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Loyalty Islands Province

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Loyalty Islands Province
Province des îles Loyauté
Flag of Loyalty Islands Province
Flag
New Caledonia administrative1.png
  Location of Loyalty Islands Province in New Caledonia
Coordinates: 21°04′S 167°21′E / 21.067°S 167.350°E / -21.067; 167.350Coordinates: 21°04′S 167°21′E / 21.067°S 167.350°E / -21.067; 167.350
CountryFrance
CollectivityNew Caledonia
SeatWé (Lifou)
Government
 • PresidentJacques Lalié
Area
 • Total1,980.9 km2 (764.8 sq mi)
Population
 (2019)
 • Total18,353
 • Density9.3/km2 (24/sq mi)
Ethnic Groups (2019)
 • Kanak94.63%
 • Multiracial2%
 • European1.74%
 • Ni-Vanuatu0.09%
 • Wallisians and Futunans0.08%
 • Indonesians0.05%
 • Other Asian0.02%
 • Tahitians0.01%
 • Vietnamese0.01%
 • Other1.38%
LanguagesDrehu, Iaai, Nengone
Websiteprovince-iles.nc

The Loyalty Islands Province (French Province des îles Loyauté) is one of three administrative subdivisions of New Caledonia encompassing the Loyalty Island (French: Îles Loyauté) archipelago in the Pacific, which are located northeast of the New Caledonian mainland of Grande Terre.

The provincial government seat is at Lifou. The Loyalty Islands are a collectivité territoriale of France. The province's 2019 population was approximately 18,353 inhabitants living on almost 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). The native inhabitants are the Kanak and the Tavu'avua' peoples.

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French language

French language

French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the (Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French.

Administrative divisions of New Caledonia

Administrative divisions of New Caledonia

The French sui generis collectivity of New Caledonia is divided into three provinces, which in turn are divided into 33 communes. There is also a system of eight tribal areas for the indigenous Kanak people, and three decentralized subdivisions.

New Caledonia

New Caledonia

New Caledonia is a sui generis collectivity of overseas France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia, and 17,000 km (11,000 mi) from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre "Le Caillou".

Archipelago

Archipelago

An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.

Geography of New Caledonia

Geography of New Caledonia

The geography of New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie), an overseas collectivity of France located in the subregion of Melanesia, makes the continental island group unique in the southwest Pacific. Among other things, the island chain has played a role in preserving unique biological lineages from the Mesozoic. It served as a waystation in the expansion of the predecessors of the Polynesians, the Lapita culture. Under the Free French it was a vital naval base for Allied Forces during the War in the Pacific.

Grande Terre (New Caledonia)

Grande Terre (New Caledonia)

Grande Terre is the largest and principal island of New Caledonia, which is a territory of France.

Lifou

Lifou

Lifou [lifu] is a commune of France in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean.

Kanak people

Kanak people

The Kanaks are the indigenous Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific. According to the 2019 census, the Kanaks make up 41.2% of New Caledonia's total population — corresponding to around 112,000 people.

History

The first Western contact on record is attributed to British Captain William Raven of the whaler Britannia, who was on his way in 1793 from Norfolk Island to Batavia (now called Jakarta). It is very likely, however, that the discovery and name originated with officials on the London ship Loyalty, which was on a Pacific Ocean trading voyage from 1789 to 1790.

The French Government demanded the removal of missionaries from the London Missionary Society led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane[1][2] from the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia in 1869. This led to the missionaries travelling to the Torres Strait Islands on the vessel Surprise, in an event still celebrated as "The Coming of the Light", on 1 July 1871.[3][4][5][6]

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William Raven

William Raven

William Raven (1756–1814) was an English master mariner, naval officer and merchant. He commanded the whaler and sealing vessel Britannia and the naval store ship HMS Buffalo in Australian and New Zealand waters from 1792 until 1799. While in command of Britannia under contract to the British East India Company, he mapped the Loyalty Islands of Maré, Lifou, Tiga and Ouvéa between August 1793 and May 1796.

Britannia (1783 whaler)

Britannia (1783 whaler)

Britannia was a 301 burthen ton full-rigged whaler built in 1783 in Bridport, England, and owned by the whaling firm Samuel Enderby & Sons. She also performed two voyages transporting convicts to Port Jackson. She was wrecked in 1806 off the coast of New South Wales.

Norfolk Island

Norfolk Island

Norfolk Island is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. Together with the neighbouring Phillip Island and Nepean Island, the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island. At the 2021 census, it had 2,188 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.

Batavia, Dutch East Indies

Batavia, Dutch East Indies

Batavia was the capital of the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia. Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden, which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

Jakarta

Jakarta

Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta is the largest city in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN.

French Third Republic

French Third Republic

The French Third Republic was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

London Missionary Society

London Missionary Society

The London Missionary Society was an interdenominational evangelical missionary society formed in England in 1795 at the instigation of Welsh Congregationalist minister Edward Williams. It was largely Reformed in outlook, with Congregational missions in Oceania, Africa, and the Americas, although there were also Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, and various other Protestants involved. It now forms part of the Council for World Mission.

New Caledonia

New Caledonia

New Caledonia is a sui generis collectivity of overseas France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia, and 17,000 km (11,000 mi) from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre "Le Caillou".

Torres Strait Islands

Torres Strait Islands

The Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea. They span an area of 48,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi), but their total land area is 566 km2 (219 sq mi).

Geography

The archipelago consists of six inhabited islands: Lifou Island, Maré Island, Tiga Island, Ouvéa Island, Mouli Island, and Faiava Island, as well as several smaller uninhabited islands and islets. Their combined land area is 1,981 km2 (765 sq mi). The highest elevation is at 138 m (453 ft) above sea level on Maré Island. The islands are part of the New Caledonia rain forests ecoregion. The chief export of the Loyalty Islands is copra. There is mining on the main island, Grand Terre.

An earthquake of moment magnitude 7.7 was reported just after midnight on 11 February 2021 in an area south-east of the islands, with several aftershocks.[7] Over 50 quakes of magnitude greater than 4.5 were recorded in less than 24 hours.

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Lifou Island

Lifou Island

Lifou Island, historically spelt Lifu or Lefu in English, and known as Drehu in the local language, is the largest, most populous and most important island of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. With a total area of 1,207 km2 (466 sq mi), Lifou is located east of Australia at 20.9°S 167.2°E.

Maré Island

Maré Island

Maré Island or Nengone is the second-largest of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Maré, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Tiga Island

Tiga Island

Tiga Island, also called Tokanod, is a small island in the South Pacific Ocean. Tiga lies 35 km (22 mi) from Lifou Island, and 24.5 km (15.2 mi) from Maré Island in the Loyalty Islands. The Loyalty Islands are part of the greater archipelago of New Caledonia.

Ouvéa Island

Ouvéa Island

Ouvéa Island or Uvea Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Mouli Island

Mouli Island

Mouli Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Faiava Island

Faiava Island

Faiava Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Islet

Islet

An islet is a very small, often unnamed island. Most definitions are not precise, but some suggest that an islet has little or no vegetation and cannot support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanent or tidal ; and may exist in the sea, lakes, rivers or any other sizeable bodies of water.

New Caledonia rain forests

New Caledonia rain forests

The New Caledonia rain forests are a terrestrial ecoregion, located in New Caledonia in the South Pacific. It is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion, part of the Australasian realm.

Copra

Copra

Copra is the dried, white flesh of the coconut from which coconut oil is extracted. Traditionally, the coconuts are sun-dried, especially for export, before the oil, also known as copra oil, is pressed out. The oil extracted from copra is rich in lauric acid, making it an important commodity in the preparation of lauryl alcohol, soaps, fatty acids, cosmetics, etc. and thus a lucrative product for many coconut-producing countries. The palatable oil cake, known as copra cake, obtained as a residue in the production of copra oil is used in animal feeds. The ground cake is known as coconut or copra meal.

2021 Loyalty Islands earthquake

2021 Loyalty Islands earthquake

The 2021 Loyalty Islands earthquake was a 7.7 magnitude earthquake that struck offshore between Vanuatu and New Caledonia. It is the 4th largest earthquake of 2021.

List of earthquakes in 2021

List of earthquakes in 2021

This is a list of earthquakes in 2021. Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in damage and/or casualties, or are notable for some other reason. All dates are listed according to UTC time. Maximum intensities are indicated on the Mercalli intensity scale. The year 2021 was a very active period for global seismicity, with 19 major earthquakes, three of which were over 8.0, and was also the most seismically active since 2007. There were a total of 2,476 fatalities, with the majority from a M 7.2 in Haiti. Fatalities occurred in every month of the year. Earthquake activity was lowest in June, while August was the most active and deadliest month. Major events also took place in Indonesia, Japan, China, Pakistan, Mexico and Peru. A M 7.3 quake in China was the most intense event of the year. A rare 5.9 magnitude earthquake struck Victoria, Australia in September.

Demographics

The people of the Loyalty Islands are of mixed Melanesian and Polynesian ancestry, with a small European minority. The population numbered 17,436 in the 2009 census, a 7.9% reduction from the 22,080 in the preceding 2004 census. In 2014 the population grew to 18,297, an increase of 4.9%, and in 2019 the population grew a further 0.1% to 18,353.[8][9]

Several thousand more Loyalty Islanders live on New Caledonia, especially in Nouméa, the capital, and in the mining areas of the main island.

Communes

The Loyalty Islands Province is divided into three communes (municipalities):

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Lifou

Lifou

Lifou [lifu] is a commune of France in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean.

Lifou Island

Lifou Island

Lifou Island, historically spelt Lifu or Lefu in English, and known as Drehu in the local language, is the largest, most populous and most important island of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. With a total area of 1,207 km2 (466 sq mi), Lifou is located east of Australia at 20.9°S 167.2°E.

Tiga Island

Tiga Island

Tiga Island, also called Tokanod, is a small island in the South Pacific Ocean. Tiga lies 35 km (22 mi) from Lifou Island, and 24.5 km (15.2 mi) from Maré Island in the Loyalty Islands. The Loyalty Islands are part of the greater archipelago of New Caledonia.

Islet

Islet

An islet is a very small, often unnamed island. Most definitions are not precise, but some suggest that an islet has little or no vegetation and cannot support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanent or tidal ; and may exist in the sea, lakes, rivers or any other sizeable bodies of water.

Maré Island

Maré Island

Maré Island or Nengone is the second-largest of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Maré, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Ouvéa

Ouvéa

Ouvéa or Uvea is a commune in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The settlement of Fayaoué [faˈjawe], on Ouvéa Island, is the administrative centre of the commune.

Ouvéa Island

Ouvéa Island

Ouvéa Island or Uvea Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Mouli Island

Mouli Island

Mouli Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Faiava Island

Faiava Island

Faiava Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Walpole Island (New Caledonia)

Walpole Island (New Caledonia)

Walpole Island is a small and uninhabited French island, 180 kilometres east of New Caledonia in the South Pacific. Although it is geographically part of the Loyalty Islands, administratively it belongs to L'Île-des-Pins municipality of New Caledonia.

Isle of Pines (New Caledonia)

Isle of Pines (New Caledonia)

The Isle of Pines is an island in the Pacific Ocean, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas collectivity of France. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of L'Île-des-Pins, in the South Province of New Caledonia. The Isle of Pines is nicknamed l'île la plus proche du paradis.

South Province, New Caledonia

South Province, New Caledonia

The South Province is one of three administrative subdivisions in New Caledonia. It corresponds to the southern and southwestern portion of the New Caledonian mainland.

Provincial congress

Main article: Politics of New Caledonia

As of 2018, there are 14 seats in the province's congress held by six parties: the nationalist Caledonian Union holds four, the anti-independence Rally for Caledonia in the Republic holds two, and the National Union for Independence-Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front, Socialist Kanak Liberation, Renewed Caledonian Union and Union of Pro-Independence Co-operation Committees each have two.

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Politics of New Caledonia

Politics of New Caledonia

New Caledonia is a French sui generis collectivity with a system of government based on parliamentarism and representative democracy. The President of the Government is the head of government, and there is a multi-party system, with Executive power being exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Congress of New Caledonia. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Caledonian Union

Caledonian Union

The Caledonian Union is a pro-independence and the oldest political party in New Caledonia. In the latest legislative elections of May 10, 2009, the party won around 11.65% of the popular vote, and 9 out of 54 seats in the Territorial Congress.

Renewed Caledonian Union

Renewed Caledonian Union

The Renewed Caledonian Union is a political party in New Caledonia formed by dissidents from the Caledonian Union. It is a member of the National Union for Independence (UNI) coalition, which is in turn a member of the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS).

Presidents of Loyalty Province

Source: "Loyalty Islands Province", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 16th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_Islands_Province.

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Further Reading

New Caledonia

Nouméa

Ouvéa

Lifou

Lifou Island

Belep

Tiga Island

Maré Island

Kanak people

2018 New Caledonian independence referendum

Air Loyauté

2020 New Caledonian independence referendum
See also
References
  1. ^ Gibbney, H. J. (1974). "Samuel Macfarlane". Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 3 August 2021. This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5, (MUP), 1974
  2. ^ Hammond, Philip (30 June 2011). "Performers mark Coming of the Light". The Courier Mail. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  3. ^ "All Saints Anglican Church (entry 600873)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Dated 20 January 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  4. ^ Willis, Carli (26 July 2021). "Zulai Wan marks an encounter 150 years ago that changed Torres Strait Islanders' lives forever". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Missionary Ships". Shipping Wonders of the World (Part 51). 26 January 1937. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  6. ^ "The Coming of the Light". Anglican Board of Mission. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  7. ^ "M 7.7 - southeast of the Loyalty Islands". www.usgs.gov. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  8. ^ "Population Structure and Trends". Institute de la Statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie (in French). Institute de la Statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  9. ^ "ISEE - Population 2009". Archived from the original on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Bibliography
  • Dunbabin, Thomas: William Raven, RN, and his 'Britannia', 1792–95; in: The Mariner's mirror, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Nov.); London [u.a.] 1960 (S. 297–303)
  • Dunmore, John: Who's who in Pacific navigation; Carlton, Vic. 1992
  • Henze, Dietmar: Enzyklopädie der Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde, Bd. 4; Graz 2000
  • Jones, A. G. E.: Ships employed in the South Seas trade Vol. 1: 1775 - 1861; Canberra 1986 & Vol. 2: 1775 - 1859; Burwood, Vic. [1992]
  • Parsons, Vivienne (1967). "Raven, William (1756–1814)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  • Riesenberg, Saul H.: Six Pacific island discoveries; in: The American Neptune, Vol. 34; Salem, Mass. 1974 (S. 249–57)
  • Sharp, Andrew: The discovery of the Pacific Islands; Oxford 1960
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