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Japanese submarine I-361

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Japanese submarine I-361.jpg
I-361 departing Hikari Naval Base on 24 May 1945.
History
Japan
NameSubmarine No. 5461
BuilderKure Naval Arsenal, Kure, Japan
Laid down16 February 1943
RenamedI-361 on 20 October 1943
Launched30 October 1943
Completed25 May 1944
Commissioned25 May 1944
FateSunk 31 May 1945
Stricken10 August 1945
General characteristics
Class and typeType D1 submarine
Displacement
  • 1,440 long tons (1,463 t) surfaced
  • 2,215 long tons (2,251 t) submerged
Length73.50 m (241 ft 2 in) overall
Beam8.90 m (29 ft 2 in)
Draft4.76 m (15 ft 7 in)
Propulsion
  • 2 × Kampon Mk.23B Model 8 diesels
  • 1,850 bhp surfaced
  • 1,200 shp submerged
  • 2 shafts
Speed
  • 13.0 knots (24.1 km/h) surfaced
  • 6.5 knots (12.0 km/h) submerged
Range
  • 15,000 nmi (28,000 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h) surfaced
  • 120 nmi (220 km) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h) submerged
Test depth75 m (246 ft)
Boats & landing
craft carried		2 x Daihatsu-class landing craft (removed February–May 1945)
Capacity85 tons freight
Complement55
Sensors and
processing systems
  • 1 × Type 22 surface search radar
  • 1 × Type 13 early warning radar
Armament

I-361 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type D1 transport submarine. Completed and commissioned in May 1944, she served in World War II and conducted transport missions between Japan and Wake Island until she was converted into a kaiten suicide attack torpedo carrier 1945. She was sunk during her first kaiten mission in May 1945.

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Imperial Japanese Navy

Imperial Japanese Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed between 1952–1954 after the dissolution of the IJN.

Type D submarine

Type D submarine

The I-361 class submarine , also called Type-D submarine or Sen'yu/Sen'yu-Dai type submarine was a type of the 1st class submarine in the Imperial Japanese Navy serving during the Second World War. The type name, was shortened to Yusō Sensuikan Ō-gata .

Submarine

Submarine

A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size.

World War II

World War II

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war.

Wake Island

Wake Island

Wake Island is a coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean in the northeastern area of the Micronesia subregion, 1,501 miles east of Guam, 2,298 miles west of Honolulu, 1,991 miles southeast of Tokyo and 898 miles north of Majuro. The island is an unorganized unincorporated territory belonging to the United States. Wake Island is also claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands based on oral legends dating back centuries. However, the United States does not recognize this claim. Wake Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world. The nearest inhabited island is Utirik Atoll in the Marshall Islands, 592 miles to the southeast.

Kaiten

Kaiten

Kaiten were crewed torpedoes and suicide craft, used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of World War II.

Suicide attack

Suicide attack

A suicide attack is any violent attack, usually entailing the attacker detonating an explosive, where the attacker has accepted their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout history, often as part of a military campaign, and more recently as part of terrorist campaigns.

Torpedo

Torpedo

A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, such a device was called an automotive, automobile, locomotive, or fish torpedo; colloquially a fish. The term torpedo originally applied to a variety of devices, most of which would today be called mines. From about 1900, torpedo has been used strictly to designate a self-propelled underwater explosive device.

Construction and commissioning

I-361 was laid down on 16 February 1943 by the Kure Naval Arsenal at Kure, Japan, with the name Submarine No. 5461.[2] She was renamed I-361 on 20 October 1943 and provisionally attached to the Yokosuka Naval District that day.[2] She was launched on 30 October 1943 and was attached formally to the Yokosuka Naval District that day.[2] She was completed and commissioned on 25 May 1944.[2]

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Kure Naval Arsenal

Kure Naval Arsenal

Kure Naval Arsenal was one of four principal naval shipyards owned and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Kure, Hiroshima

Kure, Hiroshima

Kure is a port and major shipbuilding city situated on the Seto Inland Sea in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. With a strong industrial and naval heritage, Kure hosts the second-oldest naval dockyard in Japan and remains an important base for the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) named, JMSDF Kure Naval Base. As of 1 May 2015, the city has an estimated population of 228,030 and a population density of 646 persons per km2. The total area is 352.80 km2.

Japan

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 14,125 islands, with the five main islands being Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

Yokosuka Naval District

Yokosuka Naval District

Yokosuka Naval District was the first of four main administrative districts of the pre-war Imperial Japanese Navy. Its territory included Tokyo Bay and the Pacific coasts of central and northern Honshū from the Kii Peninsula to Shimokita Peninsula. Its headquarters, along with most of its installations, including the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, were located in the city of Yokosuka, which constituted the Yokosuka Naval Base.

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching involves the performance of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a nautical tradition in many cultures, dating back thousands of years, to accompany the physical process with ceremonies which have been observed as public celebration and a solemn blessing, usually but not always, in association with the launch itself.

Ship commissioning

Ship commissioning

Ship commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service and may be regarded as a particular application of the general concepts and practices of project commissioning. The term is most commonly applied to placing a warship in active duty with its country's military forces. The ceremonies involved are often rooted in centuries-old naval tradition.

Service history

Upon commissioning, I-361 was assigned to Submarine Squadron 11 for workups.[2] With her workups complete, she was reassigned to Submarine Squadron 7 on 15 August 1944.[2]

Transport missions

On 23 August 1944, I-361 departed Yokosuka bound for Wake Island on her first transport mission.[2] She arrived at Wake Island on 7 September 1944, discharged 70 tons of cargo, embarked 30 passengers, and got back underway the same day for her return voyage.[2] She arrived at Yokosuka on 17 September 1944.[2] While in Japan, she briefly ran aground on 4 October 1944.[2]

I-361 got underway from Yokosuka on 17 October 1944 for her second transport voyage, again setting course for Wake Island, which she reached on 29 October 1944.[2] After unloading 67 tons of ammunition and taking five passengers aboard, she left the same day bound for Yokosuka, where she arrived on 9 November 1944.[2]

On 9 January 1945, I-361 began her final supply voyage, again destined for Wake Island.[2] Calling there on 22 January 1945, she unloaded her cargo, embarked passengers, and got back underway the same day.[2] She arrived at Yokosuka on 7 February 1945.[2]

Kaiten carrier

After returning to Japan, I-361 was converted from a transport submarine into a kaiten suicide attack torpedo carrier, the conversion involving the removal of her 140-millimeter (5.5 in) deck gun and Daihatsu-class landing craft and their replacement with fittings allowing her to carry five kaitens on her deck.[2][3] On 20 March 1945, Submarine Squadron 7 was deactivated, and I-361 was reassigned to Submarine Division 15.[2]

Between 26 and 29 March 1945, U.S. forces captured advanced bases and anchorages in the Kerama Islands southwest of Okinawa,[2] and the Battle of Okinawa began when U.S. forces landed on Okinawa itself on 1 April 1945.[2] By 24 May 1945, I-361 was part of the Todoroki ("Thunderclap") Kaiten Group along with the submarines I-36, I-165, and I-363.[2] With five kaitens on board, she got underway from the kaiten base at Hikari that day bound for a patrol area southeast of Okinawa.[2]

Loss

On 28 May 1945, a United States Navy minesweeper detected I-361.[2] The minesweeper alerted the escort aircraft carrier USS Anzio (CVE-57) and the four destroyer escorts screening her of the contact, and Anzio and her escorts headed for the scene, with Anzio launching aircraft from her embarked Composite Squadron 13 (VC-13) to conduct a series of searches for I-361.[2]

At 04:36 on 31 May 1945, a VC-13 TBM-1C Avenger torpedo bomber established radar contact on I-361, which was on the surface 400 nautical miles (740 km; 460 mi) southeast of Okinawa.[2] Dropping out of a cloud, the Avenger sighted I-361 at a range of about 6,000 yards (5,500 m), misidentifying her as an "I-161-class submarine" without a deck gun and not reporting any kaitens on her deck.[2] The Avenger fired four rockets at I-361, and the plane′s crew believed they had scored two hits.[2] I-361 crash-dived.[2] The Avenger then dropped sonobuoys and a Mark 24 "Fido" acoustic homing torpedo.[2] The Fido homed in on I-361′s propeller noises and exploded.[2] The approaching destroyer escort USS Oliver Mitchell (DE-417) felt a strong underwater shock 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) away,[2] and when she and the destroyer escort USS Tabberer (DE-418) arrived on the scene of the sinking they sighted a heavy oil slick and floating debris.[2] It marked the end of I-361, sunk with the loss of all 81 men on board — her entire crew of 76 and all five of her embarked kaiten pilots — at 20°22′N 134°09′E / 20.367°N 134.150°E / 20.367; 134.150 (I-361).[2]

On 25 June 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared I-361 to be presumed lost with all hands southeast of Okinawa.[2] She was stricken from the Navy list on 10 August 1945.[2]

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Squadron (naval)

Squadron (naval)

A squadron, or naval squadron, is a significant group of warships which is nonetheless considered too small to be designated a fleet. A squadron is typically a part of a fleet. Between different navies there are no clear defining parameters to distinguish a squadron from a fleet, and the size and strength of a naval squadron varies greatly according to the country and time period. Groups of small warships, or small groups of major warships, might instead be designated flotillas by some navies according to their terminology. Since the size of a naval squadron varies greatly, the rank associated with command of a squadron also varies greatly.

Kaiten

Kaiten

Kaiten were crewed torpedoes and suicide craft, used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of World War II.

Daihatsu-class landing craft

Daihatsu-class landing craft

The Daihatsu-class or 14 m landing craft was a type of landing craft used by the Imperial Japanese Army from 1937 to 1945, in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. It was designated the "Type A" landing craft by the United States.

Landing craft

Landing craft

Landing craft are small and medium seagoing watercraft, such as boats and barges, used to convey a landing force from the sea to the shore during an amphibious assault. The term excludes landing ships, which are larger. Production of landing craft peaked during World War II, with a significant number of different designs produced in large quantities by the United Kingdom and United States.

Kerama Islands

Kerama Islands

The Kerama Islands are a subtropical island group 32 kilometres (20 mi) southwest of Okinawa Island in Japan.

Battle of Okinawa

Battle of Okinawa

The Battle of Okinawa , codenamed Operation Iceberg, was a battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Army and United States Marine Corps forces against the Imperial Japanese Army. The initial invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater of World War II. The Kerama Islands surrounding Okinawa were preemptively captured on 26 March by the 77th Infantry Division. The 82-day battle lasted from 1 April until 22 June 1945. After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Kadena Air Base on the large island of Okinawa as a base for Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, 340 mi (550 km) away.

Japanese submarine I-36

Japanese submarine I-36

I-36 was an Imperial Japanese Navy B1 type submarine. Completed and commissioned in 1942, she served in World War II, operating in the Guadalcanal campaign, New Guinea campaign, Aleutian Islands campaign, and the Marshall Islands. She finished the war as a kaiten manned suicide attack torpedo carrier, operating against Allied ships at Ulithi Atoll and in the Philippine Sea. The only submarine of her class to survive the war, she surrendered to the Allies in September 1945 after the end of the war and was scuttled by the United States Navy in 1946.

Japanese submarine I-165

Japanese submarine I-165

I-65, later renumbered I-165, was an Imperial Japanese Navy Kaidai type cruiser submarine commissioned in 1932. A KD5 sub-class submarine, she served during World War II, supporting Japanese forces in the invasion of Malaya and the Dutch East Indies campaign, participating in the Battle of Midway, and patrolling in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean before she was sunk in 1945. In 1944, her crew committed a war crime, massacring the survivors of the merchant ship Nancy Moller.

Japanese submarine I-363

Japanese submarine I-363

I-363 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type D1 transport submarine. Completed and commissioned in July 1944, she served in World War II and conducted transport missions between Japan and outlying islands until she was converted into a kaiten suicide attack torpedo carrier. She survived the war, but sank after striking a mine in the weeks immediately following its conclusion.

Hikari, Yamaguchi

Hikari, Yamaguchi

Hikari is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

Minesweeper

Minesweeper

A minesweeper is a small warship designed to remove or detonate naval mines. Using various mechanisms intended to counter the threat posed by naval mines, minesweepers keep waterways clear for safe shipping.

Destroyer escort

Destroyer escort

Destroyer escort (DE) was the United States Navy mid-20th-century classification for a 20-knot warship designed with the endurance necessary to escort mid-ocean convoys of merchant marine ships.

Source: "Japanese submarine I-361", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2022, April 13th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-361.

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Further Reading

Japanese submarine I-370

Japanese submarine I-16

Japanese submarine I-48

Japanese submarine I-47

Japanese submarine I-44

Japanese submarine I-363

Japanese submarine I-367
Notes
  1. ^ Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two ISBN 0-87021-459-4 p.191
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2017). "IJN Submarine I-361: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  3. ^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2014). "IJN Submarine I-370: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
Sources


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