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Maria Kalesnikava

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Maria Kalesnikava
Марыя Калеснікава
Мария Колесникова
Maria Kalesnikava 2020-08.png
Kalesnikava in 2020
Born (1982-04-24) 24 April 1982 (age 40)
Minsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union
(now Minsk, Belarus)
NationalityBelarusian
Alma materBelarusian State Academy of Music
State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart
Occupation(s)Flutist, political activist, conductor, music teacher
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Aleksandrovna / Alyaksandrauna / Alaksandraŭna and the family name is Kalesnikava.

Maria Kalesnikava[a] (Marya Alyaksandrauna Kalesnikava,[b] Belarusian: Марыя Аляксандраўна Калеснікава, IPA: [maˈrɨja alʲakˈsandrawna kaˈlʲɛsʲnʲikava]; Maria Aleksandrovna Kolesnikova, Russian: Мария Александровна Колесникова, IPA: [mɐˈrʲijə ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvnə kɐˈlʲesʲnʲɪkəvə]; born 24 April 1982) is a Belarusian professional flautist and political activist. In 2020, she headed Viktor Babariko’s electoral campaign during presidential elections of 2020 in Belarus.[1] Kalesnikava represented the united campaign of Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, then she became a member of the presidium of the Coordination Council formed during the 2020 Belarusian protests in opposition to the regime of Alexander Lukashenko.[2] She is also a founder of the ‘Razam’ political party.

Kolesnikova was kidnapped by unidentified law enforcement officers on September 7, 2020. Early in the morning of September 8, 2020, she was by force taken to the Ukraine country border. Kolesnikova was intimidated and pressured to leave the country, but while being on neutral ground she got off the car from the rear window, tore her local passport to pieces and went back on foot. On Belarusian territory she was arrested immediately. On the next day, Maxim Znak, Kolesnikova’s attorney, was also detained.

On 11 September 2020, Amnesty International recognized Kalesnikava as a prisoner of conscience.[3] She was awarded the International Women of Courage Award in 2021.[4]

On 6 September 2021, Kalesnikava was sentenced to 11 years in a penal colony for her political activity.[5][6]

Discover more about Maria Kalesnikava related topics

Belarusian language

Belarusian language

Belarusian is an East Slavic language. It is the native language of the Belarusians and one of the two official state languages in Belarus, alongside Russian. Additionally, it is spoken in some parts of Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, and Ukraine by Belarusian minorities in those countries.

Viktar Babaryka

Viktar Babaryka

Viktar Dzmitryevich Babaryka is a Belarusian banker, philanthropist, public and opposition political figure who intended to become a candidate in the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. He is considered a political prisoner after having his candidacy rejected, followed by being detained by the Belarusian government over charges of "illegal [financial] activities" that are considered to be politically motivated.

2020 Belarusian presidential election

2020 Belarusian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Belarus on Sunday, 9 August 2020. Early voting began on 4 August and ran until 8 August.

Coordination Council (Belarus)

Coordination Council (Belarus)

The Coordination Council for the Transfer of Power is a non-governmental body created by presidential candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya to facilitate a democratic transfer of power in Belarus. The Council, founded during the 2020 Belarusian protests in response to the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election, has 64 core members with a 7-member leadership presidium.

Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko is a Belarusian politician who has been the first and only president of Belarus since the establishment of the office on 20 July 1994, making him the longest-sitting European president.

Razam (Belarusian political party)

Razam (Belarusian political party)

Razam is a Belarusian political party founded by Viktar Babaryka and Maria Kalesnikava on 14 June 2020. According to the party leaders, Razam is independent of the work of the Coordination Council, a Belarusian non-governmental body created by presidential candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya to facilitate a democratic transfer of power as the result of the 2020 Belarusian presidential election.

Amnesty International

Amnesty International

Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world. The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments." The organization has played a notable role on human rights issues due to its frequent citation in media and by world leaders.

International Women of Courage Award

International Women of Courage Award

The International Women of Courage Award, also referred to as the U.S. Secretary of State's International Women of Courage Award, is an American award presented annually by the United States Department of State to women around the world who have shown leadership, courage, resourcefulness, and willingness to sacrifice for others, especially in promoting women's rights.

Early life and musical career

Kalesnikava was born on 24 April 1982 in Minsk to a family of engineers. She has one sibling, a sister named Tatiana Khomich.[7] According to Tatiana, their parents were deeply fond of music. They inspired interest in it in their daughters and in a certain way influenced Maria’s choice of profession.[8][9] Maria studied in a music school, then graduated from the Belarusian State Academy of Music as a flutist and conductor.[10][11]

At the age of 17, Kalesnikava started teaching the flute at a private gymnasium school in Minsk. She also played the flute at the National Academic Concert Orchestra of the Republic of Belarus under the direction of Mikhail Finberg.[7][12] She played on tours across Italy, Poland, and Lithuania.[11]

At the age of 25, she moved to Germany and enrolled to the State University of Music and Performing Arts in Stuttgart. She got two master's degrees, one in Early Music, and another in Neue Musik in 2012.[13][14][11]

In the 2010s, Kalesnikava performed at concerts and was actively involved in organizing international cultural projects in Belarus and Germany,[15][16] for instance, she was one of the creators of ‘Eclat’ music festival.[17] Her other projects included ‘Music and the Holocaust’, school programm ‘Orchestra of Robots’, and a series of lectures under the title "Music Lessons for Adults".[18][19]

In 2017, Maria participated in one of the first TEDxNiamiha conferences in Belarus.[8] She took part in creation of the ‘Artemp’ art community that hosted contemporary art events.[20] In the same year, she became the art director of the ‘OK16’ culture centre in Minsk.[11][8]

Discover more about Early life and musical career related topics

Minsk

Minsk

Minsk is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk District (raion). As of January 2021, its population was 2 million, making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe. Minsk is one of the administrative capitals of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

Belarusian State Academy of Music

Belarusian State Academy of Music

The Belarusian State Academy of Music is the primary music and higher education institution and research center of musicology, folklore, aesthetics, music pedagogy in Belarus, based in Minsk.

Flute

Flute

The flute is a family of classical music instrument in the woodwind group. Like all woodwinds, flutes are aerophones, meaning they make sound by vibrating a column of air. However, unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is a reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening. According to the instrument classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-blown aerophones. A musician who plays the flute is called a flautist or flutist.

State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart

State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart

The State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart is a professional school for musicians and performing artists in Stuttgart, Germany. Founded in 1857, it is one of the oldest schools of its kind in Germany.

Stuttgart

Stuttgart

Stuttgart is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgarter Kessel and lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. Stuttgart has a population of 635,911, making it the sixth largest city in Germany. 2.8 million people live in the city's administrative region and 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany. The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living; innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities in its Innovation Cities Index; and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status global city in their 2020 survey. Stuttgart was one of the host cities for the official tournaments of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups.

Neue Musik

Neue Musik

Neue Musik is the collective term for a wealth of different currents in composed Western art music from around 1910 to the present. Its focus is on compositions of 20th century music. It is characterised in particular by – sometimes radical – expansions of tonal, harmonic, melodic and rhythmic means and forms. It is characterised by the search for new sounds, new forms or new combinations of old styles, which is partly a continuation of existing traditions, partly a deliberate break with tradition and appears either as progress or as renewal.

Political activity

Main articles: 2020 Belarusian presidential election and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests
Kalesnikava campaigning for Tsikhanouskaya in Babruysk on 25 July 2020

In May 2020, Kalesnikava became the head of Viktar Babaryka's presidential campaign, who was Alexander Lukashenko’s greatest independent competitor at the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. When Babaryka was refused registration and detained,[21][22][23] on 16 July 2020, Kalesnikova and representatives of two other independent candidates’ campaigns — Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya (wife of Sergei Tikhanovsky) and Veronika Tsepkalo (wife of Valery Tsepkalo) — announced creation of triple alliance.[24][25][26] Tsikhanouskaya became their mutual candidate, she gained wide support across the country.[27] When Lukashenko declared himself a winner with 80,1% of votes,[28] the opposition refused to acknowledge the results and accused Lukashenko of massive falsifications.[29][30] USA, Great Britain, Canada and 8 EU countries refused to acknowledge the election’s results as legitimate.[31] The street protests and meetings emerged across the country, demanding re-election and Lukashenko’s dismissal.,[32] brutally put down by law enforcement[33][34][35]

Kalesnikava in her interviews always emphasized that she wasn’t any kind of ‘protest leader’ and never took part in the meetings' organization. In that time Belarusian opposition pursued the idea that all citizens were protest leaders and everyone was responsible for his country’s future.[36][37] She visited protest meetings as a private person, via mass media she asked both citizens and law enforcement to preserve peace.[38][39][40]

On 18 August 2020, Kalesnikava joined the 7-member presidium of Coordination Council.[41][42] On 19 August, she was selected as one of the main board members.[43][44][45]

By mid-August Tikhanovskaya and Tsepkalo were forced by authorities to leave the country.[46][47] Meanwhile, Kolesnikova stated to the media that she by no means would leave Belarus because she felt it was deeply personal not to flee while her colleagues and friends were jailed under unlawful charges.[8][48]

On 31 August 2020, Kalesnikova announced the start of a new political party ‘Razam’ that she intended to make a democratic tool to protect human rights in the country.[49][50]

Discover more about Political activity related topics

2020 Belarusian presidential election

2020 Belarusian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Belarus on Sunday, 9 August 2020. Early voting began on 4 August and ran until 8 August.

2020–2021 Belarusian protests

2020–2021 Belarusian protests

The 2020–2021 Belarusian protests were a series of mass political demonstrations and protests against the Belarusian government and President Alexander Lukashenko. The largest anti-government protests in the history of Belarus, the demonstrations began in the lead-up to and during the 2020 presidential election, in which Lukashenko sought his sixth term in office. In response to the demonstrations, a number of relatively small pro-government rallies were held.

Babruysk

Babruysk

Babruysk or Bobruisk is a city in Mogilev Region, eastern Belarus, situated on the Berezina River. As of 2022, its population was 209,675. Babruysk occupies an area of 66 square kilometres (25 sq mi), and comprises over 450 streets whose combined length stretches for over 430 km (267 mi).

Viktar Babaryka

Viktar Babaryka

Viktar Dzmitryevich Babaryka is a Belarusian banker, philanthropist, public and opposition political figure who intended to become a candidate in the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. He is considered a political prisoner after having his candidacy rejected, followed by being detained by the Belarusian government over charges of "illegal [financial] activities" that are considered to be politically motivated.

Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko is a Belarusian politician who has been the first and only president of Belarus since the establishment of the office on 20 July 1994, making him the longest-sitting European president.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Sviatlana Heorhiyeuna Tsikhanouskaya is a Belarusian political activist. She stood for election in the 2020 Belarusian presidential election as the main opposition candidate after her husband, Sergei Tikhanovsky, the previous candidate, was arrested in Hrodna by Belarusian authorities. Since August 2020, she has conducted her opposition activity in exile from Poland then Lithuania. Tsikhanouskaya is wanted by the state of Belarus for conspiracy to seize state power, the creation of an extremist formation, and public calls for the seizure of power, and in March 2023 was sentenced in-absentia to a 15-year jail term.

Sergei Tikhanovsky

Sergei Tikhanovsky

Sergei Leonidovich Tikhanovsky or Siarhiej Leanidavič Tsikhanoŭski is a Belarusian YouTuber, video blogger, dissident and pro-democracy activist. He is considered by Amnesty International to be a prisoner of conscience. He is known primarily for his activism against the government of Belarus's long-serving president, Alexander Lukashenko. In May 2020, he announced his intention of running for the 2020 presidential election, but he was arrested two days after the announcement, and his wife Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya then ran in place of him as the main rival to Lukashenko in the contested election.

Veronika Tsepkalo

Veronika Tsepkalo

Veranica Tsapkala or Veronica Tsepkalo is a Belarusian political activist.

Valery Tsepkalo

Valery Tsepkalo

Valery Tsepkalo or Valery Tsapkala is a Belarusian politician, diplomat, executive, and entrepreneur. He holds a Doctorate degree in International Law.

Coordination Council (Belarus)

Coordination Council (Belarus)

The Coordination Council for the Transfer of Power is a non-governmental body created by presidential candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya to facilitate a democratic transfer of power in Belarus. The Council, founded during the 2020 Belarusian protests in response to the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election, has 64 core members with a 7-member leadership presidium.

Razam (Belarusian political party)

Razam (Belarusian political party)

Razam is a Belarusian political party founded by Viktar Babaryka and Maria Kalesnikava on 14 June 2020. According to the party leaders, Razam is independent of the work of the Coordination Council, a Belarusian non-governmental body created by presidential candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya to facilitate a democratic transfer of power as the result of the 2020 Belarusian presidential election.

Arrest and repressions

On 7 September 2020, Belarusian media published the news that Kalesnikava was kidnapped in the center of Minsk. Her friends and colleagues could not reach her by phone. Later, witnesses stated that a woman was forcibly put into a black minivan by some unknown men in civilian clothes with covered faces.[51] In the morning of September 8, 2020, the news was published that the authorities tried to deport Maria against her will, she was taken to the Alexandrovka border crossing with Ukraine. Later, Ukrainian Deputy Interior Minister Anton Gerashchenko wrote on his Facebook page, “This was not a voluntary departure. This was a forced deportation from his native country".[52] The State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus reported that at 4 a.m. she left Belarus together with Ivan Kravtsov and Anton Rodnenkov passed the border control and headed towards Ukraine.[53] State-controlled TV-channels put around the story that Kalesnikava was detained at the border cross when trying to leave the country and move to her sister in Ukraine.[54] In fact, as confirmed by the witnesses Rodnenkov and Kravtsov, in the neutral zone Kalesnikava managed to escape through the rear window of the car where she was kept, tore her passport to pieces, then headed back to Belarusian border.[55][56][57][58] There she was immediately arrested.[52] Following these news, Bundestag vice-chairman Klaudia Roth promised to patronage Kalesnikava and help her via Libereco organization.[59]

On 9 September 2020, Kalesnikava’s colleague in Coordination Council, lawyer Maxim Znak was also arrested.[60] On the same day, Kalesnikava's father, Alexander Kolesnikov, was notified by the police that she had been jailed at a detention centre in Minsk.[61][62][63][64] Through her lawyers, Maria appealed to the State Investigative Committee with the complaint that KGB and GUBOPiK officers threatened to kill her, they put a sack on her head and promised ‘to deport her whether in one piece or in many pieces’.[65][66] Deputy Head of Department of Home Affairs Gennadiy Kazakevich personally told Kalesnikava that She will be in prison without teeth for 25 years to sew clothes for the security forces.[67]

On 10 September 2020, twelve organizations, including the Viasna Human Rights Centre, the Belarusian Association of Journalists, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee, the Belarusian PEN Center, released a joint statement naming Kalesnikava as a political prisoner.[68][69] On 11 September 2020, Amnesty International recognized Kalesnikava as a prisoner of conscience.[70]

On 20 August, Alexander Konyuk, the Prosecutor General of Belarus, initiated criminal proceedings against the members of the Coordination Council under Article 361 of the Belarusian Criminal Code, on the grounds of attempting to seize state power and harming national security.[71][72]

On 12 September, Kalesnikava was transferred from Minsk to prison № 8 in Zhodino.[73] On 16 September, the Investigative Committee of Belarus charged Kalesnikava with "actions aimed at undermining Belarusian national security" using the media and the Internet.[74]

On 10 October 2020, Kalesnikava's attorney Aliaksandar Pylchanka announced that Lukashenko requested a meeting with her to discuss changes to the Constitution, to which she refused in an expression of solidarity with other imprisoned dissidents.[75] On 8 November 2020, the press office of the Babaryka campaign announced that investigators had extended Kalesnikava's detention until 8 January 2021.[76]

On 6 January 2021, the Coordination Council announced that investigators had extended Kalesnikava's pre-trial detention until 8 March.[77][78] She was transferred back to Minsk.[79] In the end of the month, on January 27, the Investigative Committee refused to open a criminal case against law enforcement officers who threatened to kill her.[66]

On 12 February, Kalesnikava and Maxim Znak were charged with "conspiracy to seize state power in an unconstitutional manner" and "establishing and leading an extremist organization".[80] Her attorney Liudmila Kazak was stripped of her license to practice law on 19 February by the Belarus Ministry of Justice.[81] On 9 March 2021, Viktar Babaryko's social media reported that Kalesnikava's pre-trial detention had been extended through 8 May.[82] Her attorney Illia Salei is under house arrest through 16 April.[83] Final charges in May 2021 included three articles of the State Criminal Code.[84][85][86] The defence refused all accusations and demanded to drop all charges due to absence of the event of a crime.[87] The investigation and the trial were held behind closed doors, the accused were prohibited to study the case files.[88][89]

For a year, in detention, Kalesnikava was denied visitors and couldn’t meet her father.[90] According to Tatiana Kalesnikava, Maria wrote more than 150 letters per month while jailed, while no more than 20 were received by the addressees. The correspondences sent to her were heavily censored, as Kalesnikava received no more than 5% of letters written to her. She also was prohibited from getting a flute. A year without practice could forever ruin her mastery as a musician.[89]

Sentence

Starting 4 August 2021, after almost 11 months in custody, Kalesnikava and Maxim Znak stood trial behind closed doors in the Minsk Regional Court. The prosecutor demanded 12 years in prison for both of them. Maria pleaded non guilty and called any charges against herself and Znak 'absurd'. Throughout the investigation and trial, the details of the charges were not publicly disclosed. The attorneys of Kalesnikava and Znak were under a nondisclosure agreement.[91][92][93] Though the authorities promised to make the proceedings public, in fact the courtroom was filled with some strangers, foreign ambassadors who wanted to support Kalesnikava and Znak weren’t allowed inside.[94]

On 6 September 2021, Kalesnikava was sentenced to 11 years in prison.[95] She is serving her sentence in penal colony no. 4 (Russian: ИК №4) in Gomel.[96] Both she and Znak refused to request for pardon because they believed they were innocent. They planned to appeal to a higher court.[97]

In a written interview, Kalesnikava told the media that in jail she was offered many times to make a movie ‘Protasevich-like’ with confessions and to admit guilt for her actions.[98] In her first interview after the sentence, given by phone to BBC journalist Sara Rainsford, Kolesnikova complained that in prison ‘everyone smokes everywhere’, and the prolonged passive smoking will forever ruin her chances to come back as a professional flutist. However, she says she regrets nothing and believes that the protests of 2020 were the beginning of a new era in the country.[99][100] According to Kalesnikava, triumph of democracy in Belarus is only a matter of time.[101]

On 29 November 2022, Kalesnikava was hospitalized in critical condition. As stated by Babariko’s press service, she was put in a punitive isolation cell no later than November 22.[102] In Homel hospital she was diagnosed with perforated ulcer and had urgent surgery. As mentioned by Maria’s sister, she never had any problems with GI tract before prison. In isolation cell she was denied visits of her lawyer, had faints and hypertension. Only in hospital she was allowed a 10-minutes visit of her father, with three law enforcement officers present.[103] On 9 December 2022, one of Kalesnikava’s lawyers Vladimir Pulchenko was disbarred.[103]

Reactions to Kalesnikava arrest

Human rights activists and international community condemn Kalesnikava’s sentence, the case is unanimously considered to be fabricated.[104][105] The sentence is repressive and made as Lukashenko’s political revenge.[106][107]

  • European Union The European Commission condemned the 7 September arrest, describing it as unacceptable.[108]
  • Germany Germany demanded clarity on Kalesnikava's whereabouts and called for the release of all political prisoners in Belarus.[109]
  • Lithuania Lithuania called Kalesnikava's abduction a disgrace, comparing it to something that Stalin-era secret police would have done, and demanded her immediate release.[110]
  • Poland Poland denounced Kalesnikava's abduction as contemptible and called on immediate release of all political prisoners in Belarus.[111][112]
  • United Kingdom The United Kingdom expressed serious concern for Kalesnikava's welfare and said that her release must be given the highest priority.[113]
  • United States The United States expressed concern about the attempt to expel Kalesnikava by the Belarusian authorities.[114]
  • Amnesty International recognized Kalesnikava as a prisoner of conscience and demanded her immediate release.[115]
  • Kosovo Kosovo's speaker of the Assembly, Vjosa Osmani, along with 9 other members of the parliament, signed a letter demanding the immediate release of Kalesnikava.[116][117]

Discover more about Arrest and repressions related topics

Anton Gerashchenko

Anton Gerashchenko

Anton Yuriyovych Gerashchenko is a current official advisor and a former deputy minister at the Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs. He is a former member of the Ukrainian parliament (2014–2019) and was the subject of an assassination attempt in part because of his actions.

Ivan Kravtsov

Ivan Kravtsov

Ivan Yevgenyevich Kravtsov is a political activist, architect, manager, executive secretary of the Coordination Council of the Belarusian Opposition, member of the organising committee of the party "Razam" and the team of presidential candidate in 2020 Belarusian elections Viktar Babaryka.

GUBOPiK

GUBOPiK

The Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime and Corruption of the MVD of the Republic of Belarus, is a state security service of Belarus accused of numerous acts of political repression, violence and torture of political opponents of the regime of Alexander Lukashenko.

Belarusian Association of Journalists

Belarusian Association of Journalists

The Belarusian Association of Journalists (BAJ) is a Belarusian professional association of journalists from independent media, created in 1995 to protect freedom of speech, freedom of information, promote the professional standards of journalism, conduct monitoring of Belarusian press, and offer legal support to all media workers.

Belarusian Helsinki Committee

Belarusian Helsinki Committee

The Belarusian Helsinki Committee is a non-governmental human rights organization established in 1995 and in 2007 was the sole remaining independent human rights group in Belarus, apart from Viasna Human Rights Centre. Its goal is protection of human rights in Belarus in accordance with the Helsinki Accords.

Amnesty International

Amnesty International

Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world. The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments." The organization has played a notable role on human rights issues due to its frequent citation in media and by world leaders.

Criminal Code of Belarus

Criminal Code of Belarus

The Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus contains the fundamental laws to announce what is considered illegal to perform inside Belarus. Passed in 1999, several of these laws were carried over from laws passed in 1960 as the Byelorussian SSR. In the 1999 edition, the Criminal code contains passages of crimes that can be issued capital punishment upon sentencing.

Prison Number 8

Prison Number 8

Prison № 8 Belarusian: Папраўчая ўстанова «Турма № 8» is a prison in Zhodzina, Belarus founded in May 1984. It has become known as a place of imprisonment for many political prisoners since 2020, after the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests.

Investigative Committee of Belarus

Investigative Committee of Belarus

The Investigative Committee of Belarus is a preliminary inquiry body that reports to the President of Belarus.

Maxim Znak

Maxim Znak

Maxim Aliaksandravič Znak is a Belarusian lawyer and politician, part of Viktar Babaryka's team, lawyer of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, and a member of the presidium of the Coordination Council formed during the 2020–21 Belarusian protests in opposition to the rule of Alexander Lukashenko. Along with fellow opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova, Znak actively participated in the demonstrations and protests against the Lukashenko government after Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya had left the country. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the Belarusian authorities.

Illia Salei

Illia Salei

Illia Salei is a Belarusian lawyer and political figure, member of Viktar Babaryka's team and presidential campaign office at time of the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. Attorney of presidential candidates Viktar Babaryka and Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, as well as an opposition leader and a member of the presidium of the Coordination Council of Belarus Maria Kolesnikova. Recognized as a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International.

Gomel

Gomel

Gomel or Homiel is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and the second-largest city in Belarus with 526,872 inhabitants.

Awards

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Sakharov Prize

Sakharov Prize

The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, commonly known as the Sakharov Prize, is an honorary award for individuals or groups who have dedicated their lives to the defence of human rights and freedom of thought. Named after Russian scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov, the prize was established in December 1988 by the European Parliament.

International Women's Day

International Women's Day

International Women's Day (IWD) is a global holiday celebrated annually on March 8 as a focal point in the women's rights movement, bringing attention to issues such as gender equality, reproductive rights, and violence and abuse against women. Spurred on by the universal female suffrage movement, IWD originated from labor movements in North America and Europe during the early 20th century.

International Women of Courage Award

International Women of Courage Award

The International Women of Courage Award, also referred to as the U.S. Secretary of State's International Women of Courage Award, is an American award presented annually by the United States Department of State to women around the world who have shown leadership, courage, resourcefulness, and willingness to sacrifice for others, especially in promoting women's rights.

Antony Blinken

Antony Blinken

Antony John Blinken is an American government official and diplomat serving since January 26, 2021 as the 71st United States secretary of state. He previously served as deputy national security advisor from 2013 to 2015 and deputy secretary of state from 2015 to 2017 under President Barack Obama.

COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019. Attempts to contain it there failed, allowing the virus to spread to other areas of Asia and later worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 10 March 2023, the pandemic had caused more than 676 million cases and 6.88 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.

Jill Biden

Jill Biden

Jill Tracy Biden is an American educator and the current first lady of the United States since 2021, as the wife of President Joe Biden. She was the second lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017 when her husband was vice president. Since 2009, Biden has been a professor of English at Northern Virginia Community College, and is thought to be the first wife of a vice president or president to hold a paying job during her husband's tenure.

Stuttgart Peace Prize

Stuttgart Peace Prize

The Stuttgart Peace Prize is an annual award of 5000 Euros made by the non governmental organization Die AnStifter to people or projects involved "in a special way for peace, justice and world solidarity".

Gerhart Baum

Gerhart Baum

Gerhart Rudolf Baum is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and a lawyer.

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) is the parliamentary arm of the Council of Europe, a 46-nation international organisation dedicated to upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law.

Esslingen am Neckar

Esslingen am Neckar

Esslingen am Neckar is a town in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest town in the district. Within Baden-Württemberg it is the 11th largest city.

Stig Dagerman Prize

Stig Dagerman Prize

The Stig Dagerman Prize is a Swedish award given since 1996 by the Stig Dagerman Society and Älvkarleby municipality. It is named in honor of Swedish author Stig Dagerman. The award is given to a person who, or an organization that, in the spirit of Stig Dagerman, supports the significance and availability of the "free word", promoting inter-cultural understanding and empathy. It was inspired by Dagerman's poem En dag om året that sets forth a vision of peace for humanity by imagining one day each year when the world is free from violence.

Charlemagne Prize

Charlemagne Prize

The Charlemagne Prize is a prize awarded for work done in the service of European unification. It has been awarded since 1950 by the German city of Aachen. It commemorates Charlemagne, ruler of the Frankish Empire and founder of what became the Holy Roman Empire, who resided and is buried in Aachen. Traditionally the award is given to the recipient on Ascension Day in a ceremony in the Aachen Town Hall. In April 2008, the organisers of the Charlemagne Prize and the European Parliament jointly created a new European Charlemagne Youth Prize, which recognises contributions by young people towards the process of European integration. Patrons of the foundation are King Philippe of Belgium, King Felipe VI of Spain, and Henri, the Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Source: "Maria Kalesnikava", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 14th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava.

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Further Reading

Valery Tsepkalo

Nikolai Lukashenko

2020 Belarusian presidential election

COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus

Viktar Babaryka

2020–2021 Belarusian protests

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Coordination Council (Belarus)

Maxim Znak

Nina Baginskaya

2022 Belarusian constitutional referendum

Belneftekhim

Roman Protasevich

Nexta

Ivan Kravtsov

Illia Salei

Sasha Filipenko
Notes
  1. ^ This is the name she chose to be identified with. Note that the first name (Maria) is Russian, and the surname (Kalesnikava) is Belarusian. It is unknown whether she prefers the Russian patronymic (Aleksandrovna) or one of the two Belarusian patronymics (Alyaksandrauna and Alaksandraŭna).
  2. ^ Also Maryja Alaksandraŭna Kalesnikava in the Belarusian Latin alphabet.
References
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  4. ^ "2021 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced". US Department of State. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
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  8. ^ a b c d "Женщина в оркестре. Как Мария Колесникова стала лидером белорусского протеста" [Woman from Orchestra: How Maria Kalesnikava Became Leader of Belarusian Protests] (in Russian). BBC. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  9. ^ ""Маша – крепкий орешек, и всегда была такой". Сестра Марии Колесниковой рассказывает о ее семье, характере и взглядах" [“Maria is a Tough Nut, She Always Was”: Tatiana Kalesnikava on Her Family, Character and Opinions] (in Russian). “Nastoyashee Vremya”. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
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  31. ^ "Госдепартамент США заявил о непризнании Лукашенко законным президентом" [US State Department Refuses to Acknowledge Lukashenko as Elected President] (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
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  45. ^ "В президиум белорусской оппозиции вошли нобелевский лауреат и экс-министр" [Ex-Minister and Nobel Prize Winner to Join Coordination Council Main Board] (in Russian). RBC. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  46. ^ "Представитель Тихановской заявила, что ее вывезли из страны власти Белоруссии" [Tikhanovskaya’s Representative Claims She Was Forced to Leave by Authorities] (in Russian). Interfax. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  47. ^ "Год с начала протестов в Белоруссии. Что стало с противниками Лукашенко" [Year Since Protests: What Happened to Lukashenko’s Opponents?] (in Russian). RBC. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
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  96. ^ ""She's alive, she's lost weight and doesn't yet have much strength": Maria Kalesnikava's father visits her in prison". The Insider. 5 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
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