oskar, Freiherr von" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 972.
  17. ^ "Zingerle, Ignaz Vicenz" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 985.
  18. ^ Abrahams, Israel (1911). "Smolenskin, Perez" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). p. 278.
  19. ^ "Slatin, Sir Rudolf Carl von" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
  20. ^ German Wiki, Ferdinand Behrens
  21. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
  22. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
  23. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
  24. ^ Italian Wiki, Arnaldo Di Benedetto
  25. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
  26. ^ National Geographic – Murdering the Impossible, by Caroline AlexanderArchived 2016-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Biography of Judge Cuno Jakob TARFUSSERArchived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
  29. ^ "Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011". Astat Info. Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol (38): 6–7. June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  30. ^ "An Opening Created in 1924 Still Leads to Complex Battles", New York Times , 29 January 2006
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