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Japanese submarine I-177

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
I-176.jpg
I-176, lead submarine of the class that included I-177
History
Naval Ensign of Japan.svgEmpire of Japan
NameSubmarine No. 155
BuilderKawasaki, Kobe, Japan
Laid down10 March 1941
RenamedI-77 on 17 December 1941
Launched20 December 1941
RenamedI-177 on 20 May 1942
Commissioned28 December 1942
FateSunk 3 October 1944
Stricken1 March 1945
General characteristics
Class and typeKaidai type, KD7-class
Displacement
Length105.5 m (346 ft 2 in)
Beam8.25 m (27 ft 1 in)
Draft4.6 m (15 ft 1 in)
Propulsion
  • 2 × Kampon Mk.1B Model 8 diesels, 2 shafts; 8,000 bhp (5,966 kW)
  • Electric motors: 1,800 shp (1,342 kW)
Speed
  • 23.1 knots (42.8 km/h; 26.6 mph) surfaced
  • 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) submerged
Range
  • 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) surfaced
  • 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged
Test depth80 m (262 ft)
Complement86
Armament

I-177 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Kaidai-type cruiser submarine of the KD7 subclass commissioned in 1942. She served during World War II, patrolling off Australia, taking part in the New Guinea campaign, operating in the North Pacific, and participating in the Palau campaign before she was sunk by the destroyer escort USS Samuel S. Miles (DE-183) in 1944, with no survivors.

Discover more about Japanese submarine I-177 related topics

Imperial Japanese Navy

Imperial Japanese Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed between 1952–1954 after the dissolution of the IJN.

Cruiser submarine

Cruiser submarine

A cruiser submarine was a very large submarine designed to remain at sea for extended periods in areas distant from base facilities. Their role was analogous to surface cruisers, cruising distant waters, commerce raiding, and scouting for the battle fleet. Cruiser submarines were successful for a brief period of World War I, but were less successful than smaller submarines during World War II. Large submarines remained vulnerable to damage from defensively equipped merchant ships (DEMS), were slow to dive if found by aircraft, offered a large sonar echo surface, and were less able to defensively maneuver during depth charge attacks.

Ship class

Ship class

A ship class is a group of ships of a similar design. This is distinct from a ship type, which might reflect a similarity of tonnage or intended use. For example, USS Carl Vinson is a nuclear aircraft carrier of the Nimitz class.

World War II

World War II

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war.

Australia

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, and mountain ranges in the south-east.

New Guinea campaign

New Guinea campaign

The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Territory of New Guinea on 23 January and Territory of Papua on 21 July and overran western New Guinea beginning on 29 March. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Allies—consisting primarily of Australian forces—cleared the Japanese first from Papua, then New Guinea, and finally from the Dutch colony.

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

The Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, also known as Operation Forager, was an offensive launched by United States forces against Imperial Japanese forces in the Mariana Islands and Palau in the Pacific Ocean between June and November 1944 during the Pacific War. The United States offensive, under the overall command of Chester W. Nimitz, followed the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and was intended to neutralize Japanese bases in the central Pacific, support the Allied drive to retake the Philippines, and provide bases for a strategic bombing campaign against Japan.

Destroyer escort

Destroyer escort

Destroyer escort (DE) was the United States Navy mid-20th-century classification for a 20-knot warship designed with the endurance necessary to escort mid-ocean convoys of merchant marine ships.

Construction and commissioning

Built by the Kawasaki at Kobe, Japan, the submarine was laid down as Submarine No. 155 on 10 March 1941.[1][2] She was both renumbered I-77 and attached provisionally to the Sasebo Naval District on 17 December 1941.[2] Launched on 20 December 1941,[1][2] she was renumbered I-177 on 20 May 1942.[1][2] She was completed and commissioned on 28 December 1942.[1][2]

Discover more about Construction and commissioning related topics

Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation

Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ship & Offshore Structure Company is the shipbuilding subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. It produces primarily specialized commercial vessels, including LNG carriers, LPG carriers, container ships, bulk carriers, oil tankers, as well as high speed passenger jetfoils. In addition, it is also a producer of warships for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, including submarines. Kawasaki also produces marine machinery, including marine engines, thrusters, steering gears, deck and fishing machinery.

Kobe

Kobe

Kobe is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture Japan. With a population around 1.5 million, Kobe is Japan's seventh-largest city and the third-largest port city after Tokyo and Yokohama. It is located in Kansai region, which makes up the southern side of the main island of Honshū, on the north shore of Osaka Bay. It is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto. The Kobe city centre is located about 35 km (22 mi) west of Osaka and 70 km (43 mi) southwest of Kyoto.

Japan

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 14,125 islands, with the five main islands being Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

Submarine

Submarine

A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size.

Sasebo Naval District

Sasebo Naval District

Sasebo Naval District was the third of five main administrative districts of the pre-war Imperial Japanese Navy. Its territory included the western and southern coastline of Kyūshū, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan and Korea, as well as patrols in the East China Sea and the Pacific

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching involves the performance of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a nautical tradition in many cultures, dating back thousands of years, to accompany the physical process with ceremonies which have been observed as public celebration and a solemn blessing, usually but not always, in association with the launch itself.

Ship commissioning

Ship commissioning

Ship commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service and may be regarded as a particular application of the general concepts and practices of project commissioning. The term is most commonly applied to placing a warship in active duty with its country's military forces. The ceremonies involved are often rooted in centuries-old naval tradition.

Service history

December 1942–April 1943

Upon commissioning, I-177 was assigned to the Kure Submarine Squadron in the Kure Naval District.[1][2] On 25 February 1943, she was reassigned to Submarine Division 22, which in turn was assigned directly to the 6th Fleet, an element of the Combined Fleet.[1][2] Submarine Division 22 was reassigned to Submarine Squadron 3 in the 6th Fleet on 15 March 1943.[1][2] On 30 March 1943, I-177 departed Kure, Japan, in company with her sister ship I-178 bound for Truk Atoll, which she reached on 7 April 1943.[1][2]

First war patrol: War crime

I-177 got underway from Truk on 10 April 1943, assigned a patrol area off the east coast of Australia together with I-178 and the submarine I-180.[1][2] She was near Brisbane, 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) southeast of Cape Byron on 26 April 1943 when she attacked an Allied convoy and sank the British cargo ship Limerick at 28°54′S 153°54′E / 28.900°S 153.900°E / -28.900; 153.900 (Limerick).[1][2] The convoy′s escorts counterattacked, dropping two depth charges, but I-177 escaped damage.[1][2]

During the predawn hours of 14 May 1943, I-177, operating on the surface 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) east of Brisbane, sighted the 3,222-ton Australian hospital ship AHS Centaur 24 nautical miles (44 km; 28 mi) east-northeast of North Stradbroke Island.[2][3] Centaur had departed Sydney, Australia, on 12 May 1943 bound for Port Moresby, New Guinea, via Cairns, Australia, to evacuate sick and wounded personnel during fighting in the New Guinea campaign,[2][4] and was steaming northward in darkness[4] displaying the lights and markings required of a hospital ship in wartime under the Hague Convention,[5] I-177 nonetheless submerged to periscope depth and fired a torpedo at Centaur at 04:10 which struck her at 04:15.[2][6][7] The torpedo ignited a fuel tank, setting the ship ablaze.[6] Centaur rolled to port and sank within three minutes in 550 meters (1,804 ft) of water at 27°17′S 154°05′E / 27.283°S 154.083°E / -27.283; 154.083 (AHS Centaur).[2] I-177 surfaced nearby, then departed the area.[2] Centaur′s survivors drifted until 15 May 1943, hearing I-177′s diesel engines as she passed through the area of the sinking again on the surface in the early-morning darkness of 15 May, before a Royal Australian Air Force Avro Anson patrol aircraft sighted them clinging to debris.[2][8] The United States Navy destroyer USS Mugford (DD-389) departed Brisbane to come to their assistance, arriving on the scene at 14:00 on 15 May and pulling them from the water.[2][8] Of the 332[8] or 333 (according to different sources) crew, patients, medical staff, and passengers on board Centaur, only 64 survived.[2][8] I-177 concluded her patrol with her return to Truk on 23 May 1943.[2]

Following the end of the Pacific War in August 1945, Australian war crimes investigators investigated whether I-177 and her commanding officer, Commander Hajime Nakagawa, were responsible for sinking Centaur. but they were unable to establish this beyond reasonable doubt. Several of the investigators suspected that Nakagawa and I-177 were most likely responsible. Nakagawa survived the war and refused to speak on the subject of the sinking of Centaur, even to defend himself. However, Nakagawa was charged with ordering the machine-gunning of survivors from torpedoed ships on three different dates in February 1944 while in command of the submarine I-37. He was convicted and sentenced to four years imprisonment at Sugamo Prison as a Class B war criminal. He died in 1991.[9]

Second war patrol

I-177 departed Truk on 14 June 1943 to begin her second war patrol, again in an area off the east coast of Australia.[1][2] Almost immediately after arriving off Australia, she received orders on 30 June 1943 to move to the Solomon Islands between Santa Isabel Island and the New Georgia Islands — where U.S. landings began the New Georgia campaign that day — to attack U.S. landing forces off Rendova Island.[1][2] She arrived in this new patrol area on 6 July 1943,[2] but her patrol was uneventful. On 20 July1943, she was reassigned to the Southeast Area Fleet,[2] and she concluded her patrol with her arrival at Rabaul on New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago on 24 July 1943.[1][2]

New Guinea campaign

Lae supply runs

Upon arriving at Rabaul, I-177 was assigned to the support of Japanese forces fighting on New Guinea in the New Guinea campaign. She departed Rabaul on 7 August 1943 to make her first supply run to New Guinea.[1][2] She arrived at Lae, New Guinea, on 9 August,[2] unloaded her cargo there, and headed back to Rabaul, which she reached on 11 August 1943.[1] Her next supply run began with her departure from Rabaul on 22 August 1943;[1] she unloaded at Lae on 24 August[2] and returned to Rabaul on 26 August 1943.[1] On 30 August 1943, Nakagawa left I-177 to take command of the submarine I-37,[10] and Lieutenant Commander Zenji Orita became I-177′s new commanding officer.[1][2]

I-177 began her third supply run on 1 September 1943, when she departed Rabaul in company with the submarine Ro-106 for another trip to Lae,[1][2] where she arrived on 3 September and unloaded her cargo.[2] She made port at Rabaul on 5 September 1943.[1][2] She put to sea from Rabaul on both 6 and 8 September 1943, returning the same evening on both occasions.[2]

I-177 got underway from Rabaul on 10 September 1943[1][2] for her fourth supply run to Lae, which was threatened by a nearby landing on the Huon Peninsula by the Australian Army′s 9th Division that had taken place on 4 September 1943[2] as the Salamaua–Lae campaign neared its end. On 13 September, she received orders to divert to attack Allied landing forces at Finschhafen, New Guinea, but she found no targets there and resumed her voyage to Lae.[2] By the time she reached Lae on 14 September 1943, it was under attack by Allied forces.[2] She unloaded her cargo and put back to sea, where during the evening of 14 September she detected the propeller noises of what her crew assessed as several U.S. Navy destroyers at a range of a few thousand yards while she was on the surface.[2] Assuming that the destroyers had detected her on radar, she submerged to her test depth of 100 meters (328 ft) to await a depth-charge attack, but none came.[2] Orita concluded that the destroyers had failed to gain sonar contact on I-177 because of her depth and the negative effect of thermoclines on sonar performance.[2] While I-177 was at sea, Submarine Division 22 was disbanded on 15 September 1943, and she was reassigned directly to the 6th Fleet.[1][2] She returned to Rabaul on 17 September 1943,[1][2] completing the Imperial Japanese Navy′s last supply run to Lae.[2]

Finschhafen

On 19 September 1943, I-177 departed Rabaul′s Simpson Harbour to conduct deep-diving tests, then returned to the harbor later in the day.[2] On 21 September, she got underway from Rabaul for a supply run to Finschhafen.[1][2] While at sea, she received orders on 22 September to attack Allied landing forces in the Finschhafen area, so her crew dumped her deck cargo overboard and she headed for the landing area, which she reconnoitered on 23 September.[2] She did not attack any ships there, and proceeded to Finschhafen, where she unloaded the rest of her cargo on 24 September during lulls in Allied air attacks.[2] She again reconnoitered the landing area on 25 September 1943 and detected several Allied ships, but made no attacks.[2] She returned to Rabaul on 26 September 1943.[2]

Sio supply runs

On 2 October 1943,I-177 set out from Rabaul on her first supply run to Sio, New Guinea.[1][2] She arrived there on 4 October, unloaded her cargo,[2] and returned to Rabaul, which she reached on 6 October.[1][2] On her second run, she departed Rabaul on 8 October,[1][2] unloaded at Sio on 10 October,[2] and returned to Rabaul on 12 October 1943.[1][2] That day, the United States Army Air Forces Fifth Air Force attacked Rabaul in what at the time was the largest air raid of the Pacific war, with 349 aircraft striking Rabaul's airfields and Simpson Harbour off Rabaul.[2] Moored in deep water, I-177 submerged and avoided damage during the raid.[2]

In October and November 1943, I-177 continued to make supply runs to Sio, departing Rabaul on 19 October,[1][2] visiting Sio on 21 October,[2] and returning to Rabaul on 23 October;[1][2] getting underway from Rabaul on 26 October,[1][2] discharging cargo at Sio on 28 October,[2] and arriving at Rabaul on 30 October 1943;[1][2] putting to sea from Rabaul on 2 November,[1][2] delivering her cargo at Sio on 4 November,[2] and making port at Rabaul on 6 November 1943;[1][2] and leaving Rabaul on 9 November,[1][2] calling at Sio on 11 November,[2] and returning to Rabaul on 13 November 1943.[1][2] On 20 November 1943, she departed Rabaul in company with the submarine Ro-108 for her seventh supply run to Sio,[1][2] where she unloaded her cargo on 22 November.[2] She returned to Rabaul on 24 November 1943.[1][2]

In the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Cape St. George, fought on the night of 24–25 November 1943 in the waters between Buka Island and Cape St. George on New Ireland, I-177 got underway from Rabaul on 25 November to search for survivors of the sunken destroyer Yugiri; she rescued 279 men and the submarine I-181 rescued 11.[1][2] As I-177 returned to Rabaul, a U.S. Navy Lockheed PV-1 Ventura patrol bomber of Patrol Squadron 138 (VP-138) attacked her off Cape St. George on 26 November 1943, but she avoided damage.[2] She returned to Rabaul later that day, loaded provisions, and put back to sea the same day,[1] then again returned to Rabaul on 29 November 1943.[1][2]

I-177 loaded supplies for New Guinea at Rabaul on 30 November 1943,[2] and returned to her routine of supply runs: She departed Rabaul on 3 December 1943,[1] called at Sio on 5 December,[2] and returned to Rabaul on 7 December,[1] then got back underway on 12 December 1943,[1] visited Sio on 14 December,[2] and returned to Rabaul on 15 December.[1] Once again bound for Sio, she departed Rabaul on 16 December 1943[1] and discharged her cargo at Sio on 17 December,[2] then conducted a brief patrol south of Marcus Bay on the coast of New Britain from 18 to 20 December[1][2] before returning to Rabaul on 21 December 1943.[1]

After leaving Rabaul on 23 December 1943[1] and discharging her cargo at Sio on 25 December 1943,[2] I-177 sighted several Allied amphibious landing ships,[2] but did not attack them. She returned to Rabaul on 27 December 1943,[1] then put back to sea on 28 December[1] to make her first and only supply run to Garove Island, where she arrived on 30 December 1943.[2] She again made port at Rabaul on 1 January 1944.[1]

On 3 January 1944, I-177 departed Rabaul to begin her twelfth Sio supply run.[1][2] While at sea, she was reassigned to Submarine Squadron 1 on 5 January 1944.[2] She arrived off Sio at sunset on 8 January 1944 and made contact with Japanese troops ashore.[2] A daihatsu barge came alongside and began loading cargo from I-177, and a boat set out from shore carrying the commander of the 18th Army, General Hatazō Adachi, the commander of the 7th Base Unit, Rear Admiral Kyuhachi Kudo, and ten of their staff officers.[2] Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy PT boat PT-146 detected I-177 on radar at a range of 5,000 yards (4,600 m) and headed toward I-177 in company with PT-143.[2] One of I-177′s lookouts spotted the approaching PT boats, prompting I-177 to submerge and Adachi′s boat, which had made it about halfway to I-177, to return to shore.[2] The two PT boats continued to search the area, later making a radar contact at a range of 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) and sighting I-177′s periscope at a range of 200 yards (180 m).[2] Each of them dropped two depth charges, but I-177 escaped damage.[2]

I-177 returned to Sio on the evening of 9 January 1944, but again found U.S. PT boats in the area, so she signaled Japanese forces on New Guinea that she would return on the evening of 10 January and requested their support in driving off the PT boats.[2] When she surfaced off Sio on 10 January, the PT boats PT-320 and PT-323 approached, but I-177, armed daihatsu barges, and sokoteis (armored barges armed with tank gun turrets) engaged the two PT boats and drove them off, and I-177 suffered no damage.[2] After taking Adachi and Kudo and their staffs aboard, she left Sio for the last time and proceeded to Madang, New Guinea, where her passengers disembarked at around 12:00 on 11 January 1944.[1][2] She returned to Rabaul on 15 January 1944.[1][2]

January–February 1944

I-177′s arrival at Rabaul occurred a few days after the Japanese had decided to abandon it as a submarine base.[2] After only a brief stop, she got underway again on 15 January 1944, leaving Rabaul for the last time, calling at Truk from 18 to 20 January, and then heading for Sasebo, which she reached on 27 January 1944.[1][2] She underwent repairs at Sasebo.[1][2]

North Pacific

On 25 February 1944, I-177 was assigned to the Northeast Area Fleet for operations in the North Pacific.[2] After completion of her repairs, she departed Sasebo on 22 March 1944 and headed north, arriving at Ōminato, Japan, on 25 March 1944.[1][2] She departed Ōminato on 11 April 1944 to operate in the waters off the Aleutian Islands, then returned to Ōminato on 27 May 1944.[1][2] She again put to sea from Ōminato on 8 June 1944 to conduct a war patrol in the North Pacific east of the Kuril Islands.[1][2] It was uneventful, and after making an overnight stop at Ōminato from 22 to 23 June 1944, she headed for Yokosuka, where she arrived on 25 June 1944 and began repairs.[1][2] When Submarine Division 22 was disbanded on 10 August 1944, she was reassigned to Submarine Division 34.[1][2]

Palau Islands campaign

The Battle of Peleliu and Battle of Angaur began in the Palau Islands on 15 September 1944 when United States Marine Corps forces landed on Peleliu and United States Army forces on Angaur.[2] On 19 September 1944, I-177 departed Kure, Japan, with the commander of Submarine Division 34 embarked to conduct a war patrol off the Palaus, off Halmahera in the Japanese-occupied Netherlands East Indies, and off Mindanao in the Philippine Islands.[1][2] When she arrived in her patrol area off the Palaus on 24 September 1944, she received orders to reconnoiter Ulithi Atoll in the Caroline Islands.[2]

Loss

I-177 had completed her reconnaissance of Ulithi and was on the surface returning to her patrol area off the Palaus when a U.S. Navy PBM Mariner flying boat of Patrol Bomber Squadron 16 (VPB-16) detected her on radar on the evening of 1 October 1944.[2] As the aircraft approached, I-177 crash-dived, but not before the Mariner′s crew identified her as a Japanese submarine.[2] The Mariner dropped a Mark 24 FIDO acoustic homing torpedo which inflicted heavy damage on I-177.[2] The Mariner then passed I-177′s position to a nearby hunter-killer group centered around the escort aircraft carrier USS Hoggatt Bay (CVE-75), which began a search for I-177.[2]

Hoggatt Bay was north-northeast of Angaur at 03:11 on 3 October 1944 when she made radar contact on I-177 at a range of 20,000 yards (18,300 m).[2] The destroyer escort USS Samuel S. Miles (DE-183) was detached from Hoggatt Bay′s screen to investigate.[2] At 04:40, Samuel S. Miles′s lookouts sighted I-177 on the surface and she steered toward I-177.[2] I-177 crash-dived, but Samuel S. Miles gained sonar contact on her.[2] Samuel S. Miles fired a salvo of 24 Hedgehog projectiles, and then a second salvo that sank I-177 at 07°48′N 133°28′E / 7.800°N 133.467°E / 7.800; 133.467 (I-177) with the loss of all 101 men on board, about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from where the PBM attacked her.[2]

On 4 October 1944, the Japanese transmitted an order to I-177 to return after completing her reconnaissance of Ulithi Atoll, but she never acknowledged the order.[2] On 18 November 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared her to be presumed lost with all hands in the Palaus area.[2] The Japanese removed her from the navy list on 1 March 1945.[2]

Discover more about Service history related topics

Division (naval)

Division (naval)

A naval division is a subdivision of a squadron or flotilla. It can also be a subdivision of a fleet. A division is the smallest naval formation, most commonly numbering between two to four ships.

6th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)

6th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)

The 6th Fleet was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) that during World War II, had primary responsibility for the command of submarine operations.

Combined Fleet

Combined Fleet

The Combined Fleet was the main sea-going component of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Until 1933, the Combined Fleet was not a permanent organization, but a temporary force formed for the duration of a conflict or major naval maneuvers from various units normally under separate commands in peacetime.

Australia

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, and mountain ranges in the south-east.

Brisbane

Brisbane

Brisbane is the capital and most populous city of Queensland, and the third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania with a population of approximately 2.6 million. Brisbane lies at the centre of South East Queensland, which includes several other regional centres and cities. The central business district is situated within a peninsula of the Brisbane River about 15 km (9 mi) from its mouth at Moreton Bay. Brisbane is located in the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges. It sprawls across several local government areas, most centrally the City of Brisbane. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite.

Cape Byron

Cape Byron

Cape Byron is the easternmost point of the mainland of Australia, located in New South Wales. It is about 3 km (1.9 mi) east of the town of Byron Bay, New South Wales and projects into the Pacific Ocean at 28.6335° S, 153.6383° E. A lighthouse is situated there. It is a popular area for hiking and for whale watching. Two national parks, one a conservation area and a marine park, are on the bay.

Allies of World War II

Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by the end of 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.

Convoy

Convoy

A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used in a non-military sense, for example when driving through remote areas.

Cargo ship

Cargo ship

A cargo ship or freighter is a merchant ship that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built of welded steel, and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years before being scrapped.

Depth charge

Depth charge

A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon. It is intended to destroy a submarine by being dropped into the water nearby and detonating, subjecting the target to a powerful and destructive hydraulic shock. Most depth charges use high explosive charges and a fuze set to detonate the charge, typically at a specific depth. Depth charges can be dropped by ships, patrol aircraft, and helicopters.

Hospital ship

Hospital ship

A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones. In the 19th century, redundant warships were used as moored hospitals for seamen.

AHS Centaur

AHS Centaur

Australian Hospital Ship (AHS) Centaur was a hospital ship which was attacked and sunk by a Japanese submarine off the coast of Queensland, Australia, on 14 May 1943. Of the 332 medical personnel and civilian crew aboard, 268 died, including 63 of the 65 army personnel.

Source: "Japanese submarine I-177", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2022, May 10th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-177.

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Further Reading

Japanese submarine I-16

Japanese submarine I-171

Japanese submarine I-121

Japanese submarine I-122

Japanese submarine I-6
References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl I-177 ijnsubsite.com 9 June 2018 Accessed 13 February 2022
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2 September 2015). "IJN Submarine I-177: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  3. ^ Edwards, pp. 59, 62.
  4. ^ a b Edwards, p. 59.
  5. ^ Edwards, p. 60.
  6. ^ a b Edwards, p. 62.
  7. ^ Dennis & Grey 2009, p. 124
  8. ^ a b c d Edwards, pp. 64–65.
  9. ^ Jenkins, Battle Surface, pp. 284–5
  10. ^ Nakagawa Hajime 中川 肇 ijnsubsite.com 29 June 2020 Accessed 14 February 2022

Bibliography

  • Edwards, Bernard (1997). Blood and Bushido: Japanese Atrocities at Sea 1941–1945. New York: Brick Tower Press. ISBN 1-883283-18-3.
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