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International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
The area held by the Donetsk People's Republic (in black, striped area being the rest of the Donetsk Oblast) and the Luhansk People's Republic (in blue, striped area being the rest of the Luhansk Oblast) within Ukraine, before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russian-annexed Crimea is also shown as its own colour.
The area held by the Donetsk People's Republic (in black, striped area being the rest of the Donetsk Oblast) and the Luhansk People's Republic (in blue, striped area being the rest of the Luhansk Oblast) within Ukraine, before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russian-annexed Crimea is also shown as its own colour.
Vladimir Putin signs presidential decrees recognizing the DPR and LPR and treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, 21 February 2022
Vladimir Putin signs presidential decrees recognizing the DPR and LPR and treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, 21 February 2022
Presidential decrees No. 71 (left) and No. 72 (right), recognizing the independence of the DPR and the LPR.
Presidential decrees No. 71 (left) and No. 72 (right), recognizing the independence of the DPR and the LPR.
Presidential decrees No. 71 (left) and No. 72 (right), recognizing the independence of the DPR and the LPR.

The Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) are two Russian civilian-military administrative regimes in the Donbas region of Ukraine. Russia claims to have annexed them, although it only occupies part of their claimed territories as of November 2022, and treats them as its federal subjects. Before October 2022, they claimed independence from Ukraine, although the international community continues to consider them part of Ukraine's sovereign territory.

The DPR and LPR were proclaimed by Russian-supported separatists in 2014 during the War in Donbas. The militants running the republics held secession referendums, on 11 May 2014. The results of the referendums were not officially accepted by any government except Russia. The Ukrainian government regarded the pro-Russian separatists as terrorists.

The DPR and the LPR attempted to enter into a union in 2014, namely "Novorossiya", although the project was abandoned by 2015. In 2014, South Ossetia—itself a breakaway entity in Georgia—recognized the independence of both entities.

They were recognized as sovereign states by Russia on 21 February 2022, followed by Abkhazia—another breakaway entity in Georgia—four days later.[1][2] The DPR and LPR were later recognized by two other member states of the United Nations: Syria on 29 June 2022,[3][4] and North Korea on 13 July 2022.[5]

The DPR and LPR were officially annexed by Russia on 30 September 2022.

Map of the international diplomatic situation of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Official recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics   Support for Russian recognition of the independence of the republics   Support for Ukrainian territorial integrity, but no condemnation of Russian recognition   Condemnation of Russian recognition of independence
Map of the international diplomatic situation of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics.
  Official recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics
  Support for Russian recognition of the independence of the republics
  Support for Ukrainian territorial integrity, but no condemnation of Russian recognition
  Condemnation of Russian recognition of independence

Discover more about International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic related topics

Donetsk People's Republic

Donetsk People's Republic

The Donetsk People's Republic is an unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast, with its capital in Donetsk. The DPR was created by militarily-armed Russian-backed separatists in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Luhansk People's Republic

Luhansk People's Republic

The Luhansk People's Republic or Lugansk People's Republic is an unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast, with its capital in Luhansk. The LPR was created by militarily-armed Russian-backed separatists in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine are areas of Ukraine that are currently controlled by Russia in the course of the Russo-Ukrainian war. In Ukrainian law, they are defined as the "temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine".

Donbas

Donbas

The Donbas or Donbass is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine. Parts of the Donbas are occupied by Russia as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Russian people's militias in Ukraine

Russian people's militias in Ukraine

The People's Militia of the Donetsk People's Republic and People's Militia of the Luhansk People's Republic are pro-Russian paramilitaries in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine, under overall control of the Russian Federation. They are also referred to as Russian separatist forces or Russian proxy forces. They were affiliated with the self-declared Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) during the war in Donbas (2014–2022), the first stage of the Russo-Ukrainian War. They then supported the Russian Armed Forces against the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia annexed the DPR and LPR, and the paramilitaries are being integrated into the Russian military's Southern Military District. They are designated as terrorist groups by the government of Ukraine.

2014 Donbas status referendums

2014 Donbas status referendums

Referendums on the status of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, parts of Ukraine that together make up the Donbas region, were claimed to have taken place on 11 May 2014 in many towns under the control of the Russian-controlled Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. These referendums intended to legitimise the establishment of the so-called "republics", in the context of the Russian invasion of Crimea and rising pro-Russian unrest in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution. In addition, a counter-referendum on accession to Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was held in some Ukrainian-controlled parts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.

Novorossiya (confederation)

Novorossiya (confederation)

Novorossiya or New Russia, also referred to as the Union of People's Republics was a project of a confederation of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) in Eastern Ukraine, both of which were under the control of pro-Russian separatists at the time.

South Ossetia

South Ossetia

South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated population of just over 56,500 people (2022), who live in an area of 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), on the south side of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, with 33,000 living in the capital city, Tskhinvali. Only Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria recognise South Ossetia as a sovereign state. Although Georgia does not control South Ossetia, the Georgian government and the United Nations consider the territory part of Georgia.

Georgia (country)

Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is part of the Caucasus region, bounded by the Black Sea to the west, Russia to the north and northeast, Turkey to the southwest, Armenia to the south, and by Azerbaijan to the southeast. The country covers an area of 69,700 square kilometres (26,900 sq mi), and has a population of 3.7 million people. Tbilisi is its capital and largest city, home to roughly a third of the Georgian population.

Abkhazia

Abkhazia

Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It lies on the eastern coast of the Black Sea in northwestern Georgia. It is recognised by most countries as part of the latter. It covers 8,665 square kilometres (3,346 sq mi) and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital and largest city is Sukhumi.

Member states of the United Nations

Member states of the United Nations

The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly. The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization.

North Korea

North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.

History and current state

The Donbas status referendums in May 2014 were not officially recognized by the Ukrainian government or any UN member state (including Russia in that time).[6]
The Donbas status referendums in May 2014 were not officially recognized by the Ukrainian government or any UN member state (including Russia in that time).[6]

In November 2014, representatives of Novorossiya sent a request of diplomatic recognition to several Latin American states, including Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.[7] None of the states answered the request.

In May 2015, the confederation of Novorossiya was shut down due to its "incompatibility with the Normandy Format plan of peace settlement", promoting for DPR and LPR becoming autonomous regions within the Ukrainian borders.[8][9]

On 15 February 2022, the Russian State Duma voted to ask President Vladimir Putin to recognize the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics in Ukraine as independent states. The bill was proposed by the Communist Party.[10][11][12][13]

On 21 February 2022, the State Duma of Russia passed a bill to officially recognize the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in Eastern Ukraine as independent states. The bill was approved by President Vladimir Putin.[14] On the same day, Putin signed decrees recognizing the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, and also signed agreements on friendship, cooperation, and assistance with the republics.[15]

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, part of which including troops in the two territories. While, this recognition just fully followed by Abkhazia on 25 February 2022, with President Decree that signed by Aslan Bzhania to support Russia stance in recognize Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republic.

A February poll released by the independent Levada Center found that 45% of Russians backed Russia's recognition of the separatist-controlled Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[16]

State Duma deputy Mikhail Matveev voted in favor of the recognition of the self-proclaimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk but later denounced the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, stating

"I voted for peace, not for war. I wanted Russia to become a shield so that Donbas would not be bombed, not for Kyiv to be bombed."[17]

After limited success during a seven-month military campaign, Vladimir Putin recognized the military occupations of parts of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts as independent states, and signed treaties of accession to the Russian Federation with the Russian-appointed heads of all four partially occupied regions of Ukraine, despite not having full control of their territories.

Discover more about History and current state related topics

2014 Donbas status referendums

2014 Donbas status referendums

Referendums on the status of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, parts of Ukraine that together make up the Donbas region, were claimed to have taken place on 11 May 2014 in many towns under the control of the Russian-controlled Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. These referendums intended to legitimise the establishment of the so-called "republics", in the context of the Russian invasion of Crimea and rising pro-Russian unrest in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution. In addition, a counter-referendum on accession to Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was held in some Ukrainian-controlled parts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.

First Yatsenyuk government

First Yatsenyuk government

The first government headed by Arseniy Yatsenyuk was created in Ukraine on 27 February 2014 in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity. The cabinet was formed as a coalition of the Batkivschyna, UDAR and Svoboda political parties, the Economic Development and Sovereign European Ukraine parliamentary factions, and a number of unaffiliated MPs. On 24 July 2014, UDAR, Svoboda and 19 independent MPs exited the coalition to pave the way for the early parliamentary elections of late October 2014. Prime Minister Yatsenyuk announced his resignation the same day, but the Verkhovna Rada declined his resignation on 31 July 2014.

Novorossiya (confederation)

Novorossiya (confederation)

Novorossiya or New Russia, also referred to as the Union of People's Republics was a project of a confederation of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) in Eastern Ukraine, both of which were under the control of pro-Russian separatists at the time.

Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state. Recognition can be accorded either on a de facto or de jure basis. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a treaty with the other state or making a state visit. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in international organizations, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member.

Latin America

Latin America

Latin America is a cultural concept denoting the Americas where Romance languages—languages derived from Latin—are predominantly spoken. The term was coined in the nineteenth century, to refer to regions in the Americas that were ruled by the Spanish, Portuguese and French empires. The term does not have a precise definition, but it is "commonly used to describe South America, Central America, Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean." In a narrow sense, it refers to Spanish America, Brazil, French West Indies and French Antillean Creole speaking Caribbean countries. The term "Latin America" is broader than categories such as Hispanic America, which specifically refers to Spanish-speaking countries; and Ibero-America, a term not generally used that specifically refers to Spanish, French and French Creole-speaking countries and Portuguese-speaking countries sometimes leaving French and British excolonies aside.

Cuba

Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) but a total of 350,730 km2 (135,420 sq mi) including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.

Nicaragua

Nicaragua

Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city. As of 2015, it was estimated to be the second largest city in Central America. Nicaragua's multiethnic population of six million includes people of mestizo, Indigenous, European and African heritage. The main language is Spanish. Indigenous tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English.

Normandy Format

Normandy Format

The Normandy Format, also known as the Normandy contact group, is a grouping of states who met in an effort to resolve the War in Donbas and the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. The four countries who make up the group—Germany, Russia, Ukraine, and France—first met informally in 2014 during the 70th anniversary of D-Day celebrations in Normandy, France.

Donetsk People's Republic

Donetsk People's Republic

The Donetsk People's Republic is an unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast, with its capital in Donetsk. The DPR was created by militarily-armed Russian-backed separatists in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Luhansk People's Republic

Luhansk People's Republic

The Luhansk People's Republic or Lugansk People's Republic is an unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast, with its capital in Luhansk. The LPR was created by militarily-armed Russian-backed separatists in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation is a left-wing nationalist and communist political party in Russia that officially adheres to Marxist–Leninist philosophy. It is the second-largest political party in Russia after United Russia. The youth organisation of the party is the Leninist Young Communist League.

Eastern Ukraine

Eastern Ukraine

Eastern Ukraine or east Ukraine is primarily the territory of Ukraine east of the Dnipro river, particularly Kharkiv, Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts (provinces). Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts are often also regarded as "eastern Ukraine". In regard to traditional territories, the area encompasses portions of the southern Sloboda Ukraine, Donbas, the eastern Azov Littoral (Pryazovia).

Positions taken by states and organizations on independence

Countries and entities that recognized the DPR and LPR as independent states

UN member states

State Date of recognition Diplomatic relations established Notes
1  Russia 21 February 2022[18] 21 February 2022[18] In his address recognising the DPR and LPR, Putin also supported their claims to the Donbas region of Ukraine.[19]
Further information: DPR–Russia relations and LPR–Russia relations
2  Syria 29 June 2022[20] In February 2022, Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad stated "Syria supports President Vladimir Putin's decision to recognise the republics of Luhansk and Donetsk" at an event in Moscow.[21] Syria's state news agency SANA later reported that Syria was "ready to build relations with republics of Luhansk and Donetsk".[22][23][24]

As a response to the recognition, Ukraine severed all of its diplomatic relations with Syria, and Syria did the same towards Ukraine on 20 July 2022.[25] Prior to relations being severed, the embassies of the two countries were closed in 2016 and 2018 respectively during the Syrian civil war.

3  North Korea 13 July 2022[5] On 13 July 2022, the Korean Central News Agency reported that Foreign Minister of North Korea Choe Son-hui sent letters to counterparts in the republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, recognising the independence of the republics and expressed the will to develop the state-to-state relations.[26]

As a result of the recognition, Ukraine has severed its diplomatic relations with North Korea.[27]

Non-UN states

State Date of recognition Diplomatic relations established Notes
1  Donetsk People's Republic
 Luhansk People's Republic		 11 May 2014 11 May 2014 Both Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic have simultaneously declared independence and were previously united under the Novorossiya confederation from 2014 to 2015.
2  South Ossetia 18 June 2014 (LPR)[28]
27 June 2014 (DPR)[29]		 28 January 2015 (LPR)[30]
12 May 2015 (DPR)[31]		 On 27 June 2014, South Ossetia's Security Council decided to recognize the Donetsk People's Republic. South Ossetia's president told the media: "I believe the recognition of the Donetsk republic is the right step, South Ossetia's people support and hail the decision to recognize Donetsk and Luhansk."[29]
Further information: DPR–South Ossetia relations
3  Abkhazia 25 February 2022 9 March 2022 (DPR)[32]
10 March 2022 (LPR)[33]		 On 22 February 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a statement welcoming the recognition of independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics by Russian President Vladimir Putin.[34]
On 25 February 2022 President Aslan Bzhania announced the recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.[2]

Countries and entities that supported recognizing the DPR and LPR as independent states

UN member states

State Notes
 Belarus Despite calls for recognition of the two republics, the Belarusian Foreign Ministry had rejected recognition but it has supported Russia's decision. The statement reads: "In such a situation, we respectfully understand the decision of the Russian side to recognize the independence of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics. The Republic of Belarus has always actively and consistently advocated a peaceful settlement of the conflict in south-eastern Ukraine. We still consider diplomatic methods to be a priority and are ready to contribute to this process in every possible way."[35]
 Central African Republic President Faustin-Archange Touadéra stated on RIA Novosti news “I believe that this decision will undoubtedly save lives and prevent a lot of violence. According to our analysis, this decision aims to save people's lives. This decision is supported by many because it aims to avoid violence and the loss of human lives.”[36]
 Nicaragua President Daniel Ortega stated "I'm sure that if a referendum is held there, as was done in Crimea, people will vote for their regions to be included in Russia. This is a Russian population and it's not subject to the dictates of NATO, the EU and the U.S."[37]
 Sudan The Deputy Head of the Sovereign Council Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo stated: "Russia has the right to act in the interests of its citizens and protect its people. It has the right under the constitution and under the law. The whole world must realize that it has the right to defend its people."[38]
 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro "reaffirmed all his support" for Russian President Putin "in defense of peace in Russia", stating "the territory of Luhansk and Donetsk assumed the functions of people's republics to defend themselves from a massacre that the fascist sectors that had seized power in Ukraine began to execute hunting men, hunting women, assaulting families, bombing, with heavy weapons and a conflict began".[39]

Non-UN states

State Notes
 Artsakh Arayik Harutyunyan, President of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, issued a statement welcoming the decision to recognize the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. He stated that "the right of nations to self-determination and building one's own state is inalienable for every people and is a fundamental principle of the international law."[40]

Countries and entities that did not recognize the DPR and LPR as independent states

UN member states

State Notes
 Albania The Albanian Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Olta Xhaçka posted a statement on Twitter: "Albania condemns Russia's recognition of the independence of the regions of Donetsk & Luhansk. A clear violation of international law, of the Minsk agreement as well as a violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty. Albania stands united with partners and allies in support of Ukraine".[41]
 Argentina The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship echoed UN's Secretary General Gutérres' call for respect of territorial sovereignty and called for a peaceful resolution to the conflict. Argentina also called to respect the charter of the United Nations and international law.[42]
 Australia The Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs condemned the Russian recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states, saying it "flagrantly undermines Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity and has no validity under international law." The minister also condemned President Putin's announcement that Russia "is deploying so-called “peacekeepers” to eastern Ukraine; stating that "These personnel are not peacekeepers".[43]
 Austria The Austrian Foreign Minister Alexander Schallenberg states that the recognition of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics by the Russian Federation represents "a grave violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine which we categorically condemn."[44]
 Belgium The Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sophie Wilmès tweeted: "Belgium condemns the recognition of the separatist territories in #Ukraine. It is a violation of international law, the Minsk agreements and the territorial integrity of Ukraine. We will work closely with our EU and NATO partners for a strong and united reaction."[45]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniak member of the Presidency Šefik Džaferović condemned Russia's moves to recognize the independence of Donetsk and Luhansk. "Bosnia and Herzegovina respects and supports the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine. I condemn the decision of the Russian Federation to recognize the two Ukrainian regions as states, which is a flagrant violation of international law," Džaferović said. Serb member of the Presidency Milorad Dodik said it was his personal opinion. He said that the Republika Srpska entity will seek neutrality at the national level regarding the issue of Ukraine, Radio Free Europe reported.[46] The Presidency Chairman Željko Komšić strongly condemned "Russia's attack on the territory of Ukraine".[47]
 Bulgaria For years, relations between Bulgaria and Russia were moderate. However, on the day of Putin's announcement, Prime Minister Kiril Petkov condemned Putin's recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent entities. He stated, "We continue to maintain Ukraine's territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders. International law must be respected. We, the European Union, will respond united in our defense." In that same statement, the Bulgarian Foreign Ministry released the statement that "the recognition of the Luhansk and Donetsk separatist republics is a gross violation of international law and undermines European security. Such an escalation requires a unified and decisive response."[48]
 Canada Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau condemned Putin's actions calling it "blatant violation of Ukraine's sovereignty". Trudeau went on to suggest economic sanctions would be applied.[49][50]
 China Wang Wenbin, spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, said in response to a reporter's question: "China's position on the Ukraine issue is consistent. The legitimate security concerns of any country should be respected, and the purposes and principles of the UN Charter should be jointly safeguarded."[51][52]
 Costa Rica Costa Rican government stated that it supported the UN Secretary General's statement stating that the recognition of Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic are violating Ukrainian territorial integrity. Costa Rica has also called for a de-escalation of the situation in Eastern Europe and the situation must be resolved by dialogue.[53]
 Croatia The Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković tweeted: "We condemn Russia's recognition of the self-proclaimed regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, which is a violation of international law and the territorial integrity of #Ukraine. Together with (European Union) partners, we express our solidarity with @ZelenskyyUa and (Ukraine) people."[54]
 Cyprus "In light of developments in Ukraine, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus reiterates its support to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders."[55]
 Czech Republic Numerous Czech officials have denounced President Putin's decision to recognize the independence of the breakaway Ukrainian republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as a "breach of the Minsk Agreements and international law". The Czech Foreign Ministry said the step was a flagrant violation of the sovereignty and integrity of Ukraine. Prime Minister Petr Fiala stated that the Czech Republic stands firmly behind a free and independent Ukraine and knows from its own historic experience that such steps never lead to peace.[56]
 Denmark Prime Minister of Denmark Mette Frederiksen posted statement on Twitter: "Russia's decision to recognize the so-called DNR and LNR regions of Ukraine as independent is a blatant violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and international law. Denmark condemns the decision, which will not go unanswered. We stand side by side with Ukraine"[57]
 Estonia "Foreign Minister Eva-Maria Liimets: our support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity is unwavering".[58]
 Finland The Office of the President of Finland Sauli Niinistö: "Finland condemns Russia's unilateral acts that violate Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The recognition of the separatist regions in Eastern Ukraine is a serious breach of the Minsk agreements. Finland responds to Russia's acts as part of the European Union."[59]
 France Hours after recognition, the French President Emmanuel Macron who proposed a summit between Biden and Putin in the light of the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, condemned the recognition and demands sanctions.[60][61]
 Georgia President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili posted statement on Twitter: "Georgia strongly condemns Russia's « recognition » of Ukraines's Donetsk and Lugansk regions, repeating the scenario that led to the occupation of 20% of our territory. Georgia stands by you Pdt Zelensky and in support of Ukraine's territorial integrity and peace."[62]
 Germany German Chancellor Olaf Scholz condemned the recognition of the two regions, which it would be a "one-sided breach" of the Minsk agreement, which tamed the hostilities in the Donbas region.[63]
 Greece The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stated: "Russia's recognition of the illegal and unilateral declaration of "independence" of Ukraine's separatist regions of Donetsk and Luhansk constitutes a blatant violation of fundamental principles of International Law, Ukraine's territorial integrity, and the Minsk agreements."[64]
 Guatemala The Government of Guatemala on Tuesday expressed its condemnation of the "unilateral recognition" by Russia "of the separatist republics" of Donetsk and Lugansk in Ukraine, announced last Monday by President Vladimir Putin.[65]
 Honduras Honduran foreign ministry has urged involved parties in the crisis to find the way out through dialogue. Honduran Foreign Ministry also underlines the importance of Ukraine in peaceful coexistence in Europe and call other powers not to intervene in Ukraine and defend international system based on international law which respect sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine.[66]
 Hungary The Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor Orbán assured of Hungary's continued support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. He added that Hungary will support the European Union's joint efforts to settle the conflict.[67]
 Iceland The Prime Minister of Iceland Katrín Jakobsdóttir stated on Twitter: "The escalation by Russia in Ukraine is devastating and I am concerned for innocent civilians in the region. This is an unacceptable violation of international law. Escalation and armed conflict is not the solution to current challenges. The door for diplomacy must remain open."[68]
 Indonesia Indonesian President Joko Widodo said that he agreed with the UN Secretary General and asked to cease tension in Ukraine as soon as possible, urge both sides to restraint and will never allow the war to happen. Foreign ministry spokesperson Teuku Faizasyah stated that Indonesia firmly follow the UN charter and international law about territorial integrity of a nation and condemn every move that clearly violates territorial integrity and sovereignty of a nation.[69][70]
 Ireland Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Simon Coveney: "Ireland's support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognised borders and its right to choose its own foreign and security policy path is unwavering. The decision by the Russian Federation to proceed with the recognition of the non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine as independent entities contravenes international law, is a blatant violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity, and marks a clear and unilateral breach of the Minsk agreements. Ireland supports a clear and strong EU response, including additional sanctions measures."[71]
 Israel The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yair Lapid shares the concern of the international community regarding the steps taken in eastern Ukraine and the serious escalation in the situation. Israel hopes for a diplomatic solution which will lead to calm, and is willing to help if asked. Israel supports the territorial integrity and the sovereignty of Ukraine.[72]
 Italy Italian Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation condemned the decision of the Russian authorities to recognize the so-called separatist republics of Lughansk and Donetsk as in violation to the Minsk agreement.[73] Since 2016, the DPR and the LPR have unofficial representation offices in Italy (Turin, Verona and Messina), that are not recognized by Italian authorities.[74]
 Japan Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida condemned Russian recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk independence calling it violation of Ukrainian sovereignty. Foreign Minister Yoshimasa Hayashi said Japan will work with international community, including G7 to impose tough measure against Russia.[75]
 Kazakhstan Pending a meeting of the Kazakh security council, the foreign affairs minister stated, "I must assure you: there is no question of Kazakhstan's recognition of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics. We proceed from the foundations of international law and the basic principles of the UN Charter."[76][77] On 17 June 2022, during a public discussion at the 25th St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev stated that Kazakhstan would not recognise what he called "quasi-state territories" in Donetsk and Luhansk.[78]
 Kenya Kenyan UN representative Martin Kimani stated that Kenya and many African nations had been "birthed" with the end of colonialism and had not been able to set their own borders in a statement condemning Russia's recognition. But instead of pursuing states based on “ethnic, racial or religious homogeneity”, which carried the risk of decades of "bloody wars", the countries "agreed that we would settle for the borders we inherited. Rather than form nations that looked ever backwards into history with a dangerous nostalgia, we chose to look forward to a greatness none of our many nations and peoples had ever known," he said.[79][80]
 Kyrgyzstan The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kyrgyzstan stated that Kyrgyzstan is a firm supporter of compliance with the universally recognized norms and principles of international law laid down in the UN Charter and other documents, including the territorial integrity of states and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. At the same time, the importance of observing the principle of indivisibility of security was emphasized.[81]
 Latvia The Government of Latvia has condemned the recognition in the following statement: "While utterly condemning Russia's actions, Latvia urges the international community to take the strongest possible measures to stop Russia's aggression and offer assistance to Ukraine. ... We, the President, the Speaker of the Saeima, the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, on behalf of the people of Latvia, stand in solidarity with the Ukrainian people and offer our unwavering support for Ukraine's freedom, sovereignty and territorial integrity".[82]
 Liechtenstein The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated on Twitter: "Liechtenstein is deeply concerned about the recognition of certain parts of the Ukrainian regions Luhansk and Donezk by the Government of Russia, in flagrant violation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, the Minsk agreements endorsed by the United Nations Security Council, as well as the Charter of the United Nations and the rules governing the conduct of international relations. Liechtenstein expresses its solidarity with the people and Government of Ukraine and calls for a peaceful settlement of all issues through diplomatic means and in accordance with international law."[83]
 Lithuania The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania strongly condemns Russia's decision to recognize two areas in Ukraine's Luhansk and Donetsk regions, which are held by Russian-backed separatists, as independent. "This decision constitutes a gross violation of the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and international law, the Helsinki Final Act, and the Charter of Paris".[84]
 Luxembourg The Prime Minister of Luxembourg Xavier Bettel has posted a statement on Twitter: "I condemn the recent violation of the Minsk agreements by Russia. We will work closely with our EU partners for a united response."[85]
 Malta The Republic of Malta condemns the decision of the Russian Federation to formally recognise the independence of the non-government controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk. This decision is a violation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, is inconsistent with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and in breach of the Minsk agreements and undermines the possibility of a diplomatic solution.[86]
 Mexico Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations reiterates its respect for the territorial integrity of Ukraine and the search for a solution through diplomatic channels.[87]
 Moldova President of Moldova Maia Sandu posted statement on Twitter: "We strongly condemn recognition by (Russia) of the separatist areas of Donetsk & Luhansk oblasts of (Ukraine). This is clearly against intl law. (Moldova) remains firmly committed to supporting the sovereignty & territorial integrity of (Ukraine) within its internationally recognized borders."[88]
 Montenegro The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Montenegro posted a statement on Twitter: "Russia's decision to recognize self-proclaimed "People's Republics" of Donetsk & Luhansk is a violation of Ukraine's sovereignty & territorial integrity, #Minsk agreements & the international law. #Montenegro stands united with the (European Union) and its #NATO allies in support of #Ukraine"[89]
 Netherlands The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Wopke Hoekstra has stated on Twitter: "The recognition of the separatist territories in #Ukraine is a blatant violation of international law, the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and Minsk agreements. The Netherlands strongly condemns this act and will respond firmly in close coordination with our EU & NATO partners."[90]
 New Zealand The Minister of Foreign Affairs Nanaia Mahuta stated on Twitter: "Aotearoa New Zealand strongly supports Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Russia's actions today violate international law and cut across diplomatic efforts to find a peaceful resolution"[91]
 North Macedonia The Foreign Affairs Minister of The Republic of North Macedonia Bujar Osmani has stated on Twitter: "We strongly condemn the recognition by (Russia) of the (Ukraine) areas #Donetsk & #Lugansk as independent. Such acts represent a severe violation of international law. (North Macedonia) reiterates its unequivocal support for sovereignty & territorial integrity of #Ukraine @DmytroKuleba"[92]
 Norway The Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs Anniken Huitfeldt has stated that "Norway condemn the Russian declaration of recognizing the self-proclaimed people's republics in Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states", saying that the decision is "another violation of Ukrainian sovereignty". She further stated that "Norway supports Ukraine's independence and territorial integrity in accordance with internationally recognized borders".[93]
 Peru The peruvian government stated the following: "Peru today expressed its deep concern over the evolution of events inside the Donetsk and Lugansk regions, as well as on the eastern border of Ukraine and Russia, and call for a peaceful and sustainable solution through diplomatic channels". The Permanent Representative of Peru to the UN, Ambassador Manuel Rodriguez Cuadros added: "The recognition of the independence of the separatist territories and the deployment of military forces in these territories are incompatible with the principles of the UN and constitute a violation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine".[94]
 Poland The Polish Foreign Ministry firmly condemned the Russian declaration of two self-proclaimed republics situated on the territory of Ukraine – the so-called "Donetsk People's Republic" and "Luhansk People's Republic" and stated Russia has violated the Minsk Agreement. Polish government expressed its solidarity with Ukraine and urge Russia to cease its illegal actions that breached international laws.[95]
 Portugal The Prime Minister of Portugal António Costa posted a statement on Twitter: "Russian recognition of the two breakaway Ukraine regions clearly violates the Minsk accords and jeopardizes Ukraine's territorial integrity. We strongly condemn this action and express our full solidarity with Ukraine."[96]
 Romania President of Romania Klaus Iohannis, Prime Minister of Romania Nicolae Ciucă and other relevant Romanian political figures such as Ludovic Orban and Kelemen Hunor condemned Russia's decision to recognize the two separatist republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. Furthermore, Iohannis described the event as a serious violation of international law.[97]
 Serbia Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić stated in an interview that Putin's decision to recognize the breakaway republics put Serbia "in a difficult position".[98] The Serbian government supports Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, but opposes sanctions against Russia.[99]
 Singapore The MFA Spokesperson said: "Singapore is gravely concerned at the escalation of tensions at the Ukraine-Russia border and the Russian decision to recognise two breakaway Ukrainian regions. The sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine must be respected. All parties concerned should continue to pursue dialogue, including diplomatic means, towards a peaceful settlement of the dispute, in accordance with international law, and avoid action that will further raise tensions in the region."[100]
 Slovakia The Slovak Foreign Ministry firmly does not recognize the self-proclaimed independence of the separatist entities. Slovak principled foreign policy position supports the political sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine and universal validity and respect for the principles of international law.[101]
 Slovenia The Slovenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated: "Slovenia strongly condemns the decision by President Putin to recognise Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine as independent entities. These hostile measures are a flagrant violation of international law and obligations contained in the Minsk agreements, and will not remain without consequences".[102]
 South Korea The South Korean President Moon Jae-in has urged Russia to respect Ukrainian sovereignty territorial integrity, pledged to work with international community for de-escalation of the situation in the region. Moon also instructed officials to prepare thoroughly to protect South Korean nationals in Ukraine.[103]
 Spain The Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation José Manuel Albares posted a statement on Twitter: "The Russian recognition of the separatist territories in eastern Ukraine is a flagrant violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity, the Minsk agreements and international legality. We will respond in close coordination with our partners and allies."[104]
 Sweden The Swedish Foreign Minister Ann Linde posted a statement on Twitter: "Strongly condemn Russia's recognition of the non-government controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine as independent entities. A blatant violation of international law and of the Minsk agreements."[105]
 Switzerland The Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs tweeted: "Russia's recognition of certain areas of the Ukrainian Luhantsk and Donetsk regions as independent states is a flagrant violation of international law, the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine and the Minsk agreements. Switzerland calls on Russia to uphold its international obligations and to reserve its action."[106]
 Turkey Turkish Foreign Ministry has called Russian recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk are unacceptable and stated it as clear violation of not only the Minsk Agreement but also Ukrainian political unity. Turkey stated it will work with Ukraine preserving its political unity and territorial integrity.[107]
 Ukraine Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemns the Russian Federation's decision to recognise the "independence" of the quasi-entities it had created in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, the so-called "Luhansk People's Republic" and "Donetsk People's Republic".[108]
 United Kingdom British Foreign Minister Liz Truss condemned the Russian move shortly after the declaration of recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk and has urged Russia to end its pattern of destabilising behaviour against Ukraine. Truss also stated that the British government will announce a new sanctions against Russia shortly for its destabilising activities in the region. Prime Minister Boris Johnson called Putin's move as "ill omen" and "flagrant breach of sovereignty", Johnson later called the COBR meeting to discuss the situation in Ukraine[109][110][111]
 United States On the same day of Putin's announcement, the President of the United States Joe Biden signed Executive Order 13660, imposing sanctions that target two Russia-backed breakaway republics in eastern Ukraine in a swift response. The order, from a statement by White House secretary Jen Psaki, bars "new investment, trade and financing by U.S. persons to, from, or in" the so-called Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, located in Ukraine's eastern Donbas region, and provides authority to impose sanctions on "any person determined to operate in those areas of Ukraine".[112]
 Uruguay Uruguayan Foreign Ministry is following with great concern the increase in tensions on the border between Ukraine and Russia, which have escalated rapidly after the recognition of two separatist regions in Ukraine by Russia and the displacement of military troops, in violation of the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.[113]
 Uzbekistan On 17 March 2022, foreign minister of Uzbekistan Abdulaziz Kamilov said that Uzbekistan doesn't recognise the breakaway regions and he also announced that the two separatist regions, including Crimea, are part of Ukraine.[114]

Non-UN states

State Notes
 Kosovo Kosovo Foreign Affairs Ministry expressed solidarity with Ukraine against Russian aggression stating Putin has waged war against democracy. Kosovo also urged the free world to respond to Putin and his proxies with resolve.[115]
 Taiwan (Republic of China) ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed "deep regret and condemnation" towards Russia after it ordered troops into two separatist pro-Moscow regions in eastern Ukraine. The ROC's presidential and Executive Yuan spokeswoman Kolas Yotaka said it was "encouraging" that UN ambassadors were rejecting Russia's claims to Ukraine territory, saying she looked forward to the day "the world will equally reject" the PRC's claims over Taiwan.[116]
 Transnistria When the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Transnistria Vitaly Ignatyev [ru] was asked on a 2022 interview if Transnistria would take measures to organize cooperation with the DPR and the LPR or if mutual recognition between Transnistria and the two entities would take place, he replied that "we are not working in this direction".[117]

International and regional organizations

Organization Notes
 European Union The European Union's top officials condemned the recognition of Luhansk and Donetsk by Russia, calling it a "blatant violation of international law." In a joint statement, European Council President Charles Michel and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen condemned “in the strongest possible terms the decision by the Russian President to proceed with the recognition of the non-government controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine as independent entities.” The next day, the EU sanctioned 351 members of the State Duma for supporting the independence of the two regions.[118][119]
 NATO NATO's Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg condemned Russia's decision to extend recognition to the self-proclaimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, stating: "This further undermines Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, erodes efforts towards a resolution of the conflict, and violates the Minsk agreements, to which Russia is a party." The alliance supported the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders, with its allies urging Russia to "choose the path of diplomacy, and to immediately reverse its massive military build-up in and around Ukraine, and withdraw its forces from Ukraine in accordance with its international obligations and commitments."[120]
OSCE The OSCE does not recognize the DLNR, and refers to them as "illegally armed groups in Donbas", and to their occupied territories as "certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions" or "CADLR".

An OSCE report on war crimes implies that they are not "independent States" nor "simply co-belligerents of Russia", refers to their status as "self-proclaimed 'republics'", Russia's "proxies", and "under overall control of Russia", and states that therefore Russia is responsible for their conduct in the commission of crimes against international humanitarian law.[121]

 United Nations UN Secretary General António Guterres condemned Russia's decision to recognize the "independence" of two Ukraine's breakaway region, calling it the violation of territorial and sovereign integrity of Ukraine and a "death blow" to the Minsk agreements. Guterres also slammed Russia's decision to send "peacekeeping forces" to the region saying: "When troops of one country enter the territory of another country without its consent, they are not impartial peacekeepers. They are not peacekeepers at all."[122]

Discover more about Positions taken by states and organizations on independence related topics

Member states of the United Nations

Member states of the United Nations

The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly. The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization.

Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state. Recognition can be accorded either on a de facto or de jure basis. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a treaty with the other state or making a state visit. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in international organizations, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member.

Diplomacy

Diplomacy

Diplomacy comprises spoken or written communication by representatives of states intended to influence events in the international system.

Donbas

Donbas

The Donbas or Donbass is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine. Parts of the Donbas are occupied by Russia as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations

Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations

Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations were bilateral relations between Russia and the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). The DPR is widely internationally unrecognized, with most of the international community regarding the DPR as a Russian military occupation of a portion of Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast. The DPR was annexed by Russia on 30 September 2022; the DPR authorities willingly acceded to Russia, and the annexation is widely internationally unrecognized. From April 2014 to September 2022, the DPR portrayed itself as an independent state, and it was widely regarded as a puppet state of Russia by the international community.

Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations

Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations

Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations were bilateral relations between Russia and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR). The LPR is widely internationally unrecognized, with most of the international community regarding the LPR as a Russian military occupation of a portion of Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast. The LPR was annexed by Russia on 30 September 2022; the LPR authorities willingly acceded to Russia, and the annexation is widely internationally unrecognized. From April 2014 to September 2022, the LPR portrayed itself as an independent state, and it was widely regarded as a puppet state of Russia by the international community.

Faisal Mekdad

Faisal Mekdad

Faisal Mekdad is the Syrian Foreign Minister and former Permanent Envoy to the United Nations.

Korean Central News Agency

Korean Central News Agency

The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) is the state news agency of North Korea. The agency portrays the views of the North Korean government for both domestic and foreign consumption. It was established on December 5, 1946 and now features online coverage.

Choe Son-hui

Choe Son-hui

Choe Son-hui is the Minister of Foreign Affairs of North Korea. Previously the First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, she was appointed Minister on 11 June 2022, becoming the first woman to hold the position and is one of few North Korean women holding a high-level office.

List of states with limited recognition

List of states with limited recognition

A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have de facto control of their territory. A number of such entities have existed in the past.

Donetsk People's Republic

Donetsk People's Republic

The Donetsk People's Republic is an unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast, with its capital in Donetsk. The DPR was created by militarily-armed Russian-backed separatists in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Luhansk People's Republic

Luhansk People's Republic

The Luhansk People's Republic or Lugansk People's Republic is an unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast, with its capital in Luhansk. The LPR was created by militarily-armed Russian-backed separatists in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Positions taken on annexation

See also: Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

Two UN member states has recognized the Russian annexation of four partially occupied regions of Ukraine:

Source: "International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 20th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People's_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People's_Republic.

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Further Reading

List of diplomatic missions in South Ossetia

Donetsk People's Republic

Russian people's militias in Ukraine

Denis Pushilin

War in Donbas (2014–2022)

Luhansk People's Republic

Novorossiya (confederation)

Minsk agreements

Donetsk People's Republic–South Ossetia relations

Russian irredentism

Leonid Pasechnik

Russian-occupied territories

Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations

Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations
See also
References
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