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List of Roman laws

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This is a partial list of Roman laws. A Roman law (Latin: lex) is usually named for the sponsoring legislator and designated by the adjectival form of his gens name (nomen gentilicum), in the feminine form because the noun lex (plural leges) is of feminine grammatical gender. When a law is the initiative of the two consuls, it is given the name of both, with the nomen of the senior consul first. Sometimes a law is further specified by a short phrase describing the content of the law, to distinguish that law from others sponsored by members of the same gens.

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Roman law

Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the Corpus Juris Civilis ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in many legal systems influenced by it, including common law.

Latin

Latin

Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area around present-day Rome, but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars supplanted it in common academic and political usage. For most of the time it was used, it would be considered a "dead language" in the modern linguistic definition; that is, it lacked native speakers, despite being used extensively and actively.

Adjective

Adjective

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or noun phrase. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun.

Gens

Gens

In ancient Rome, a gens was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a stirps. The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italy during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of membership in a gens declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to be used and defined the origins and dynasties of Roman emperors.

Noun

Noun

A noun is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.

Grammatical gender

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender; the values present in a given language are called the genders of that language.

Roman consul

Roman consul

A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic, and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the cursus honorum after that of the censor. Each year, the Centuriate Assembly elected two consuls to serve jointly for a one-year term. The consuls alternated in holding fasces – taking turns leading – each month when both were in Rome. A consul's imperium extended over Rome and all its provinces.

Roman laws

Name Date Passed by Magistracy held Description
Lex Acilia Calpurnia 67 BC C. Calpurnius Piso & M. Acilius Glabrio Consuls Permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption.
Lex Acilia de intercalando 191 BC M. Acilius Glabrio Consul Adjustment of the calendar.
Lex Acilia repetundarum 122 BC[1] M. Acilius Glabrio (& C. Sempronius Gracchus) Tribunes of the plebs Repetundae procedures for jurors in courts overseeing senatorial class to prevent corruption abroad.
Lex Aebutia de formulis 120–63 BC (circa) Aebutius[2] Tribune of the plebs (?) Authorized praetor's discretion to be introduced into the court of the praetor urbanus, praetor able to remodel private law of Rome.
Lex Aebutia de magistratibus extraordinariis 120–63 BC (circa) Aebutius[2] Tribune of the plebs? Proposer of extraordinary magistracy cannot hold it.
Lex Aelia et Fufia 150 BC (circa)? Aelius & Fufius[3] Tribunes of the plebs? Two laws probably regulating auspices.
Lex Aelia Sentia 4 AD Sex. Aelius Catus & C. Sentius Saturninus Consuls Manumissions of slaves.
Lex Aemilia de censoribus 434 BC Mam. Aemilius Mamercinus Dictator Reduced the terms of censors to a year and a half.
Lex Ampia 63 BC T. Ampius Balbus[4] Tribune of the plebs Allowed Pompey to wear the crown of bay at the Ludi Circenses.
Lex Antia sumptuaria 68 BC C. Antius Restio Tribune of the plebs Forbade magistrates from attending banquets.[5]
Lex Antonia de Termessibus 68 BC C. Antonius Hybrida[6] Tribune of the plebs Alliance with Termessus.
Lex Antonia de proscriptorum liberis 49 BC Mark Antony Tribune of the plebs Law removing penalties on the descendants of people proscribed by Sulla, notably access to magistracies.[7]
Lex Antonia 44 BC Mark Antony Consul Measures of Mark Antony against dictatorship etc.
Lex Appuleia agraria 103–100 BC Saturninus Tribune of the plebs Made provision for public lands taken in Cisalpine Gaul from the Cimbri to be allocated to poor citizens.
Lex Appuleia de maiestate 103–100 BC Saturninus Tribune of the plebs Established an equestrian court to try maiestas.
Lex Aquilia de damno 286 BC (possibly) Aquilius Tribune of the plebs Provided compensation to the owners of property injured by someone's fault.
Lex Aternia Tarpeia 454 BC A. Aternius Varus & S. Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus Consuls Allowed magistrates to fine citizens, but set maximum fines.
Lex Atilia Marcia 311 BC L. Atilius & C. Marcius Rutilus Censorinus Tribunes of the plebs Empowered the people to elect sixteen military tribunes for each of four legions.
Lex Atinia de tribunis plebis in senatum legendis 149 BC[8] Atinius Tribune of the plebs Allowed Plebeian Tribunes to be automatically enrolled in the senate upon election.
Lex Atinia de usucapione 149 BC Atinius Tribune of the plebs Dealing with ownership.
Lex Aufeia 123 BC Aufeius Tribune of the plebs Settlement of Asia.
Lex Aufidia de ambitu 61 BC M. Aufidius Lurco Tribune of the plebs If a candidate promised money to a tribe and did not pay it, he should be unpunished; but if he did pay the money, he should further pay to each tribe (annually?) 3000 sesterces as long as he lived.
Lex Aurelia de tribunicia potestate 75 BC C. Aurelius Cotta Consul Former tribunes of the plebs can hold further magistracies (this right had been removed by Sulla).
Lex Aurelia iudiciaria 70 BC L. Aurelius Cotta Praetor Juries should be chosen from senators, equites and tribuni aerarii.
Lex Baebia de Praetoribus 181 BC M. Baebius Tamphilus Consul Set number of praetors to alternate, but was never observed.
Lex Cornelia et Baebia de Ambitu 181 BC P. Cornelius Cethegus & M. Baebius Tamphilus Consuls Against electoral bribery.
Lex Caecilia de censoria 52 BC Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Consul Repealed the lex Clodia de Censoribus passed by the tribune of the plebs Clodius in 58 BC, which had regulated the Censors.
Lex Caecilia de vectigalibus 60 BC Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior Praetor Released lands and harbors in Italy from the payment of taxes.
Lex Caecilia Didia 98 BC Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos & T. Didius Consuls Required laws to proposed at least three market days before any vote. Also forbade omnibus bills, which are bills with a large amount of unrelated material.
Lex Calpurnia de repetundis 149 BC L. Calpurnius Piso Tribune of the plebs Established a permanent extortion court.
Lex Canuleia 445 BC C. Canuleius Tribune of the plebs Allowed patricians and plebeians to intermarry.
Lex Cassia tabellaria 137 BC L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla Tribune of the plebs Introduced secret votes in court jury decisions.
Lex Cassia de senatu 104 BC L. Cassius Longinus Tribune of the plebs Required any senator to be expelled from the senate if they had been convicted of a crime, or if their power (imperium) had been revoked while serving as a magistrate.
Lex Cassia 44 BC L. Cassius Longinus Tribune of the plebs Allowed Julius Caesar to add new individuals to the patrician (aristocratic) class.
Lex Cassia Terentia frumentaria 73 BC C. Cassius Longinus & M. Terentius Varro Lucullus Consuls Required the distribution of wheat among the poor citizens.
Lex Cincia de donis et muneribus 204 BC M. Cincius Alimentus Tribune of the plebs Tort reform concerning the payment of lawyers.
Lex citationis 426 AD Valentinian III Emperor During court proceedings, only five Roman lawyers could be cited.
Lex Claudia 218 BC Q. Claudius Tribune of the plebs Prohibited senators from participating in overseas trade, obsolete by the time of Cicero.
Lex Clodia 58 BC P. Clodius Pulcher Tribune of the plebs Seven laws: (1) Lex Clodia de Auspiciis: repealed the leges Aeliae et Fufiae. (2) Lex Clodia de Censoribus: prescribed certain rules for the Roman Censors in exercising their functions as inspectors of public morals. (3) Lex Clodia de Civibus Romanis Interemptis: threatened punishment for anyone who offered fire and water to those who had executed Roman citizens without a trial. (4) Lex Clodia Frumentaria: required the distribution of grain to Rome's poor citizens for free. (5) Lex Clodia de Sodalitatibus: declared that certain clubs of a "semi-political nature" (i.e. armed gangs) were lawful. (6) Lex Clodia de Libertinorum Suffragiis: attempted to extend freedmen's (i.e. ex-slaves') voting rights. (7) Lex Clodia de Rege Ptolemaeo et de exsulibus Byzantinis: pertained to several of Rome's eastern provinces and vassal states.
Lex Cornelia annalis 81 BC Sulla Dictator A sanction law for Sulla's past acts; part of his program to strengthen the Senate.
Lex Cornelia de maiestate 81 BC Sulla Dictator Treason law passed by Sulla to regulate the activities of pro-magistrates in their provinces, especially unapproved war and unauthorised travel.
Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficiis 81 BC Sulla Dictator Dealing with injuries and deaths obtained by magic.
Lex Domitia de sacerdotis 104 BC Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus Tribune of the plebs Established the election of the pontifex maximus and the members of the college of priests (chosen by cooptation before).
Lex Fufia Caninia 2 BC C. Fufius Geminus & L. Caninius Gallus Consuls Limited manumissions.
Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis 67 BC A. Gabinius Tribune of the plebs Granted special powers to Pompey in the Mediterranean to fight against pirates
Lex Gabinia tabellaria 139 BC A. Gabinius Tribune of the plebs Introduced secret votes in election for magistrate offices.
Lex Gellia Cornelia 72 BC L. Gellius Publicola & Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus Consuls Authorised Pompey to confer Roman citizenship to his clientela and Spaniards.
Lex Genucia 342 BC L. Genucius Tribune of the plebs Three laws: (1) Abolished interest on loans. (2) Required the election of at least one plebeian consul each year. (3) Prohibited a magistrate from holding two magistracies in the same year, or the same magistracy for the next ten years (until 332).[9][10][11]
Lex Hadriana 117–138 AD Hadrian Emperor Enabled permanent tenants to develop land, it was an extension of the lex Manciana.
Lex Hieronica 240 BC Hiero II King of Sicily Taxation of Sicily (the legislation of Hiero II was included in Roman law).
Lex Hortensia 287 BC Q. Hortensius Dictator Plebiscites approved by the Assembly of the People gain the status of law.
Lex de Imperio Vespasiani [12] 69 AD Unknown Consuls? Conferred powers, privileges and exemptions on the emperor Vespasian.
Lex Icilia de Aventino publicando 456 BC L. Icilius Tribune of the plebs Gave land to plebeians.
Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis et Sociis Danda 90 BC Lucius Julius Caesar Consul Offered citizenship to all Italians who had not raised arms against Rome in the Social War.
Lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis 17 BC Augustus Emperor Made conjugal unfaithfulness a public as well as a private offence, with banishment a possible penalty.
Lex Iulia de Ambitu 18 BC Augustus Emperor Penalised bribery when acquiring political offices.
Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus 18 BC Augustus Emperor Marrying-age celibates and young widows that would not marry were barred from receiving inheritances and from attending public games.
Lex Iulia de repetundis 59 BC Julius Caesar Consul Regarding extortion in the provinces.
Lex Iulia de vicesima hereditatum 5 AD Augustus Emperor Instituted a 5 percent tax on testamentary inheritances, exempting close relatives.
Lex Iulia municipalis 45 BC Julius Caesar Dictator and consul Set regulations for the Italian municipalities.
Lex Junia Licinia 62 BC D. Junius Silanus & L. Licinius Murena Consuls A reinforcement law passed to back up the earlier lex Caecilia Didia law of 98 BC.
Lex Junia Norbana 19 AD M. Junius Silanus Torquatus & L. Norbanus Balbus Consuls Regarding status of freedmen.
Lex Licinia Mucia 95 BC L. Licinius Crassus & Q. Mucius Scaevola Consuls Removed Latin and Italian allies from Rome's citizen-rolls.
Lex Licinia Pompeia 55 BC Pompey and Crassus Consuls Caesar's proconsulship in both the Gauls was extended for another 5 years.
lex Licinia Sextia 367 BC C. Licinius Stolo & L. Sextius Lateranus Tribunes of the plebs Four laws: (1) Lex de consule altero ex plebe et de praetore ex patribus creando: resumed the consulship and opened it to plebeians, and created the praetorship, reserved to patricians.[10] (2) Lex de aere alieno: provided that the interest already paid on debts should be deducted from the principal and that the payment of the rest of the principal should be in three equal annual instalments. (3) Lex de modo agrorum: restricted individual ownership of public land in excess of 500 iugeras (300 acres) and forbade the grazing of more than 100 cattle on public land. (4) Lex de Decemviri Sacris Faciundis: created the Decemviri sacris faciundis, a college of ten priests, of whom five had to be plebeians.
Lex Maenia 279 BC Maenius[13] Tribune of the plebs Carried the principle of lex Pubilia to elections (approval of Senate moved before the elections, not after)..
Lex Menenia Sestia 452 BC T. Menenius Lanatus & P. Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus Consuls Scale for fines, 1 ox = 12 sheep = 100 lb. of bronze.
Lex Manciana 69–96 AD Dealt with imperial and private cases in North Africa, regulated relations between cultivators and the proprietors.
Lex Manilia 66 BC C. Manilius Tribune of the plebs Pompey's actions against Mithridates.
Lex Minucia 216 BC M. Minucius Tribune of the plebs Appointment of three finance commissioners.
Lex Ogulnia 300 BC Cn. & Q. Ogulnius Tribune of the plebs Created four plebeian pontiffs and five plebeian augurs.
Lex Oppia 215 BC C. Oppius Tribune of the plebs Limited female adornment.
Lex Ovinia 312 BC (before) Ovinius Tribune of the plebs Transferred the right to appoint Senators from the consuls to the censors.
Lex Papia de peregrinis 65 BC C. Papius Tribune of the plebs Challenged false claims of citizenship and deported foreigners from Rome.
Lex Papia Poppaea 9 AD M. Papius Mutilus & Q. Poppaeus Secundus Consuls Regarding marriage.
Lex Papiria de dedicationibus 166–155 BC[14] Papirius Tribune of the plebs Forbade consecration of real property without approval of the popular assembly.
Lex Papiria Julia 430 BC L. Papirius Crassus & L. Julius Iulus Consuls Made payment of fines in bronze mandatory.
Lex de permutatione provinciae 44 BC Mark Antony Consul Gave himself a five-year command in Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul in lieu of Macedon. Also gave authorization to transfer Caesar's legions from Macedon to the new provinces.
Lex Petronia 32 BC (before)[15] Petronius Tribune of the plebs Regulated appointments of municipal prefects.
Lex Plautia de reditu lepidanorum 70 BC Plautius Tribune of the plebs Granted a pardon to Lepidus' former associates.
Lex Plautia Judiciaria 89 BC M. Plautius Silvanus Tribune of the plebs Chose jurors from other classes, not just the Equites.
Lex Plautia Papiria 89 BC C. Papirius Carbo & M. Plautius Silvanus Tribunes of the plebs Granted citizenship to Roman allies.
Lex Poetelia Papiria 326 BC C. Poetelius Libo & L. Papirius Cursor Consuls Abolished the contractual form of Nexum, or debt bondage.
Lex Pompeia de ambitu 52 BC Pompey Consul Expediting trials for electoral corruption, and allowing those convicted to escape punishment by successfully prosecuting others.
Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis 89 BC Cn. Pompeius Strabo Consul Granted Latin Right to the populations of Cisalpine Gaul.
Lex de Porcia capita civium 199 BC P. Porcius Laeca Tribune of the plebs Gave right of appeal (provocatio) in capital cases.
Lex Porcia de tergo civium 195 BC Cato the Elder Consul Extended the right to provocatio against flogging.
Lex Porcia 185 BC L. Porcius Licinus Consul Provided for a very severe sanction (possibly death) against magistrates who refused to grant provocatio.
Lex provincia 146 BC Set of laws designed to regulate and organize the administration of Roman provinces.
Lex Publilia 471 BC Volero Publilius Tribune of the plebs Transferred the election of the tribunes of the plebs to the comitia tributa.
Lex Publilia 339 BC Q. Publilius Philo Consul and dictator Three laws: (1) Reserved one censorship to plebeians. (2) Made plebiscites binding on all citizens (including patricians). (3) Stated that the Senate had to give its prior approval (the Auctoritas patrum) to plebiscites before becoming binding on all citizens (the lex Valeria Horatia of 449 had placed this approval after plebiscites).
Lex Pupia 61 BC M. Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus Consul Senate could not meet on Comitiales Dies.
Lex Regia 759–509 BC Kings of Rome Laws enacted by the Roman kings before the Republic.
Lex Roscia 49 BC L. Roscius Fabatus Praetor Caesar proposed full Latin Rights on the people of Transalpine Gaul.
Lex Roscia theatralis 67 BC L. Roscius Otho Tribune of the plebs Allocated a place in Roman theaters to the equestrian order.
Lex Rubria 122 BC C. Rubrius Tribune of the plebs Authorised a colony on the ruins of Carthage.
Lex Sacrata 494 BC law after first secession of the plebeians that either affirmed the sacrosanctity of the tribunes or established the plebeians as a sworn confederacy against patricians.
Lex Scantinia 149 BC (circa) M. Scantius or Scantinius[16] Tribune of the plebs Regulating some aspects of homosexual behaviour among citizens, primarily protecting freeborn male minors.
Lex Sempronia agraria 133 BC Ti. Sempronius Gracchus Tribune of the plebs Set of laws that redistributed land among the poor; repealed after his assassination.
Lex Servilia Caepio 106 BC Q. Servilius Caepio Consul Some control of the court de rebus repentundis was handed back to senators from the equites.
Lex Servilia Glaucia de Repetundis 101 BC C. Servilius Glaucia[17] Tribune of the plebs Made juries in property court composed by equites only.
Lex Terentia Cassia 73 BC M. Terentius Varro Lucullus & C. Cassius Longinus Consuls Safeguarded Rome's grain supply and distributed grain at reduced rates.
Lex Titia 43 BC P. Titius Tribune of the plebs Gave Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus full powers to defeat the assassins of Julius Caesar; legalised the second triumvirate.
Lex Trebonia 448 BC L. Trebonius Tribune of the plebs Forbade the cooptation of additional tribunes of the plebs to fill vacant positions.
Lex Trebonia 55 BC C. Trebonius Tribune of the plebs Granted a five year proconsulship: in Syria to Crassus, in Spain to Pompey.
Lex Tullia 63 BC Cicero Consul Regulated election fraud (see ambitus).
Lex Ursonensis 44 BC Mark Antony Consul Foundation charter of the Caesarean colonia Iulia Genetiva.
Lex Valeria 509, 449, & 300 BC P. Valerius Publicola Consul Granted every Roman citizen legal right to appeal against a capital sentence, defined and confirmed the right of appeal (provocatio).
Lex Valeria 82 BC Lucius Valerius Flaccus Interrex Appointed Sulla dictator.
Lex Valeria Cornelia 5 AD L. Valerius Messalla Volesus & Cn. Cornelius Cinna Magnus Consuls Regarding voting in the Comitia Centuriata.
Lex Valeria Horatia 449 BC L. Valerius Potitus & M. Horatius Barbatus Consuls Three laws: (1) Lex Valeria Horatia de plebiscitis: established that the resolutions passed by the Plebeian Council were binding on all. (2) Lex Valeria Horatia de provocatione: granted the right to appeal to the People of any decision of magistrates. (3) Lex Valeria Horatia de tribunicia potestate: restored the potestas tribunicia, the powers of the plebeian tribunes.
Lex Vatinia 59 BC P. Vatinius Tribune of the plebs Gave Julius Caesar governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and of Illyricum for five years.
Lex Villia Annalis 180 BC L. Villius Annalis Tribune of the plebs Established minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices; determined an interval of two years between offices.
Lex Visellia 24 CE Regulated the activities of freedmen
Lex Voconia 169 BC Q. Voconius Saxa Tribune of the plebs Disallowed women from being the main heir to a dead man's estate, including cases where there were no male relatives alive.

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Lex Acilia Calpurnia

Lex Acilia Calpurnia

Lex Acilia Calpurnia was a law established during the Roman Republic in 67 BC mandating permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption. The law was passed by Gaius Calpurnius Piso and Manius Acilius Glabrio.

Gaius Calpurnius Piso (consul 67 BC)

Gaius Calpurnius Piso (consul 67 BC)

Gaius Calpurnius Piso was a politician and general from the Roman Republic. He became praetor urbanus in 72/71 BC. After being elected consul in 67 BC, Piso opposed Pompeius' friends, the tribunes Gaius Cornelius and Aulus Gabinius. Assigned both Gallia Narbonensis and Gallia Cisalpina, he remained as proconsul until 65, or perhaps later in Cisalpina. Piso defeated an Allobrogian rebellion and repressed troubles in Transpadana, for which he was unsuccessfully prosecuted by Caesar. He supported Cicero during the Catiline conspiracy.

Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 67 BC)

Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 67 BC)

Manius Acilius Glabrio was a Roman statesman and general, grandson of the jurist Publius Mucius Scaevola.

Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC)

Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC)

Manius Acilius Glabrio was a Roman general and consul in 191 BC.

Lex Acilia repetundarum

Lex Acilia repetundarum

The Lex Acilia Repetundarum was a law established in ancient Rome in 123 BC.

Gaius Gracchus

Gaius Gracchus

Gaius Sempronius Gracchus was a reformist Roman politician in the 2nd century BC. He is most famous for his tribunate for the years 123 and 122 BC, in which he proposed a wide set of laws, including laws to establish colonies outside of Italy, engage in further land reform, reform the judicial system, and create a subsidised grain supply for Rome.

Lex Aebutia de formulis

Lex Aebutia de formulis

Lex Aebutia de formulis was a law established in ancient Rome in around 150 BC, though the date is quite uncertain.

Lex Aebutia de magistratibus extraordinariis

Lex Aebutia de magistratibus extraordinariis

Lex Aebutia de magistratibus extraordinariis was a law established in ancient Rome during the early 2nd century BC, though the date remains uncertain. It is likewise uncertain whether this Lex Aebutia was part of the Lex Aebutia de formulis.

Lex Aelia et Fufia

Lex Aelia et Fufia

The Lex Aelia et Fufia was established around the year 150 BC in the Roman Republic. The presumed subject of this legislation was the extension of the right of obnuntiatio, that is, reporting unfavorably concerning the omens observed at the Legislative Assemblies, thus forcing an end to public business until the next lawful day. This right, previously reserved to the College of Augurs, was extended to all of the magistrates, thus denying a key political advantage to politicians who were members of that College. This law was repealed in 58 BC by the Leges Clodiae.

Lex Aelia Sentia

Lex Aelia Sentia

Lex Aelia Sentia was a law established in ancient Rome in 4 AD. It was one of the laws that the Roman assemblies had to pass. This law, has made limitations on manumissions. Manumission, or the freeing of a slave, became increasingly important by the early empire. Augustus sought to enact a series of restrictions on the practice. This law stated that for a manumission to be valid a master had to be at least twenty years old and a slave at least thirty. These limitations on manumissions were made when the number of manumissions were so large, that they even questioned the social system of the time.

Gaius Sentius Saturninus (consul 4)

Gaius Sentius Saturninus (consul 4)

Gaius Sentius Saturninus was a Roman senator, and consul ordinarius for AD 4 as the colleague of Sextus Aelius Catus. He was the middle son of Gaius Sentius Saturninus, consul in 19 BC. During his consulate the Lex Aelia Sentia, concerning the manumission of slaves, was published.

Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus

Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus

Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus was a political figure in the Roman Republic, serving as consular tribune in 438 BC and dictator three times in 437, 434, and 426 BC.

Post-Roman law codes based on Roman legislation

General denominations

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Ambitus

Ambitus

In ancient Roman law, ambitus was a crime of political corruption, mainly a candidate's attempt to influence the outcome of an election through bribery or other forms of soft power. The Latin word ambitus is the origin of the English word "ambition" which is another of its original meanings; ambitus was the process of "going around and commending oneself or one's protégés to the people," an activity liable to unethical excesses. In practice, bringing a charge of ambitus against a public figure became a favored tactic for undermining a political opponent.

Patrician (ancient Rome)

Patrician (ancient Rome)

The patricians were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome. The distinction was highly significant in the Roman Kingdom, and the early Republic, but its relevance waned after the Conflict of the Orders. By the time of the late Republic and Empire, membership in the patriciate was of only nominal significance.

Publius Clodius Pulcher

Publius Clodius Pulcher

Publius Clodius Pulcher was a populist Roman politician and street agitator during the time of the First Triumvirate. One of the most colourful personalities of his era, Clodius was descended from the aristocratic Claudia gens, one of Rome's oldest and noblest patrician families, but he contrived to be adopted by an obscure plebeian, so that he could be elected tribune of the plebs. During his term of office, he pushed through an ambitious legislative program, including a grain dole; but he is chiefly remembered for his long-running feuds with political opponents, particularly Cicero, whose writings offer antagonistic, detailed accounts and allegations concerning Clodius' political activities and scandalous lifestyle. Clodius was tried for the capital offence of sacrilege, following his intrusion on the women-only rites of the goddess Bona Dea, purportedly with the intention of seducing Caesar's wife Pompeia; his feud with Cicero led to Cicero's temporary exile; his feud with Milo ended in his own death at the hands of Milo's bodyguards.

Gens

Gens

In ancient Rome, a gens was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a stirps. The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italy during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of membership in a gens declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to be used and defined the origins and dynasties of Roman emperors.

Tribune

Tribune

Tribune was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome. The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes. For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, holding the power of ius intercessionis to intervene on behalf of the plebeians, and veto unfavourable legislation. There were also military tribunes, who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates. Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes. The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.

Lex curiata de imperio

Lex curiata de imperio

In the constitution of ancient Rome, the lex curiata de imperio was the law confirming the rights of higher magistrates to hold power, or imperium. In theory, it was passed by the comitia curiata, which was also the source for leges curiatae pertaining to Roman adoption.

Resolutions of the Senate

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Senatus consultum

Senatus consultum

A senatus consultum is a text emanating from the senate in Ancient Rome. It is used in the modern phrase senatus consultum ultimum.

Senatus consultum ultimum

Senatus consultum ultimum

The senatus consultum ultimum is the modern term given to resolutions of the Roman Senate lending its moral support for magistrates to use the full extent of their powers and ignore the laws to safeguard the state.

Roman dictator

Roman dictator

A Roman dictator was an extraordinary magistrate in the Roman Republic endowed with full authority to resolve some specific problem to which he had been assigned. He received the full powers of the state, subordinating the other magistrates, consuls included, for the specific purpose of resolving that issue, and that issue only, and then dispensing with those powers forthwith.

Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus

Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus

The senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus is a notable Old Latin inscription dating to 186 BC. It was discovered in 1640 at Tiriolo, in Calabria, southern Italy. Published by the presiding praetor, it conveys the substance of a decree of the Roman Senate prohibiting the Bacchanalia throughout all Italy, except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.

Bacchanalia

Bacchanalia

The Bacchanalia were unofficial, privately funded popular Roman festivals of Bacchus, based on various ecstatic elements of the Greek Dionysia. They were almost certainly associated with Rome's native cult of Liber, and probably arrived in Rome itself around 200 BC. Like all mystery religions of the ancient world, very little is known of their rites. They seem to have been popular and well-organised throughout the central and southern Italian peninsula.

Senatus consultum Macedonianum

Senatus consultum Macedonianum

Loans to sons in potestate were subject to various kinds of fraud, and the senatus consultum Macedonianum, passed during the time of Vespasian, prevented creditors from suing on most such loans. Note potestate means power in Latin.

Vespasian

Vespasian

Vespasian was a Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 to 79. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empire for 27 years. His fiscal reforms and consolidation of the empire generated political stability and a vast Roman building program.

Hadrian

Hadrian

Hadrian was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica, a Roman municipium founded by Italic settlers in Hispania Baetica. He came from a branch of the gens Aelia that originated in the Picenean town of Hadria, the Aeli Hadriani. His father was of senatorial rank and was a first cousin of Emperor Trajan. Hadrian married Trajan's grand-niece Vibia Sabina early in his career before Trajan became emperor and possibly at the behest of Trajan's wife Pompeia Plotina. Plotina and Trajan's close friend and adviser Lucius Licinius Sura were well disposed towards Hadrian. When Trajan died, his widow claimed that he had nominated Hadrian as emperor immediately before his death.

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Constitution of the Roman Republic

Constitution of the Roman Republic

The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of uncodified norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic. The constitution emerged from that of the Roman kingdom, evolved substantively and significantly—almost to the point of unrecognisability—over the almost five hundred years of the republic. The collapse of republican government and norms from 133 BC would lead to the rise of Augustus and his principate.

Acceptilatio

Acceptilatio

In Ancient Roman civil law, acceptilatio is defined to be a release by mutual interrogation between debtor and creditor, by which each party is exonerated from the same contract. In other words, acceptilatio is the form of words by which a creditor releases his debtor from a debt or obligation, and acknowledges he has received that which in fact he has not received. It is equivalent to the modern acceptilation.

Constitutio Antoniniana

Constitutio Antoniniana

The Constitutio Antoniniana was an edict issued in AD 212, by the Roman Emperor Caracalla. It declared that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship, with the exception of the dediticii, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves.

Corpus Juris Civilis

Corpus Juris Civilis

The Corpus Juris Civilis is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian.

Stipulatio

Stipulatio

Stipulatio was the basic form of contract in Roman law. It was made in the format of question and answer.

Contract

Contract

A contract is an agreement that specifies certain legally enforceable rights and obligations pertaining to two or more mutually agreeing parties. A contract typically involves the transfer of goods, services, money, or a promise to transfer any of those at a future date. In the event of a breach of contract, the injured party may seek judicial remedies such as damages or rescission. A binding agreement between actors in international law is known as a treaty.

Twelve Tables

Twelve Tables

The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. Formally promulgated in 449 BC, the Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.

Decemviri

Decemviri

The decemviri or decemvirs refer to official 10-man commissions established by the Roman Republic.

Source: "List of Roman laws", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 6th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws.

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Further Reading

Fabia gens

Sempronia gens

Annia gens

Antia gens

Lex curiata de imperio

Plaetoria gens

Sergia gens

Coelia gens

Pupia gens
See also
References
  1. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 517, 519 (note 4).
  2. ^ a b Broughton, vol. II, p. 468.
  3. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 452, 453.
  4. ^ Broughton, vol. II, p. 167.
  5. ^ Syme, "Ten Tribunes", p. 59.
  6. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 138, 141 (note 8).
  7. ^ Hinard, Rome, la dernière république, p. 190 (note 72).
  8. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 458, 459.
  9. ^ Livy, vii. 42.
  10. ^ a b Cornell, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 7-2, p. 337. Cornell explains that Livy confused the contents of the Lex Licinia Sextia of 366 with the Lex Genucia of 342.
  11. ^ Brennan, The Praetorship, pp. 65-67, where he shows that the ten year rule was only temporary at this time.
  12. ^ Brunt, P. A. (1977). "Lex de Imperio Vespasiani". The Journal of Roman Studies. 67: 95–116. doi:10.2307/299922.
  13. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 193, 237.
  14. ^ W. Jeffrey Tatum, "The lex Papiria de Dedicationibus", in Classical Philology, Vol. 88, No. 4. (October 1993), pp. 319–328. The traditional date of 304 BC is incorrect.
  15. ^ Broughton, vol. II, p. 472.
  16. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 459, 460 (note 3).
  17. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 571, 572.
Bibliography
  • Brennan, T. Corey, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • François Hinard, Rome, la dernière république, Recueil d'articles de François Hinard, textes réunis et présentés par Estelle Bertrand, Ausonius, Pessac, 2011. ISBN 9782356130426
  • Ronald Syme, "Ten Tribunes", The Journal of Roman Studies, 1963, Vol. 53, Parts 1 and 2 (1963), pp. 55–60.
  • Walbank, F. W., et al., The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, The Rise of Rome to 220 BC, Cambridge University Press (1989).
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