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Málaga

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Málaga
Municipality
Top: Malagueta Bullring Stadium, Night view of Málaga Port, Statue of Cenachero, Patio de los Naranjos (inside the Alcazaba of Málaga), Second: Alcazaba of Málaga, Third: La Concepción Botanical Garden (Jardín Botánico de La Concepción), Calle Marqués de Larios, Málaga Cathedral, Fourth: Cervantes Theater (Teatro de Cervantes), Atarazanas Market (Mercado de Atarazanas), Panoramic view of Málaga Bay, from Sierra de Mijas, Bottom: Málaga Pompidou Center Centro Pompidou de Málaga, La Caleta Beach (Playa de la Caleta), Málaga Picasso Museum (all items left to right)
Top: Malagueta Bullring Stadium, Night view of Málaga Port, Statue of Cenachero, Patio de los Naranjos (inside the Alcazaba of Málaga), Second: Alcazaba of Málaga, Third: La Concepción Botanical Garden (Jardín Botánico de La Concepción), Calle Marqués de Larios, Málaga Cathedral, Fourth: Cervantes Theater (Teatro de Cervantes), Atarazanas Market (Mercado de Atarazanas), Panoramic view of Málaga Bay, from Sierra de Mijas, Bottom: Málaga Pompidou Center Centro Pompidou de Málaga, La Caleta Beach (Playa de la Caleta), Málaga Picasso Museum (all items left to right)
Flag of Málaga
Flag
Coat of arms of Málaga
Coat of arms
Málaga is located in Spain
Málaga
Málaga
Location in Spain
Málaga is located in Andalusia
Málaga
Málaga
Location in Andalusia
Málaga is located in Province of Málaga
Málaga
Málaga
Location in Province of Málaga
Coordinates: 36°43′10″N 4°25′12″W / 36.71944°N 4.42000°W / 36.71944; -4.42000Coordinates: 36°43′10″N 4°25′12″W / 36.71944°N 4.42000°W / 36.71944; -4.42000
CountrySpain
Autonomous communityAndalusia
ProvinceMálaga
Founded8th century BC[1]
Government
 • TypeAyuntamiento
 • BodyCity Council of Málaga
 • MayorFrancisco de la Torre Prados (PP)
Area
 • Municipality398 km2 (154 sq mi)
 • Urban
827 km2 (319 sq mi)
Elevation
11 m (36 ft)
Population
 (2018)[3]
 • Municipality571,026
 • Rank6th
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
 • Urban
967,250[2]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
29001-29018
Calling code+34 (Spain) 95 (Málaga)
Websitewww.malaga.eu
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
For other uses, see Malaga (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Malacca.

Málaga (/ˈmæləɡə/ (listen) MAL-ə-gə, Spanish: [ˈmalaɣa]) is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. With a population of 578,460 in 2020,[4] it is the second-most populous city in Andalusia and the sixth most populous in the country. It lies in Southern Iberia on the Costa del Sol ("Coast of the Sun") of the Mediterranean, primarily in the left bank of the Guadalhorce. The urban core originally developed in the space in between the Gibralfaro Hill and the Guadalmedina.

Málaga's history spans about 2,800 years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe. According to most scholars, it was founded about 770 BC by the Phoenicians from Tyre as Malaka.[5] From the 6th century BC the city was under the hegemony of Ancient Carthage, and from 218 BC, it was under Roman rule, economically prospering owing to garum production.[6] In the 8th century, after a period of Visigothic and Byzantine rule, it was placed under Islamic rule. In 1487, the Crown of Castile gained control in the midst of the Granada War. In the 19th century, the city underwent a period of industrialisation (in which the local Bourgeoisie thrived), followed by a decay in all socioeconomic parametres in the last third of the century.[7]

The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. Málaga has consolidated as tech hub, with companies mainly concentrated in the Málaga TechPark (Technology Park of Andalusia).[8] It hosts the headquarters of the region's largest bank, Unicaja, and it is the fourth-ranking city in Spain in terms of economic activity behind Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia.[9] Regarding transportation, Málaga is served by the Málaga–Costa del Sol Airport and the Port of Málaga, whereas the city is connected to the high-speed railway network since 2007.

Discover more about Málaga related topics

Autonomous communities of Spain

Autonomous communities of Spain

In Spain, an autonomous community is the first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish Constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain.

Andalusia

Andalusia

Andalusia is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a "historical nationality". The territory is divided into eight provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga, and Seville. Its capital city is Seville. The seat of the High Court of Justice of Andalusia is located in the city of Granada.

Costa del Sol

Costa del Sol

The Costa del Sol is a region in the south of Spain in the autonomous community of Andalusia, comprising the coastal towns and communities along the coastline of the Province of Málaga and the eastern part of Campo de Gibraltar in Cádiz. Formerly made up only of a series of small fishing settlements, today the region is a world-renowned tourist destination. The Costa del Sol is situated between two lesser known coastal regions, the Costa de la Luz and the Costa Tropical.

Gibralfaro

Gibralfaro

Mount Gibralfaro is a hill located in Málaga in southeast Spain. It is a 130 m high foothill of the Montes de Málaga, part of the Cordillera Penibética.

Ancient Carthage

Ancient Carthage

Carthage was a settlement in what is now known as modern Tunisia that later became a city-state and then an empire. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC, Carthage reached its height in the fourth century BC as one of the largest metropolises in the world and the centre of the Carthaginian Empire, a major power in the ancient world that dominated the western Mediterranean. Following the Punic Wars, Carthage was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC, who later rebuilt the city lavishly.

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, Ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.

Garum

Garum

Garum is a fermented fish sauce that was used as a condiment in the cuisines of Phoenicia, ancient Greece, Rome, Carthage and later Byzantium. Liquamen is a similar preparation, and at times they were synonymous. Although garum enjoyed its greatest popularity in the Western Mediterranean and the Roman world, it was earlier used by the Greeks.

Crown of Castile

Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees by Philip V in 1715.

Granada War

Granada War

The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1491 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.

Andalusia Technology Park

Andalusia Technology Park

The Andalusia Technology Park in Málaga is a science park.

Economy of Spain

Economy of Spain

The economy of Spain is a highly developed social market economy. It is the world's sixteenth-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest in Europe. Spain is a member of the European Union and the eurozone, as well as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization. In 2021, Spain was the twentieth-largest exporter in the world and the sixteenth-largest importer. Spain is listed 27th in the United Nations Human Development Index and 37th in GDP per capita by the World Bank. According to The Economist in 2005, Spain had the world's 10th highest quality of life. Some of the main areas of economic activity are the automotive industry, medical technology, chemicals, shipbuilding, tourism, and the textile industry.

Barcelona

Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits, its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people, making it the fifth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid, and Milan. It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range.

History

Main article: History of Málaga
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Málaga.
Clay amphora from the Cerro del Villar site, near the mouth of the Guadalhorce (6th century BC).
Clay amphora from the Cerro del Villar site, near the mouth of the Guadalhorce (6th century BC).

Phoenicians from Tyre founded a colony named Málaka (Greek: Μάλακα)[10] or Malake[11] about 770 BC (Punic: 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀, MLKʾ).[11] The town controlled access to the Guadalmedina and served as a waypoint on trade routes between Phoenicia and the Strait of Gibraltar. Like other Phoenician colonies, it fell under Carthaginian rule during the 6th or 5th century BC. The Phoenician and Later Roman urban core developed around an area running from the Gibralfaro Hill to the mouth of the Malaca flumen (Guadalmedina).[12]

After the Punic Wars, the Roman Republic took control of the town known to them as Malaca. By the 1st century BC, Strabo alluded to its Phoenician profile, in contrast to the hellenized characteristics of the neighbouring settlement of Mainake.[13]

Transformed into a confederated city, it was under a special law, the Lex Flavia Malacitana. A Roman theatre was built at this time.[14] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was ruled first by the Visigoths. The city was taken circa 552 by the Byzantine Empire;[15] either Malaca or Carthago Nova possibly then becoming the capital of the province of Spania.[16] The Byzantines restored and expanded the docks, thus consolidating the fishing and trading tradition the city already enjoyed.[16] The city was retaken by the Visigoth King Sisebuto in 615.[17] The Islamic conquest of Málaga (rendered as مالقة—Mālaqah—in Arab sources) by Syrian Jund and Berber forces took place in 711 or perhaps 713.[18] Following a period of diminished importance during the early stages of the emiral period already in force since before the conquest, Málaga was fully islamised by the end of the aforementioned period in the wake of Muhammad I's attributed intervention in the urban configuration as a medina.[19]

A 19th-century reconstruction of Islamic Malaqah
A 19th-century reconstruction of Islamic Malaqah

The consolidation of the city's importance after 930 (under the Caliphate of Córdoba) ran parallel to the diminishing fortune of Archidona, the latter of which Málaga replaced as the capital of the corresponding kura of Rayya.[20][21] The early 10th-century chronicle of Aḥmad al-Rāzī mentions the vineyards of Málaga, extolling the unparalleled quality of its raisins.[22] In the 11th century, following the unravelling of Umayyad authority across the caliphate, Málaga became a centre of power of the Hammudids, who established a petty kingdom (nominally also a caliphate) in the city, the taifa of Málaga, complemented by the also Hammudid sister dominion in Ceuta across the Strait of Gibraltar.[23] The city was seized away from the Hammudids by the Granadan Zirids in 1056 or 1057, and also underwent an ephemeral spell under the Sevillian Abbadids by 1066 before returning back to the former.[24] By the late 11th century, the Zirids lost the city to the North-African Almoravids.[24]

See also: Taifa of Málaga

The traveller Ibn Battuta, who passed through around 1325, characterised it as "one of the largest and most beautiful towns of Andalusia [uniting] the conveniences of both sea and land, and... abundantly supplied with foodstuffs and fruits". He praised its grapes, figs, and almonds; "its ruby-coloured Murcian pomegranates have no equal in the world." Another exported product was its "excellent gilded pottery". The town's mosque was large and beautiful, with "exceptionally tall orange trees" in its courtyard.[25]

Ceramic plate from Málaga (14th century)
Ceramic plate from Málaga (14th century)

After the formation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the 13th century, Málaga became a part of it.[26] The export-oriented harbour traded silk fabrics, dry nuts (raisins, almonds and the famous Raiya figs, reportedly exported to as far as China), vine, cutlery, leather and the famous regional lustreware.[26]

In the 15th century, Málaga was the main Nasrid port (followed by Almería),[27] featuring a notable presence of Genoese merchants.[28] It played a role both as stopover of the Atlantic international trade (as part of the routes connecting the Central Mediterranean to the North Atlantic) and as regional trading cog of the Kingdom of Granada.[29] By the last rales of Nasrid rule, the city had a population of about 15,000.[30]

Málaga was seized by Christian forces on 18 August 1487,[31] after a 3-month 11 days siege,[32] in what it was the most violent episode of the Granada War. The Muslim inhabitants resisted assaults and artillery bombardments before hunger forced them to surrender; practically the entire remaining population (around 11,000 people) became war captives and were sold into slavery in other Andalusian cities as well as Valencia and Barcelona.[33][34] Only a minority of around 50 people led by merchant Alí Dordux were allowed to remain in the city.[35]

See also: Siege of Málaga (1487)

The city was swiftly repopulated by Christian settlers coming from different locations of the Iberian Peninsula.[35] Málaga became an exporting centre for Andalusia via the link of the city with Antequera and Córdoba, maintaining its trading character despite the nearly complete replacement of the population.[36] The city did not escape a series of typhus fever outbreaks following its annexation to the Crown of Castile.[37]

Following the death of regent Ferdinand the city rose in revolt in 1516 on the occasion of the installment of a new court controlled by the Admiral of Castile.[38] It was only on 2 December 1530 when Málaga was freed from the influence of the Admiralty for good, confirming the privileges granted in the past by the Catholic Monarchs.[39]

Málaga in 1572: Castle of Gibralfaro (center)
Málaga in 1572: Castle of Gibralfaro (center)

As of 1625, Málaga may have had a population of around 36,000.[40]

On 24 August 1704 the indecisive Battle of Málaga, the largest naval battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, took place in the sea south of Málaga.[41]

The city's economy profited from an early industrialisation in the first third of the 19th century and the population steadily increased until the last years of the century,[42] when the population decreased between 1887 and 1897 due to the economic crisis [es] induced by the Phylloxera grapevine pest.[43] The century saw the accumulation of capital in an enriched bourgeoisie class, that invested in the incipient industrial development.[44]

The municipality of Málaga annexed the coastal town of Torremolinos in 1924.

Republican refugees fleeing Málaga during the Desbandá (8 February 1937).
Republican refugees fleeing Málaga during the Desbandá (8 February 1937).

After the coup of July 1936 the government of the Second Republic retained control of Málaga. Its harbour was a base of the Republican navy at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. It suffered heavy bombing by Italian warships which took part in breaking the Republican navy's blockade of Nationalist-held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga.[45] After the Battle of Málaga and the Francoist takeover in February 1937, over seven thousand people were killed,[46] as they were trying to flee the city through the road to Almería.[a]

See also: Málaga–Almería road massacre

Torremolinos—originally a small coastal town—greatly developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, becoming an international tourist centre.[47] The first gay bar in Spain was opened in Torremolinos in 1962 (and the first lesbian club in 1968),[48] and the place acquired a lively LGBT life, to the point of being described as "the most 'cosmopolitan' and gay-friendly place in all of Spain".[49] Nearly a decade after, in 1971, a policial crackdown seeking to curb "offences against public morality and decency" largely put an end to the appeal of the place, only regaining its status as hub of LGBT leisure and tourism after the death of the dictator.[48]

Torremolinos became independent from the municipality of Málaga in September 1988.[50]

Discover more about History related topics

History of Málaga

History of Málaga

The history of Málaga, shaped by the city's location in southern Spain on the western shore of the Mediterranean Sea, spans about 2,800 years, making it one of the oldest cities in the world. The first inhabitants to settle the site may have been the Bastetani, an ancient Iberian tribe. The Phoenicians founded their colony of Malaka about 770 BC. From the 6th century BC, it was under the hegemony of Carthage in present-day Tunisia. From 218 BC, Malaca was ruled by the Roman Republic; it was federated with the Roman Empire at the end of the 1st century during the reign of Domitian. Thereafter it was governed under its own municipal code, the Lex Flavia Malacitana, which granted free-born persons the privileges of Roman citizenship.

Cerro del Villar

Cerro del Villar

Cerro del Villar, located in the mouth of Guadalhorce river, southern Spain, was a Phoenician city founded in the ninth century BC or eighth century BC. It was abandoned possibly in 584 BC. Since 2003, there have not been any archeological excavations. Previous excavations were directed by María Eugenia Aubet.

Guadalhorce

Guadalhorce

The Guadalhorce is the principal river of the Province of Málaga in southern Spain.

Greek language

Greek language

Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Italy, southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet, which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems.

Punic language

Punic language

The Punic language, also called Phoenicio-Punic or Carthaginian, is an extinct variety of the Phoenician language, a Canaanite language of the Northwest Semitic branch of the Semitic languages. An offshoot of the Phoenician language of coastal West Asia, it was principally spoken on the Mediterranean coast of Northwest Africa, and the Iberian peninsula and several Mediterranean islands such as Malta, Sicily and Sardinia by the Punic people, or western Phoenicians, throughout classical antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 6th century AD.

Phoenicia

Phoenicia

Phoenicia was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon and coastal Syria. The territory of the Phoenicians extended and shrank throughout history, with the core of their culture stretching from Tripoli in northern Lebanon to Mount Carmel in modern Israel. Beyond their homeland, the Phoenicians extended throughout the Mediterranean, from Cyprus to the Iberian Peninsula.

Gibralfaro

Gibralfaro

Mount Gibralfaro is a hill located in Málaga in southeast Spain. It is a 130 m high foothill of the Montes de Málaga, part of the Cordillera Penibética.

Guadalmedina

Guadalmedina

The Guadalmedina is a river that runs through the city of Málaga, Spain. Historically, it has played an important role in the city's history, and has divided the city into two halves. The city's historic center is on its left bank.

Punic Wars

Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146 BC fought between Rome and Carthage. Three conflicts between these states took place on both land and sea across the western Mediterranean region and involved a total of forty-three years of warfare. The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241 BC. Each war involved immense materiel and human losses on both sides.

Roman Republic

Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire, Rome's control rapidly expanded during this period—from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

Strabo

Strabo

Strabo was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

Mainake (Greek settlement)

Mainake (Greek settlement)

Mainake, Menace was an ancient Greek settlement lying in the southeast of Spain, according to the Greek geographer and historian Strabo (3,4,2) and Pausanias of Damascus. Pausanias adds that it was a colony of the Greek city of Massalia. Maria Eugenia Aubet locates it at the site of modern Málaga. The first colonial settlement in the area, dating from the late 8th century BC, was made by seafaring Phoenicians from Tyre, Lebanon, on an islet in the estuary of the Guadalhorce River at Cerro del Villar.

Geography

Location

Satellite view centered on Málaga
Satellite view centered on Málaga

Málaga is located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) on the northern side of the Alboran Sea (the westernmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea). It lies about 100 kilometres (62 miles) east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 kilometres (81 miles) east of Tarifa (the southernmost point of continental Europe) and about 130 km (81 miles) to the north of Africa.

The Montes de Málaga mountain range (part of the Penibaetic System) is located in the northeast of the municipality. The highest point in the range (and in the municipality) is the Pico Reina, rising up to 1,031 m (3,383 ft) above sea level.[51]

The city centre is located around the mouth of the Guadalmedina and close to the Guadalhorce's mouth (where the airport is located). The Totalán Creek constitutes the eastern boundary of Málaga with the municipality of Rincón de la Victoria.[52]

The Gibralfaro is a 130 m (427 ft) high foothill from which the Gibralfaro Castle [es] and the Alcazaba fortress overlook the city.[53]

Climate

Málaga's climate is subtropical-Mediterranean[54] (Köppen climate classification: Csa)[55] with very mild winters, during which most of the year's rainfall occurs, and hot summers with very little rainfall. Summer to mid-autumn tends to be fairly humid, due to the evaporation of warm water off the adjacent Mediterranean Sea being blown on shore by a sea breeze. This humidity is most pronounced at this time of year as the sea water is at its warmest in relation to the rest of the year and during this summer, to mid-autumn period, the apparent temperature often feels higher than the actual temperature would suggest, especially when the wind is light. When the wind is stronger, this effect is lessened somewhat, and the heat feels more manageable.[56] Málaga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 40–45 with precipitation annually.

Málaga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000. The average maximum temperature during the day in the period from December to February is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). During the winter, the Málaga Mountains (Montes de Málaga) block the passage of cold winds from the north.[56] Its average annual temperature is 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) during the day and 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from 14 to 20 °C (57 to 68 °F) during the day, 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F). In the warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from 26 to 34 °C (79 to 93 °F) during the day, above 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 23 °C (73 °F).[57]

Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) on 18 July 1978. In August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record 34.8 °C (94.6 °F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was −3.8 °C (25.2 °F) on 4 February 1954.[58] The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July 1980, measuring 119 km/h (73.94 mph). Snowfall is virtually unknown; since the beginning of the 20th century, Málaga city has only recorded snow on one day, on 2 February 1954.[59]

Annual average relative humidity is 65%, ranging from 58% in June to 72% in December.[60] Yearly sunshine hours average between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine per day in July.[60][61][62]

At Málaga Airport weather station, annual wind speeds average from 14 km/h (8.70 mph) in December, January and February, to 10 km/h (6.21 mph) in September and October. Atmospheric pressure averages from 1015 mbar in July and August to 1023 mbar in January. Visibility averages either 11 or 12 km in all months.[63] The strongest gust of wind recorded at this station was 130 km/h (80.78 mph) on 27 January 1948 at 02:30.[64]

Climate data for Málaga Airport (AGP), Churriana (1981–2010), Extremes (1942-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		41.0
(105.8) 		44.2
(111.6) 		44.0
(111.2) 		40.0
(104.0) 		36.3
(97.3) 		30.4
(86.7) 		24.6
(76.3) 		44.2
(111.6)
Average high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.8
(87.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		23.3
(73.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.3
(61.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.5
(65.3)
Average low °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 		8.2
(46.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.3
(52.3) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.7
(56.7)
Record low °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−3.8
(25.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69
(2.7) 		60
(2.4) 		52
(2.0) 		44
(1.7) 		20
(0.8) 		6
(0.2) 		0
(0) 		6
(0.2) 		20
(0.8) 		57
(2.2) 		101
(4.0) 		100
(3.9) 		534
(21.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 5 4 5 3 1 0 1 2 4 6 7 42
Average relative humidity (%) 69 68 67 63 59 58 58 61 65 70 71 72 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 181 180 222 244 292 329 347 316 255 215 172 160 2,905
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[65][60][66]
Climate data for Málaga
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 15.9
(60.7) 		15.6
(60.0) 		15.6
(60.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		18.4
(65.2) 		21.0
(69.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		21.9
(71.3) 		20.5
(68.8) 		18.1
(64.5) 		16.5
(61.8) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 12.2
Average Ultraviolet index 2 4 5 7 8 10 10 9 7 5 3 2 6
Source: Weather Atlas [67]

Subdivisions

Málaga is divided into 11 municipal districts.[68]

Nº District Nº District Location
1 Centro 7 Carretera de Cádiz Distritos Málaga.svg
2 Este 8 Churriana
3 Ciudad Jardín 9 Campanillas
4 Bailén-Miraflores 10 Puerto de la Torre
5 Palma-Palmilla 11 Teatinos-Universidad
6 Cruz de Humilladero

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Iberian Peninsula

Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. It is divided between Peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprising most of the region, as well as Andorra, Gibraltar, and a small part of Southern France. With an area of approximately 583,254 square kilometres (225,196 sq mi), and a population of roughly 53 million, it is the second-largest European peninsula by area, after the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Costa del Sol

Costa del Sol

The Costa del Sol is a region in the south of Spain in the autonomous community of Andalusia, comprising the coastal towns and communities along the coastline of the Province of Málaga and the eastern part of Campo de Gibraltar in Cádiz. Formerly made up only of a series of small fishing settlements, today the region is a world-renowned tourist destination. The Costa del Sol is situated between two lesser known coastal regions, the Costa de la Luz and the Costa Tropical.

Alboran Sea

Alboran Sea

The Alboran Sea is the westernmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between the Iberian Peninsula and the north of Africa. The Strait of Gibraltar, which lies at the west end of the Alboran Sea, connects the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean.

Mediterranean Sea

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant in Western Asia. The Mediterranean has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.

Montes de Málaga

Montes de Málaga

Montes de Málaga is a mountain range of the Penibaetic System in Málaga Province, Andalusia, Spain. Its highest point is the 1,030 m high Cresta de la Reina peak. Other notable peaks are San Antón, Coronado, Monte Victoria and Gibralfaro.

Penibaetic System

Penibaetic System

The Penibaetic System is the southernmost of the three systems of mountain ranges of the Baetic System in the southern Iberian Peninsula. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, 3,478 m high Mulhacén in the Sierra Nevada.

Guadalmedina

Guadalmedina

The Guadalmedina is a river that runs through the city of Málaga, Spain. Historically, it has played an important role in the city's history, and has divided the city into two halves. The city's historic center is on its left bank.

Guadalhorce

Guadalhorce

The Guadalhorce is the principal river of the Province of Málaga in southern Spain.

Gibralfaro

Gibralfaro

Mount Gibralfaro is a hill located in Málaga in southeast Spain. It is a 130 m high foothill of the Montes de Málaga, part of the Cordillera Penibética.

Mediterranean climate

Mediterranean climate

A Mediterranean climate, also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen as Cs, is a climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes, characterized by warm to hot, dry summers and mild, fairly wet winters; these weather conditions are typically experienced in the majority of Mediterranean-climate regions and countries, but remain highly dependent on proximity to the ocean, altitude and geographical location.

Köppen climate classification

Köppen climate classification

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, German climatologist Rudolf Geiger (1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.

Apparent temperature

Apparent temperature

Apparent temperature, also known as feels like, is the temperature equivalent perceived by humans, caused by the combined effects of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The measure is most commonly applied to the perceived outdoor temperature. Apparent temperature was invented by Robert Steadman who published a paper about it in 1984. However, it also applies to indoor temperatures, especially saunas, and when houses and workplaces are not sufficiently heated or cooled.The heat index and humidex measure the effect of humidity on the perception of temperatures above +27 °C (81 °F). In humid conditions, the air feels much hotter, because less perspiration evaporates from the skin. The wind chill factor measures the effect of wind speed on cooling of the human body below 10 °C (50 °F). As airflow increases over the skin, more heat will be removed. Standard models and conditions are used. The wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) combines the effects of radiation, humidity, temperature and wind speed on the perception of temperature. It is not often used, since its measurement requires the use of a globe thermometer exposed to the sun, which is not included in standard meteorological equipment used in official weather conditions reporting. It also does not have an explicit relationship with the perceived temperature a person feels; when used for practical purposes, the WBGT is linked to a category system to estimate the threat of heat-related illness.

Main sights

View of the old Alcazaba of MálagaThe Cathedral of the IncarnationThe Concepción viewpointThe historic Anglican Cemetery of St. George is the oldest non-Roman Catholic Christian cemetery established on mainland Spain (in 1831).
View of the old Alcazaba of Málaga
View of the old Alcazaba of MálagaThe Cathedral of the IncarnationThe Concepción viewpointThe historic Anglican Cemetery of St. George is the oldest non-Roman Catholic Christian cemetery established on mainland Spain (in 1831).
The Cathedral of the Incarnation
View of the old Alcazaba of MálagaThe Cathedral of the IncarnationThe Concepción viewpointThe historic Anglican Cemetery of St. George is the oldest non-Roman Catholic Christian cemetery established on mainland Spain (in 1831).
The Concepción viewpoint
View of the old Alcazaba of MálagaThe Cathedral of the IncarnationThe Concepción viewpointThe historic Anglican Cemetery of St. George is the oldest non-Roman Catholic Christian cemetery established on mainland Spain (in 1831).
The historic Anglican Cemetery of St. George is the oldest non-Roman Catholic Christian cemetery established on mainland Spain (in 1831).

The old historic centre of Málaga reaches the harbour to the south. In the north it is surrounded by mountains, the Montes de Málaga (part of the Baetic Cordillera) lying in the southern base of the Axarquía hills, and two rivers, the Guadalmedina – the historic center is located on its left bank – and the Guadalhorce, which flows west of the city into the Mediterranean, in the Churriana district.

The oldest architectural remains in the city are the walls of the Phoenician city, which are visible in the cellar of the Museo Picasso Málaga.

The Roman theatre of Málaga, which dates from the 1st century BC, was rediscovered in 1951.[69]

The Moors left posterity the dominating presence of the Castle of Gibralfaro, which is connected to the Alcazaba, the lower fortress and royal residence. Both were built during the Taifa period (11th century) and extended during the Nasrid period (13th and 14th centuries). The Alcazaba stands on a hill within the city. Originally, it defended the city from the incursions of pirates. Later, in the 11th century, it was completely rebuilt by the Hammudid dynasty.[70] Occupying the eastern hillside that rises from the sea and overlooks the city, the Alcazaba was surrounded by palms and pine trees.

Like many of the military fortifications that were constructed in Islamic Spain, the Alcazaba of Málaga featured a quadrangular plan. It was protected by an outer and inner wall, both supported by rectangular towers, between which a covered walkway led up the slope to the Gibralfaro (this was the only exchange between the two sites). Due to its rough and awkward hillside topography, corridors throughout the site provided a means of communications for administrative and defensive operations, also affording privacy to the palatial residential quarters.

The entrance of the complex featured a grand tower that led into a sophisticated double bent entrance. After passing through several gates, open yards with beautiful gardens of pine and eucalyptus trees, and the inner wall through the Puerta de Granada, one finds the 11th- and 14th-century Governor's palace. It was organised around a central rectangular courtyard with a triple-arched gateway and some of the rooms have been preserved to this day. An open 11th-century mirador (belvedere) to the south of this area affords views of the gardens and sea below. Measuring 2.5 square metres (27 square feet), this small structure highlighted scalloped, five-lobed arches. To the north of this area were a waterwheel and a Cyclopean well (penetrating forty metres or 130 feet below ground), a hammam, workshops and the monumental Puerta de la Torre del Homenaje, the northernmost point of the inner walls. Directly beyond was the passage to the Gibralfaro above.

The Church of Santiago (Saint James) is an example of Gothic vernacular Mudéjar, the hybrid style that evolved after the Reconquista incorporating elements from both Christian and Islamic tradition. Also from the period is the Iglesia del Sagrario, which was built on the site of the old mosque immediately after the city fell to Christian troops. It boasts a richly ornamented portal in the Isabeline-Gothic style, unique in the city.[71]

The Cathedral and the Episcopal Palace were planned with Renaissance architectural ideals but there was a shortfall of building funds and they were finished in Baroque style.

The Basílica y Real Santuario de Santa María de la Victoria, built in the late 17th century, has a chapel in which the vertical volume is filled with elaborate Baroque plasterwork.[72]

Other sights include:[73]

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Málaga Cathedral

Málaga Cathedral

The Cathedral of Málaga is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Málaga in Andalusia in southern Spain. It is in the Renaissance architectural tradition. The cathedral is located within the limits defined by a now missing portion of the medieval Moorish walls, the remains of which surround the nearby Alcazaba and the Castle of Gibralfaro. It was constructed between 1528 and 1782, following the plans drawn by Diego de Siloe; its interior is also in Renaissance style.

English Cemetery, Málaga

English Cemetery, Málaga

The English Cemetery in Málaga, or Anglican Cemetery, or Cemetery of St George, is the oldest non-Roman Catholic Christian cemetery established on mainland Spain.

Montes de Málaga

Montes de Málaga

Montes de Málaga is a mountain range of the Penibaetic System in Málaga Province, Andalusia, Spain. Its highest point is the 1,030 m high Cresta de la Reina peak. Other notable peaks are San Antón, Coronado, Monte Victoria and Gibralfaro.

Guadalmedina

Guadalmedina

The Guadalmedina is a river that runs through the city of Málaga, Spain. Historically, it has played an important role in the city's history, and has divided the city into two halves. The city's historic center is on its left bank.

Guadalhorce

Guadalhorce

The Guadalhorce is the principal river of the Province of Málaga in southern Spain.

Museo Picasso Málaga

Museo Picasso Málaga

The Museo Picasso Málaga is a museum in Málaga, Andalusia, Spain, the city where artist Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born. It opened in 2003 in the Buenavista Palace, and has 285 works donated by members of Picasso's family. In 2009, the Fundación Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso that owned the collection merged with the Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga that operated the museum, which is based in the home on Málaga's Plaza de la Merced that was Picasso's birthplace, and is now the Museo Casa Natal. The new merged foundation is the "Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga. Legado Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso".

Gibralfaro

Gibralfaro

Mount Gibralfaro is a hill located in Málaga in southeast Spain. It is a 130 m high foothill of the Montes de Málaga, part of the Cordillera Penibética.

Alcazaba of Málaga

Alcazaba of Málaga

The Alcazaba is a palatial fortification in Málaga, Spain, built during the period of Muslim-ruled Al-Andalus. The current complex was begun in the 11th century and was modified or rebuilt multiple times up to the 14th century. It is one of the best-preserved alcazabas in Spain. The Alcazaba is also connected by a walled corridor to the higher Castle of Gibralfaro, and adjacent to the entrance of the Alcazaba are remnants of a Roman theatre dating to the 1st century AD.

Nasrid dynasty

Nasrid dynasty

The Nasrid dynasty was the last Muslim dynasty in the Iberian Peninsula, ruling the Emirate of Granada from 1230 until 1492. Its members claimed to be of Arab origin. Twenty-three emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1230 by Muhammad I until 2 January 1492, when Muhammad XII surrendered all lands to Queen Isabella I of Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrid dynasty is part of the Alhambra palace complex built under their rule.

Hammudid dynasty

Hammudid dynasty

The Hammudid dynasty were an Arab dynasty of Idrisid origin in al-Andalus during the Taifa period (1016-1057). they ruled over Málaga and Ceuta and extended their domain to Algeciras. The first three members of the dynasty took the title of caliph in Córdoba, competing with the last Umayyads. The dynasty disappeared after the absorption of its territory by the Zirids of Granada (1057). They are most notable for being the only known Shi'a dynasty to emerge in al-Andalus.

Mudéjar

Mudéjar

Mudéjar refers to the group of Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period despite the Christian reconquest. It is also a term for Mudejar art, which was much influenced by Islamic art, but produced typically by Christian craftsmen for Christian patrons.

Plaza de toros de La Malagueta

Plaza de toros de La Malagueta

La Malagueta is a bullring at Málaga, Andalucía, Spain. It is located in the eastern district of Málaga, in its namesake neighbourhood of La Malagueta.

Demographics

As of 2018, the population of Málaga is 571,026, accounting for 527,463 Spanish nationals and 43,563 foreign citizens.[79]

The number of resident foreign nationals has risen significantly in Málaga since the 1970s. [80] As of 2020, Málaga has a foreign population of 50,080.[78]

Metropolitan area
Population density map of the Province of Málaga.
Population density map of the Province of Málaga.

The urban area, stretching mostly along a narrow strip of coastline, has a population of 1,066,532 on 827.33 square kilometres (319.43 sq mi) (density 1,289 inhabitants/km2 – 2012 data). It is formed by Málaga proper together with the following adjacent towns and municipalities: Rincón de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Alhaurín de la Torre, Mijas, Marbella and San Pedro Alcántara. The Málaga metropolitan area includes additional municipalities located mostly in the mountains area north of the coast and also some on the coast: Cártama, Pizarra, Coín, Monda, Ojén, Alhaurín el Grande and Estepona on west; Casabermeja on north; Totalán, Algarrobo, Torrox and Vélez-Málaga eastward from Málaga; centered Málaga urban area (Málaga, Rincón de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Marbella, Mijas) and Alhaurín de la Torre.

Together about 1.3 million (max. 1.6 million) people live in the Málaga metropolitan area and the number grows every year as all the municipalities and cities of the area record an annual increase in population.

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Benalmádena

Benalmádena

Benalmádena is a town in Andalusia in southern Spain, 12 km west of Málaga, on the Costa del Sol between Torremolinos and Fuengirola.

Fuengirola

Fuengirola

Fuengirola, in ancient times known as Suel and then Suhayl, is a large town and municipality on the Costa del Sol in the province of Málaga in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. It is located on the central coast of the province and integrated into the region of the Costa del Sol and the Commonwealth of Municipalities of the Costa del Sol Occidental.

Alhaurín de la Torre

Alhaurín de la Torre

Alhaurín de la Torre is a town in the province of Málaga, Andalusia, in southern Spain. The town is part of Málaga Metropolitan Area and of the comarca of Valle del Guadalhorce. It sits at the entrance to the Guadalhorce valley on the slopes of the Sierra de Mijas mountains, some 17 km from Málaga.

Mijas

Mijas

Mijas is a municipality in the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Located on the southeastern coast of Spain, Mijas belongs to the region of Costa del Sol Occidental. Its center is a typical Andalusian white-washed village, Mijas Pueblo, located on a mountainside about 430 metres or 1,476 feet above sea level, in the heart of the Costa del Sol region.

Marbella

Marbella

Marbella is a city and municipality in southern Spain, belonging to the province of Málaga in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is part of the Costa del Sol and is the headquarters of the Association of Municipalities of the region; it is also the head of the judicial district that bears its name.

Cártama

Cártama

Cártama is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia, southern Spain. The municipality is situated approximately 17 km (11 mi) from Málaga. It is one of the most extensive towns in the province, covering c. 150 km2 (58 sq mi). Cártama has a population of approximately 15,000 residents.

Coín

Coín

Coín is a town and municipality in the Province of Málaga, Spain, c. 33 km west of the provincial capital, Málaga, and about 30 km north of Marbella. The town has an official population of 22,000 inhabitants.

Monda

Monda

Monda is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. It is located near Sierra Blanca and Sierra de las Nieves in the comarca of Sierra de las Nieves. The municipality is situated approximately 44 kilometres from the provincial capital of Málaga and 10 from Coín. Monda has an altitude of 427 metres. It has a population of approximately 2,000 residents. The natives are called Mondeños.

Alhaurín el Grande

Alhaurín el Grande

Alhaurín el Grande is a town located in the province of Málaga in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain.

Estepona

Estepona

Estepona is a town and municipality in the comarca of the Costa del Sol, southern Spain. It is located in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. Its district covers an area of 137 square kilometers in a fertile valley crossed by small streams and a mountainous areas dominated by the Sierra Bermeja, which reaches an elevation of 1,449 m at the peak of Los Reales.

Casabermeja

Casabermeja

Casabermeja is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. The municipality is situated approximately 20 kilometres from the provincial capital, the city of Malaga.

Algarrobo, Spain

Algarrobo, Spain

Algarrobo is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. The municipality is situated in the coastal area of La Axarquía, 32 kilometers from the city of Málaga. It is bordered on the north by the municipality of Arenas and Sayalonga, to the east and west by Vélez-Málaga and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea. It is situated at an altitude of 86 meters. The main center for the population is Algarrobo, a town of Arab architecture situated 3.5 kilometers from the coast. Other towns in the municipality are Algarrobo Costa, Mezquitilla and Trayamar.

Politics and administration

Málaga City Hall
Málaga City Hall

Málaga is a municipality, the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 31 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor. The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. The current mayor is Francisco de la Torre (People's Party), who has won several mandates since becoming mayor in 2000.[81] The city hall is located at the Casona del Parque [es], a Neo-Baroque building inaugurated in 1919.[82]

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Málaga City Hall

Málaga City Hall

Málaga City Hall, also known as La Casona del Parque, is the seat of the city council of Málaga, Spain.

Municipalities of Spain

Municipalities of Spain

The municipality is the basic local administrative division in Spain together with the province.

Ayuntamiento (Spain)

Ayuntamiento (Spain)

An Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the government and administration of the municipalities in Spain not bound to the regime of concejo abierto.

Alcalde

Alcalde

Alcalde is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate, who had both judicial and administrative functions. An alcalde was, in the absence of a corregidor, the presiding officer of the Castilian cabildo and judge of first instance of a town. Alcaldes were elected annually, without the right to reelection for two or three years, by the regidores of the municipal council. The office of the alcalde was signified by a staff of office, which they were to take with them when doing their business. A woman who holds the office is termed an Alcaldesa.

Francisco de la Torre (politician)

Francisco de la Torre (politician)

Francisco de la Torre Prados is a Spanish People's Party (PP) politician who has been the mayor of Málaga since 2000. He has also been president of the Provincial Deputation of Málaga (1971–1975), a member of the Congress of Deputies (1977–1982) and Senate (2011–2014).

People's Party (Spain)

People's Party (Spain)

The People's Party is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party in Spain.

Baroque Revival architecture

Baroque Revival architecture

The Baroque Revival, also known as Neo-Baroque, was an architectural style of the late 19th century. The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculptures which display important aspects of Baroque style, but are not of the original Baroque period. Elements of the Baroque architectural tradition were an essential part of the curriculum of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, the pre-eminent school of architecture in the second half of the 19th century, and are integral to the Beaux-Arts architecture it engendered both in France and abroad. An ebullient sense of European imperialism encouraged an official architecture to reflect it in Britain and France, and in Germany and Italy the Baroque Revival expressed pride in the new power of the unified state.

Economy

Trade Fair and Congress in Málaga (Palacio de Ferias y Congresos de Málaga)
Trade Fair and Congress in Málaga (Palacio de Ferias y Congresos de Málaga)

Málaga is the fourth-ranking city in economic activity in Spain behind Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia.[9]

See also: Economy of Spain
Aerial view of the Andalusia Technology Park.
Aerial view of the Andalusia Technology Park.

The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. The Andalusia Technology Park (PTA) (In Spanish, "Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía"), located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its inauguration in 1992 by the King of Spain. In 2018, this high-tech, science and industrial park employs over 16,774 workers, according to its own numbers.[83]

In line with the city's strategic plan, the campaign "Málaga: Open for Business" is directed towards the international promotion of the city on all levels but fundamentally on a business level. The campaign places a special emphasis on new technologies as well as innovation and research in order to promote the city as a reference and focal point for many global business initiatives and projects.[84]

Málaga is a city of commerce and tourism has been a growing source of revenue, driven by the presence of a major airport, the improvement of communications, and new infrastructure such as the AVE and the maritime station, and new cultural facilities such as the Picasso Museum, the Contemporary Art Centre and Trade Fair and Congress, which have drawn more tourists.[85]

The city hosts the International Association of Science and Technology Parks (IASP) (Asociación Internacional de Parques Tecnológicos), and a group of IT company executives and business leaders has launched an information sector initiative, Málaga Valley e-27, which seeks to make Málaga the Silicon Valley of Europe. Málaga has had strong growth in new technology industries, mainly located in the Technological Park of Andalusia, and in the construction sector. The city is home to the largest bank in Andalusia, Unicaja, and such local companies as Mayoral, Charanga, Sando, Vera, Ubago, Isofoton, Tedial, Novasoft, Grupo Vértice and Almeida viajes, and other multinationals such as Fujitsu Spain, Pernod Ricard Spain, Accenture, Epcos, Oracle Corporation, Huawei and San Miguel.[86] In February 2021, Google decided to install a centre of excellence in cybersecurity in the city, slated for a 2023 opening.[87] Also in 2021, Vodafone chose Málaga for the installment of a research, development and innovation centre.[88]

Distribution by sector industrial enterprises:[89]
Industrial sector Companies
Energy and water 24
Chemical and mining 231
Mechanical engineering industry 833
Manufacturing 1,485
Total 2,573
Industrial activity index 771
Construction-related companies 3,143

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Economy of Spain

Economy of Spain

The economy of Spain is a highly developed social market economy. It is the world's sixteenth-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest in Europe. Spain is a member of the European Union and the eurozone, as well as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization. In 2021, Spain was the twentieth-largest exporter in the world and the sixteenth-largest importer. Spain is listed 27th in the United Nations Human Development Index and 37th in GDP per capita by the World Bank. According to The Economist in 2005, Spain had the world's 10th highest quality of life. Some of the main areas of economic activity are the automotive industry, medical technology, chemicals, shipbuilding, tourism, and the textile industry.

Madrid

Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU. The municipality covers 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi) geographical area.

Barcelona

Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits, its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people, making it the fifth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid, and Milan. It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range.

Andalusia Technology Park

Andalusia Technology Park

The Andalusia Technology Park in Málaga is a science park.

Logistics

Logistics

Logistics is a part of supply chain management that deals with the efficient forward and reverse flow of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption according to the needs of customers. Logistics management is a component that holds the supply chain together. The resources managed in logistics may include tangible goods such as materials, equipment, and supplies, as well as food and other consumable items.

Fujitsu

Fujitsu

Fujitsu Limited is a Japanese multinational information and communications technology equipment and services corporation, established in 1935 and headquartered in Tokyo. Fujitsu is the world's sixth-largest IT services provider by annual revenue, and the largest in Japan, in 2021. The hardware offerings from Fujitsu are mainly of personal and enterprise computing products, including x86, SPARC and mainframe compatible server products, although the corporation and its subsidiaries also offer a diversity of products and services in the areas of data storage, telecommunications, advanced microelectronics, and air conditioning. It has approximately 126,400 employees and its products and services are available in approximately 180 countries.

Pernod Ricard

Pernod Ricard

Pernod Ricard is a French company best known for its anise-flavoured pastis apéritifs Pernod Anise and Ricard Pastis. The world’s second-largest wine and spirits seller, it also produces several other types of pastis.

Accenture

Accenture

Accenture plc is an Irish-American professional services company based in Dublin, specializing in information technology (IT) services and consulting. A Fortune Global 500 company, it reported revenues of $61.6 billion in 2022. Accenture's current clients include 91 of the Fortune Global 100 and more than three-quarters of the Fortune Global 500. As of 2022, Accenture is considered the largest consulting firm in the world by number of employees.

Oracle Corporation

Oracle Corporation

Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Austin, Texas. In 2020, Oracle was the third-largest software company in the world by revenue and market capitalization. The company sells database software and technology, cloud engineered systems, and enterprise software products, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, human capital management (HCM) software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, enterprise performance management (EPM) software, and supply chain management (SCM) software.

Huawei

Huawei

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. is a Chinese multinational technology corporation headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, that designs, develops, manufactures and sells telecommunications equipment, consumer electronics, smart devices and various rooftop solar power products.

Mahou-San Miguel Group

Mahou-San Miguel Group

Mahou San Miguel is a Spanish brewing company, founded in Madrid in 1890 under the name of Hijos de Casimiro Mahou, fábrica de hielo y cerveza.

Google

Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and consumer electronics. It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" and one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the area of artificial intelligence. Its parent company Alphabet is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.

Culture

Feasts and festivals

Holy Week
Main article: Holy Week in Málaga
Nazarenos during the 2016 Holy week in Málaga.
Nazarenos during the 2016 Holy week in Málaga.

Holy Week has been observed for five centuries in Málaga.[90] Processions start on Palm Sunday and continue until Easter Sunday. Images depicting scenes from the Passion are displayed on huge ornate tronos (floats or thrones), some weighing more than 5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds). Famous is the royal archbrotherhood of Our-Lady of Hope Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza. They have more than 5,000 members and 600 nazarenos [es]. These tronos highlight the processions that go through the streets led by penitents dressed in long robes, with capirote, followed by women in black carrying candles. Drums and trumpets play music and occasionally someone spontaneously sings a mournful saeta dedicated to the floats as they make their way slowly round the streets. Some Holy Week tronos are so huge that they must be housed in places outside the churches, as they are taller than the entrance doors. Famous is the military procession of "la legion" (Royal congregation of Mena) playing marches and singing their anthem (El Novio de la Muerte) during procession.

Feria de Agosto
Main article: Feria de Agosto
Children during the Feria de Agosto.
Children during the Feria de Agosto.

During the celebration of the Feria de Málaga in August, the streets are transformed into traditional symbols of Spanish culture and history, with sweet wine, tapas, and live flamenco shows. The day events consist of dancing, live music (such as flamenco or verdiales, traditional music from Málaga) and bullfights at La Malagueta, while the night fair is moved to the Recinto Ferial, consisting of restaurants, clubs, and an entire fair ground with rides and games.[91]

Málaga Film Festival
Main article: Málaga Film Festival

The Málaga Film Festival (Festival de Málaga Cine Español; FMCE), dedicated exclusively to films produced in Spain, is one of the most important film festivals in the country. It is held annually during a week in March or April.

Other

The Fiesta Mayor de Verdiales takes place every year on 28 December during which Spain's April Fools’ Day is celebrated.[92]

The Fiestas de Carnaval, in which people dress in all types of costumes, takes place prior to the holy 40 days of Lent every February. A contest is held in the Teatro Cervantes between groups of singers, quartets and choirs who compete in the singing of ironic songs about social and political issues. The Carnival takes to the streets of Málaga on the week before Ash Wednesday, ending on Malagueta beach with the burial of the anchovy (entierro de la sardina).[92]

Gastronomy

Espetos
Espetos

The cuisine of Málaga and the wider Costa del Sol is known for its espetos, fish[93] (most often sardines) grilled over open fires in the chiringuitos located near the beaches.[94] The espeto has been proposed as a candidate for designation by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.[95]

Religion

Most of the population of Málaga professes Roman Catholicism as its religion, although not many are practising Catholics. Protestants also have a presence in Málaga: one of seven congregations of the Reformed Churches in Spain is based in the city and is the only one that permits paedocommunion, while the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is growing.

Islam is represented by a growing number of immigrants and a mosque, while the Jewish community (primarily Sephardi) is represented by its synagogue and the Jewish Association.

Sports

A Málaga CF vs. Real Madrid C.F. fixture in October 2010 at La RosaledaA Unicaja Málaga vs. Real Madrid fixture in November 2011 at the Martín Carpena
A Málaga CF vs. Real Madrid C.F. fixture in October 2010 at La Rosaleda
A Málaga CF vs. Real Madrid C.F. fixture in October 2010 at La RosaledaA Unicaja Málaga vs. Real Madrid fixture in November 2011 at the Martín Carpena
A Unicaja Málaga vs. Real Madrid fixture in November 2011 at the Martín Carpena

Málaga is home to three major professional sports teams. These include:

The city has four large sports facilities:

In the city, people can engage in many sports, for example: surfing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, swimming, diving, skydiving, paragliding, running, cycling, rowing, tennis and golf.

The city hosted the 21st World Transplant Games from 25 June to 2 July 2017.[96]

Málaga is the 2020 EU Sports Capital.[97]

Tourism

Tourists near the Sagrario Church.
Tourists near the Sagrario Church.

The city is an important tourist destination, known as "the capital of the Costa del Sol". An estimated 6 million tourists visit the city each year.[98] Tourists usually visit the birthplace of Pablo Picasso and the Museo Picasso Málaga, the Carmen Thyssen Museum, the old town or the beaches. The Málaga harbour is also the second busiest cruise port of the Iberian Peninsula.

A popular walk leads up the hill to the Gibralfaro castle (a Parador), offering panoramic views over the city. The castle is next to the Alcazaba, the old Muslim palace, which in turn is next to the inner city of Málaga. Other nearby attractions are the Roman Theatre, the old Jewish quarter, the cathedral, and the Church of Santiago in mudéjar style. A popular walk follows the Paseo del Parque (a promenade that runs alongside a grand park with many palm trees and statues) to the harbour, ending in Calle Larios, the main commercial street of the city. There is also a curious museum, the Museum of the Holy Week, which includes an impressive display of Baroque ecclesiastical items.

Museums

Main article: List of museums in Málaga
Málaga's Centre Pompidou
Málaga's Centre Pompidou

In the early part of the 21st century, the city of Málaga invested heavily (more than 100 million euros in 10 years)[99] in the arts to draw tourists and establish itself as a cultural Andalucia destination with 28 museums.[100] Some notable and recently opened museums include the Museo Municipal de Málaga, the Museo de Málaga (Fine Arts and Archeology museum) at the Palacio de la Aduana, Carmen Thyssen Museum, opened in 2011, located at Palacio de Villalón, the Museo Picasso Málaga (opened in 2003, at the Palacio de los Condes de Buenavista) near the cathedral,[b] the Centre Pompidou Málaga [es] (opened in 2015, located in El Cubo), the Fundación Picasso and Picasso Birthplace Museum, the Colección del Museo Ruso (Collection of the Russian Museum) Saint Petersburg/Málaga, (opened in 2015, located in the Tabacalera building), the Museum Jorge Rando (opened in 2015), the Museo de Artes y Costumbres Populares (Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions), and the Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga (CAC Málaga; opened 2003, near the Alameda train station).

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Holy Week in Málaga

Holy Week in Málaga

Holy Week in Málaga, is the annual commemoration of the Passion of Jesus in Málaga, Spain. It takes place during the last week of Lent, the week immediately before Easter. It is one of the city's main cultural and religious events.

Confraternity

Confraternity

A confraternity is generally a Christian voluntary association of laypeople created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church hierarchy. They are most common among Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans and the Western Orthodox. When a Catholic confraternity has received the authority to aggregate to itself groups erected in other localities, it is called an archconfraternity. Examples include the various confraternities of penitents and the confraternities of the cord, as well as the Confraternity of the Rosary.

Capirote

Capirote

A capirote is a Catholic pointed hat of conical form that is used in Spain and Hispanic countries by members of a confraternity of penitents. It is part of the uniform of such brotherhoods including the Nazarenos and Fariseos during Easter observances and reenactments in some areas during Holy Week in Spain and its former colonies, though similar hoods are common in other Christian countries such as Italy. Capirote are worn by penitents so that attention is not drawn towards themselves as they repent, but instead to God.

Feria de Agosto

Feria de Agosto

The Feria de Agosto or Feria de Málaga takes place every August in the city of Málaga, Andalusia, Spain.

Flamenco

Flamenco

Flamenco, in its strictest sense, is an art form based on the various folkloric music traditions of southern Spain, developed within the gitano subculture of the region of Andalusia, and also having historical presence in Extremadura and Murcia. In a wider sense, the term is used to refer to a variety of both contemporary and traditional musical styles typical of southern Spain. Flamenco is closely associated to the gitanos of the Romani ethnicity who have contributed significantly to its origination and professionalization. However, its style is uniquely Andalusian and flamenco artists have historically included Spaniards of both gitano and non-gitano heritage.

Málaga Film Festival

Málaga Film Festival

The Málaga Film Festival, formerly Málaga Spanish Film Festival (FMCE), is an annual film festival held in Málaga, Spain. The festival was established to promote Spanish cinema and help disseminate information about Spanish films. Since 2017, it features an additional focus on Ibero-American films.

Entierro de la Sardina

Entierro de la Sardina

The "'Burial of the Sardine" since 1851, is an annual Spanish ceremony celebrating the end of carnival and other festivities. The "Burials" generally consist of a carnival parade that parodies a funeral procession and culminates with the burning of a symbolic figure, usually a representation of a sardine. The "Burial of the Sardine” is celebrated on Ash Wednesday and is a symbolical burial of the past to allow society to be reborn, transformed and with new vigour.

Espeto (food)

Espeto (food)

The Espeto is a typical dish from Málaga and the Granada Coast in Southern Spain, and consists of skewering fish, traditionally sardines, on thin and long rods, to roast it over firewood on the beach sand.

Chiringuito

Chiringuito

A Chiringuito is a small enterprise, usually a bar, selling mainly drinks and tapas, and sometimes meals, in a more or less provisional building, often on a beach or loose surface where a more permanent structure may be inviable. There are two main variants:Those found on beaches or at tourist attractions, which enjoy only brief but intense seasonal activity. These can be solid structures but are more often no-frills shelters or simply stalls capable of commanding a price premium compared to regular suppliers, as well as high turnover, yielding reasonable profits over a short span of time. Particularly in Andalucia and increasingly also much of Spain, such installations are a popular feature of markets, fiestas, the so-called 'ferias' like the Seville fair, and eventos, where they are called casetas since they often trade out of standardized prefabricated wooden boxes routinely set up in streets and town squares.

Intangible cultural heritage

Intangible cultural heritage

An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage. Buildings, historic places, monuments, and artifacts are cultural property. Intangible heritage consists of nonphysical intellectual wealth, such as folklore, customs, beliefs, traditions, knowledge, and language. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by member states of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey among States and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.

Protestantism in Spain

Protestantism in Spain

Protestantism has had a very minor impact on Spanish life since the Reformation of the 16th century, owing to the intolerance of the Spanish government towards any non-Catholic religion and the Spanish Inquisition. However, it has become more prevalent in the 20th and 21st centuries thanks to immigration of Pentecostal Christians from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America/Caribbean. Many Romani people also converted to Pentecostalism in the last decades. Ninety-two percent of Spain's 8,131 villages do not have an evangelical Protestant church.

Reformed Churches in Spain

Reformed Churches in Spain

The Reformed Churches in Spain is a confessional Calvinist denomination in Spain.

Education

Bilingual education in schools

Since the launch of the 'Plan de Fomento del Plurilingüismo' in 2005, 169 schools in Málaga have included bilingual education in their programmes.[102] Although English is the most usual second language, many other primary and secondary schools in Málaga offer the choice of French, German, Arabic, Portuguese or Chinese. This first action has been followed by a second project run by the Junta de Andalucia. The so-called "Plan Estratégico de Desarrollo de las Lenguas en Andalucía" intends to provide pupils with a basic level (B1) of at least one foreign language.[103]

Artistic training

Dance, music, drama, visual arts and crafts also have a place in the public education system of Málaga. Some of the most relevant artistic schools are:

  • Escuela de Arte San Telmo: Arts and Crafts, vocational and high-school education.[104]
  • Conservatorio Profesional de Musica Manuel Carra: music, vocational training.[105]
  • Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Málaga: dance, vocational training.[106]
  • Conservatorio Superior de Música de Málaga: Bachelor and Master level.[107]
  • Escuela Superior de Artes Escénicas de Málaga (Bachelor and Master level).[108]

Spanish as a foreign language

Málaga has become one of the leading destinations for Spanish courses. In 2017, 16,692 students visited Málaga to enroll in Spanish courses, 17.6% more than 2016.[109]

Universities in Málaga

See also: University of Málaga
Interior of the Faculty of Education
Interior of the Faculty of Education

The public University of Málaga (UMA) was created in 1972.[110] Earlier in the 20th-century a branch of the University of Granada (a Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences) had been opened in the city in 1963.[110] As of 2012 the UMA had 35,354 students.[111][112]

The campus of the UMA is located in the Western neighbourhood of Teatinos. There are 13 different faculties, namely: Fine Arts, Science, Communication, Education, Health Sciences, Economic and Business Sciences, Business and Management, Law, Social Work and Studies, Humanities, Medicine, Psychology, and Tourism. In addition there are 5 higher technical schools, the Higher Polytechnic School, the Higher Technical School of Architecture, the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineering, the Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering and the Higher Technical School of Computer Engineering.[113]

International schools in Málaga city

Transport

Airport

Main article: Málaga Airport
Málaga Airport
Málaga Airport

The city is served by Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport, one of the first in Spain and the oldest still in operation. In 2008, it handled 12,813,472 passengers,[114] making it the fourth-busiest in Spain. It is the international airport of Andalusia, accounting for 85 percent of its international traffic. The airport, connected to the Costa del Sol, has a daily link with twenty cities in Spain and over a hundred cities in Europe (mainly in the United Kingdom, Central Europe and the Nordic countries but also the main cities of Eastern Europe: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Budapest, Sofia, Warsaw or Bucharest), North Africa, Middle East (Riyadh, Jeddah and Kuwait) and North America (New York City, Toronto and Montreal).

The airport is connected to the city centre and surrounding areas through a transport hub, which includes the bus system and suburban trains[115][116][117] and car parks.

Seaport

Main article: Port of Málaga
Port of Málaga
Port of Málaga

The Port of Málaga is the city's seaport, operating continuously at least since 600 BC. The port is one of the busiest ports on the Mediterranean Sea, with a trade volume of over 428,623 TEU and 642,529 passenger in 2008.[118]

The port has a ferry connection to the Port of Melilla, playing a role in the so-called Operación paso del estrecho [es] ("Operation Pass of the Strait"), the planned seasonal transit of passengers during the summer months from Europe to North-Africa (and back to Europe).[119]

High-speed train

See also: Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line
High speed trains AVE S-112 nicknamed "Pato" ("Duck") in Málaga-Maria Zambrano Station.
High speed trains AVE S-112 nicknamed "Pato" ("Duck") in Málaga-Maria Zambrano Station.

The Málaga María Zambrano railway station is served by the AVE high-speed rail system, and is operated by the state-owned rail company Renfe.

Roads and highways

The A45 road leads north to Antequera and Córdoba. The Autovía A-7 parallels the N-340 road, both leading to Cádiz to the west through the Costa del Sol Occidental and Barcelona to the east through the Costa del Sol Oriental.

Public transportation

Málaga's metro
Málaga's metro
Urban bus

Empresa Malagueña de Transportes[120] buses are the main form of transport around the city.[121] Málaga's bus station is connected with the city by the bus line number 4, although it is only ten minutes' walk to the Alameda from there.

Metropolitan bus

The buses of the Málaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium (Consorcio de Transporte Metropolitano del Área de Málaga)[122] are the main mean of transportation around the city of Málaga and the surrounding municipalities.

Mass transit

The city has two commuter train lines Cercanías departing from the Centro-Alameda station and a light metro system.[123]

Málaga Public Transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Málaga, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 49 min. 6% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 9 min, while 8% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km, while 1% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[124]

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Málaga Airport

Málaga Airport

Málaga Airport, officially Málaga–Costa del Sol Airport since June 2011, is the fourth busiest airport in Spain after Madrid–Barajas, Barcelona and Palma de Mallorca. It is significant for Spanish tourism as the main international airport serving the Costa del Sol. It is 8 km (5.0 mi) southwest of Málaga and 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Torremolinos. The airport has flight connections to over 60 countries worldwide, and over 14.4 million passengers passed through it in 2015. In 2017, 18.6 million passengers passed through Málaga Airport.

List of airports in Spain

List of airports in Spain

This is a list of airports in Spain, sorted by location.

Budapest

Budapest

Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres. Budapest, which is both a city and county, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres and a population of 3,303,786; it is a primate city, constituting 33% of the population of Hungary.

Bucharest

Bucharest

Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania. It is described as the cultural, financial, entertainment, and media center in the country with a significant influence in Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well. It is also a city with a significant influence in terms of education, tourism, research, technology, health care, art, fashion, sports, and politics. It is located in the south-east of Romania, on the banks of the Dâmbovița river, less than 60 km (37.3 mi) north of the Danube River and the border with Bulgaria. It is also one of the most populated cities of the European Union (EU) within city limits and the most populated capital in Southeastern Europe. It was the capital of Wallachia from 1659 to 1859 and the capital of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia from 1859 to 1881.

Jeddah

Jeddah

Jeddah, alternatively transliterated as Jedda, Jiddah or Jidda, is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the country's commercial center. It is not known when Jeddah was founded, but Jeddah's prominence grew in 647 when the Caliph Uthman made it a travel hub serving Muslim travelers going for Islamic pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. Since those times, Jeddah has served as the gateway for millions of pilgrims who have arrived in Saudi Arabia, traditionally by sea and recently by air. With a population of about 4,697,000 people as of 2021, Jeddah is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest city in Hejaz, the second-largest city in the Saudi Arabia, and the ninth-largest in the Middle East. It also serves as the administrative centre of the OIC. Jeddah Islamic Port, on the Red Sea, is the thirty-sixth largest seaport in the world and the second-largest and second-busiest seaport in the Middle East.

Kuwait

Kuwait

Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait also shares maritime borders with Iran. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately 500 km (311 mi). Most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of the capital city Kuwait City. As of 2022, Kuwait has a population of 4.45 million people of which 1.45 million are Kuwaiti citizens while the remaining 3.00 million are foreign nationals from over 100 countries. Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.

New York City

New York City

New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is the most densely populated major city in the United States and more than twice as populous as Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest city. New York City is located at the southern tip of New York State. It constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, entertainment, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.

Montreal

Montreal

Montreal is the second most populous city in Canada and the most populous city in the province of Quebec. Founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", it is named after Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill around which the early city of Ville-Marie is built. The city is centred on the Island of Montreal, which obtained its name from the same origin as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. The city is 196 km (122 mi) east of the national capital Ottawa, and 258 km (160 mi) southwest of the provincial capital, Quebec City.

Port of Málaga

Port of Málaga

The Port of Málaga is an international seaport located in the city of Málaga in southern Spain, on the Costa del Sol coast of the Mediterranean. It is the oldest continuously-operated port in Spain and one of the oldest in the Mediterranean.

Ferry

Ferry

A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi.

Port of Melilla

Port of Melilla

The Port of Melilla is a cargo, fishing, and passenger port and marina located in Melilla, a Spanish autonomous city off the coast of North Africa.

Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line

Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line

The Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line is a standard gauge High-speed rail line of 512 km (318 mi) in length that links the city of Madrid with the city of Málaga in Spain. The line was inaugurated on 24 December 2007. At the time the service opened, Renfe Operadora was running 22 trains daily between Madrid and Málaga.

Notable people

Antonio Banderas, Pablo Picasso, Pepa Flores and Chiquito de la Calzada
Antonio Banderas, Pablo Picasso, Pepa Flores and Chiquito de la Calzada
Antonio Banderas, Pablo Picasso, Pepa Flores and Chiquito de la Calzada
Antonio Banderas, Pablo Picasso, Pepa Flores and Chiquito de la Calzada
Antonio Banderas, Pablo Picasso, Pepa Flores and Chiquito de la Calzada

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Antonio Banderas

Antonio Banderas

José Antonio Domínguez Bandera, known professionally as Antonio Banderas, is a Spanish actor and director. Known for his work in films of several genres, he has received various accolades, including a Cannes Film Festival Award and a European Film Award, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and five Golden Globe Awards.

Marisol (actress)

Marisol (actress)

Josefa Flores González, known professionally as Marisol or Pepa Flores, is a retired Spanish singer and actress who was an evolving icon in Spain since her first appearance in 1960 as a child star until her retreat from the spotlights in 1985.

Chiquito de la Calzada

Chiquito de la Calzada

Gregorio Esteban Sánchez Fernández, known as Chiquito de la Calzada, was a Spanish flamenco singer and actor, although he was more famous as a stand-up comedian.

Diego de Montemayor

Diego de Montemayor

Diego de Montemayor was a Spanish conquistador, explorer, officer, and the governor of Nuevo Reino de León.

Francisco Leiva

Francisco Leiva

Francisco Leiva Ramírez was a dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age.

Luis de Unzaga

Luis de Unzaga

Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga (1717–1793), also known as Louis Unzaga y Amezéga le Conciliateur, Luigi de Unzaga Panizza and Lewis de Onzaga, was governor of Spanish Louisiana from late 1769 to mid-1777, as well as a Captain General of Venezuela from 1777 to 1782 and Cuba from 1782 to 1785.

Bernardo de Gálvez

Bernardo de Gálvez

Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez y Madrid, 1st Count of Gálvez was a Spanish military leader and government official who served as colonial governor of Spanish Louisiana and Cuba, and later as Viceroy of New Spain.

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was a Spanish politician and historian known principally for serving six terms as Prime Minister and his overarching role as "architect" of the regime that ensued with the 1874 restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. He died in office at the hands of an anarchist, Michele Angiolillo.

Alfonso XII

Alfonso XII

Alfonso XII, also known as El Pacificador or the Peacemaker, was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 1885. After a revolution that deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France. His mother abdicated in his favour in 1870, and he returned to Spain as king in 1874 following a military coup against the First Republic. Alfonso died aged 27 in 1885, and was succeeded by his son, Alfonso XIII, who was born the following year. He is the most recent monarch of Spain to have died while on the throne.

José Denis Belgrano

José Denis Belgrano

José Denis Belgrano was a Spanish painter.

José Moreno Carbonero

José Moreno Carbonero

José Moreno Carbonero was a Spanish painter and decorator. A prominent member of the Málaga School of Painting, he is considered one of the last great history painters of the 19th century. He was a celebrated portrait painter who enjoyed the patronage of Madrid's high society. He also created genre scenes and some landscapes, vedutas and still lifes.

José Moreno Villa

José Moreno Villa

José Moreno Villa was a Spanish poet and member of the Generation of '27. He was a man of many talents: narrator, essayist, literary critic, artist, painter, columnist, researcher, archivist, librarian and archaeologist. He also taught at universities in the United States and México.

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Málaga is twinned with:[125]

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List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

This is a list of municipalities in Spain which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "town twinning" or "sister cities".

Mobile, Alabama

Mobile, Alabama

Mobile is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States. The population within the city limits was 187,041 at the 2020 census, down from 195,111 at the 2010 census. It is the fourth-most-populous city in Alabama, after Huntsville, Birmingham, and Montgomery.

Popayán

Popayán

Popayán is the capital of the Colombian department of Cauca. It is located in southwestern Colombia between the Western Mountain Range and Central Mountain Range. The municipality has a population of 318,059, an area of 483 km2, is located 1760 meters above sea level, and has an average temperature of 18 °C.

Passau

Passau

Passau is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany, also known as the Dreiflüssestadt as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north.

Tyre, Lebanon

Tyre, Lebanon

Tyre is a city in Lebanon, one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world, though in medieval times for some centuries by just a tiny population. It was one of the earliest Phoenician metropolises and the legendary birthplace of Europa, her brothers Cadmus and Phoenix, as well as Carthage's founder Dido (Elissa). The city has many ancient sites, including the Tyre Hippodrome, and was added as a whole to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1984. The historian Ernest Renan noted that "One can call Tyre a city of ruins, built out of ruins".

Source: "Málaga", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 15th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Málaga.

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Further Reading

Andalusia

Jaén, Spain

Costa del Sol

Almería

Marbella

Benalmádena

Morón de la Frontera

Antequera

Alhaurín el Grande

Alhaurín de la Torre

Alcazaba of Málaga

Gibralfaro

Málaga Cathedral

History of Málaga

Siege of Málaga (1487)

Juan Manuel Moreno
See also
References

Informational notes

  1. ^ The well-known British journalist and writer Arthur Koestler was captured by the Nationalist forces on their entry into Málaga, which formed the material for his book Spanish Testament. The first chapters of the book include an eye-witness account of the 1937 fall of Málaga to Francisco Franco's armies during the Spanish Civil War.
  2. ^ From 2015 to 2017 it was the most visited museum in all Málaga.[101]

Citations

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