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IUCN Red List

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Formation1964
HeadquartersUnited Kingdom
Region served
International
Official language
English
Parent organization
International Union for Conservation of Nature
AffiliationsSpecies Survival Commission, Birdlife International, Conservation International, NatureServe, Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Texas A&M University, Sapienza University of Rome, Zoological Society of London, Wildscreen
Websitewww.iucnredlist.org Edit this at Wikidata

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.[1] It uses a set of precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit.

The aim of the IUCN Red List is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to reduce species extinction. According to IUCN the formally stated goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.[2]

Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups within the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.

The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, or every five years if possible. This is done in a peer reviewed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups, which are Red List Authorities responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class (Aves).[3]

The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time.[4] As of 2019, of 105,000 species surveyed, 28,338 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular overfishing, hunting, and land development.[5]

Discover more about IUCN Red List related topics

International Union for Conservation of Nature

International Union for Conservation of Nature

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable".

Conservation status

Conservation status

The conservation status of a group of organisms indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats. Various systems of conservation status exist and are in use at international, multi-country, national and local levels as well as for consumer use.

Extinction

Extinction

Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" after a period of apparent absence.

Regional Red List

Regional Red List

A Regional Red List is a report of the threatened status of species within a certain country or region. It is based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an inventory of the conservation status of species on a global scale. Regional Red Lists assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit and therefore may feed directly into national and regional planning. This project is coordinated by the Zoological Society of London, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and partners in national governments, universities and organizations throughout the world.

BirdLife International

BirdLife International

BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding important sites for birds, maintaining and restoring key bird habitats, and empowering conservationists worldwide.

Institute of Zoology

Institute of Zoology

The Institute of Zoology (IoZ) is the research division of the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) in England. It is a government-funded research institute specialising in scientific issues relevant to the conservation of animal species and their habitats. The Institute is based alongside London Zoo at ZSL's Regent's Park site in the City of Westminster.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

The UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is a collaboration centre of UN Environment Programme, based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom. UNEP-WCMC has been part of UN Environment Programme since 2000, and has responsibility for biodiversity assessment and support to policy development and implementation. The World Conservation Monitoring Centre was previously an independent organisation jointly managed by IUCN, UN Environment Programme and WWF established in 1988. Prior to that, the centre was a part of the IUCN Secretariat.

Peer review

Peer review

Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work. It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review. It can also be used as a teaching tool to help students improve writing assignments.

Bird

Bird

Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.8 m common ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or "perching" birds. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.

Overfishing

Overfishing

Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally, resulting in the species becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as ponds, wetlands, rivers, lakes or oceans, and can result in resource depletion, reduced biological growth rates and low biomass levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to critical depensation, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, such as the overfishing of sharks, has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems. Types of overfishing include: growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, ecosystem overfishing.

Hunting

Hunting

Hunting is the human practice of seeking, pursuing, capturing, or killing wildlife or feral animals. The most common reasons for humans to hunt are to exploit the animal's body for food and useful animal products, for recreation/taxidermy, although it may also be done for non-exploitative reasons such as removing predators dangerous to humans or domestic animals, to eliminate pests and nuisance animals that damage crops/livestock/poultry or spread diseases, for trade/tourism, or for ecological conservation against overpopulation and invasive species.

Land development

Land development

Land development is the alteration of landscape in any number of ways such as:Changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as agriculture or housing Subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes Real estate development or changing its purpose, for example by converting an unused factory complex into a condominium.

History

The percentage of species in several groups which are listed as .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  critically endangered,   endangered, or   vulnerable on the 2007 IUCN Red List.
The percentage of species in several groups which are listed as   critically endangered,   endangered, or   vulnerable on the 2007 IUCN Red List.

1964 Red List of Threatened Plants

The 1964 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants used the older pre-criteria Red List assessment system. Plants listed may not, therefore, appear in the current Red List. IUCN advise that it is best to check both the online Red List and the 1997 plants Red List publication.[6]

2006 release

The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies, varieties, aquatic stocks, and subpopulations.

2007 release

On 12 September 2007, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) released the 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) from endangered to critically endangered, which is the last category before extinct in the wild, due to Ebola virus and poaching, along with other factors. Russ Mittermeier, chief of Swiss-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Endangered category.[7]

2008 release

The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four [mammals] at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient.[8]

2012 release

The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at Rio+20 Earth Summit;[9] nearly 2,000 species were added,[10] with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list.[11] The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction.[12] 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable".[13] At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds.[12] The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered".[14]

Discover more about History related topics

Subspecies

Subspecies

In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated subsp. or ssp. and the singular and plural forms are the same.

Variety (botany)

Variety (botany)

In botanical nomenclature, variety is a taxonomic rank below that of species and subspecies, but above that of form. As such, it gets a three-part infraspecific name. It is sometimes recommended that the subspecies rank should be used to recognize geographic distinctiveness, whereas the variety rank is appropriate if the taxon is seen throughout the geographic range of the species.

Fish stocks

Fish stocks

Fish stocks are subpopulations of a particular species of fish, for which intrinsic parameters are traditionally regarded as the significant factors determining the stock's population dynamics, while extrinsic factors are traditionally ignored.

Statistical population

Statistical population

In statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment. A statistical population can be a group of existing objects or a hypothetical and potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience. A common aim of statistical analysis is to produce information about some chosen population.

Cross River gorilla

Cross River gorilla

The Cross River gorilla is a critically endangered subspecies of the western gorilla. It was named a new species in 1904 by Paul Matschie, a mammalian taxonomist working at the Humboldt University Zoological Museum in Berlin, but its populations were not systematically surveyed until 1987.

Extinct in the wild

Extinct in the wild

A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as known only by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss.

Poaching

Poaching

Poaching has been defined as the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights. Poaching was once performed by impoverished peasants for subsistence purposes and to supplement meager diets. It was set against the hunting privileges of nobility and territorial rulers.

Switzerland

Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

Sumatran orangutan

Sumatran orangutan

The Sumatran orangutan is one of the three species of orangutans. Critically Endangered, and found only in the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, it is rarer than the Bornean orangutan but more common than the recently identified Tapanuli orangutan, also found in Sumatra. Its common name is based on two separate local words, "orang" and "hutan" ("forest"), derived from Malay, and translates as 'person of the forest'.

Bornean orangutan

Bornean orangutan

The Bornean orangutan is a species of orangutan endemic to the island of Borneo. Together with the Sumatran orangutan and Tapanuli orangutan, it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. Like the other great apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying tool use and distinct cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97% of their DNA with humans. Also called mias by the local population, the Bornean orangutan is a critically endangered species, with deforestation, palm oil plantations, and hunting posing a serious threat to its continued existence.

Barcelona

Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits, its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people, making it the fifth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid, and Milan. It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range.

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio 2012, Rio+20, or Earth Summit 2012 was the third international conference on sustainable development aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community. Hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June 2012, Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in the same city, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg.

Categories

Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups,[15] specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.[16] There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".: 6 [17]

  • Extinct (EX) – beyond reasonable doubt that the species is no longer extant.
  • Extinct in the wild (EW) – survives only in captivity, cultivation and/or outside native range, as presumed after exhaustive surveys.
  • Critically endangered (CR) – in a particularly and extremely critical state.
  • Endangered (EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered.
  • Vulnerable (VU) – meets one of the 5 Red List criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention.
  • Near threatened (NT) – close to being endangered in the near future.
  • Least concern (LC) – unlikely to become endangered or extinct in the near future.
  • Data deficient (DD)
  • Not evaluated (NE)

In the IUCN Red List, "threatened" embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.[18]

1994 categories and 2001 framework

The older 1994 list has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories:

In the 2001 framework, Near Threatened and Least Concern became their own categories, while Conservation Dependent was removed and its contents merged into Near Threatened.

Possibly extinct

The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE)[19] is used by Birdlife International, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List.[20] BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild.

Discover more about Categories related topics

Extinction

Extinction

Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" after a period of apparent absence.

Extinct in the wild

Extinct in the wild

A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as known only by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss.

Endangered species

Endangered species

An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global conservation status of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species which, for example, forbid hunting, restrict land development, or create protected areas. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as captive breeding and habitat restoration.

Vulnerable species

Vulnerable species

A vulnerable species is a species which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being threatened with extinction unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve.

Data deficient

Data deficient

A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessarily indicate that the species has not been extensively studied; but it does indicate that little or no information is available on the abundance and distribution of the species.

Not evaluated

Not evaluated

A not evaluated (NE) species is one which has been categorized under the IUCN Red List of threatened species as not yet having been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Threatened species

Threatened species

Threatened species are any species which are vulnerable to extinction in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of critical depensation, a mathematical measure of biomass related to population growth rate. This quantitative metric is one method of evaluating the degree of endangerment.

Versions

Comparing the number of species in each category of IUCN Red List
Comparing the number of species in each category of IUCN Red List

There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:[21][22]

  • Version 1.0 (1991)
  • Version 2.0 (1992)
  • Version 2.1 (1993)
  • Version 2.2 (1994)
  • Version 2.3 (1994)
  • Version 3.0 (1999)
  • Version 3.1 (2001)

All new IUCN assessments since 2001 have used version 3.1 of the categories and criteria.

Criticism

1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), used for species which have not been reassessed since 2001.
1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), used for species which have not been reassessed since 2001.

In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data.[23] These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List.[16] The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.[24]

In the November 2002 issue of Trends in Ecology & Evolution, an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect exploitation of natural resources.[25]

In the November 2016 issue of Science Advances, a research article claims there are serious inconsistencies in the way species are classified by the IUCN. The researchers contend that the IUCN's process of categorization is "out-dated, and leaves room for improvement", and further emphasize the importance of readily available and easy-to-include geospatial data, such as satellite and aerial imaging. Their conclusion questioned not only the IUCN's method but also the validity of where certain species fall on the List. They believe that combining geographical data can significantly increase the number of species that need to be reclassified to a higher risk category.[26]

Source: "IUCN Red List", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 25th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List.

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Further Reading

Threatened species

List of recently extinct mammals

Black-eared miner

Conservation status

Near-threatened species

Critically Endangered

Threatened Species Protection Act 1995

Extinct in the wild

New Zealand Threat Classification System

Endangered species

Vulnerable species

Not evaluated

Endangered species (IUCN status)
See also
Citations
  1. ^ "Background & History". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  2. ^ CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Joint Meeting of the Animals and Plants Committees, Shepherdstown (United States of America), 7–9 December 2000, Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  3. ^ "Red List Overview". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ Lovejoy, Thomas E. (8 August 2017). "Extinction tsunami can be avoided". PNAS. 114 (32): 8840–8841. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.8440L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711074114. PMC 5559057. PMID 28747527.
  5. ^ Aguilera, Jasmine (18 July 2019). "Almost 30,000 Species Face Extinction Because of Human Activity". Time. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  6. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". IUCN. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. ^ "Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger" (Press release). IUCN. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  8. ^ "IUCN Red List reveals world's mammals in crisis" (Press release). IUCN. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  9. ^ Matthew Knight (19 June 2012). "Extinction threat 'a call to world leaders' at Rio Earth Summit". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  10. ^ Jessica Phelan (19 June 2012). "IUCN Red List update: Nearly 2,000 species added". www.pri.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  11. ^ "IUCN 2012 update – 4 species extinct – 2 rediscovered – Food security waning". wildlifeextra.com. 19 June 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  12. ^ a b James Ayre (20 June 2012). "The Red List Of Threatened Species, Annual Report Released". planetsave.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  13. ^ The list is queryable at: "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  14. ^ K.S. Sudhi (21 June 2012). "Red list has 132 species of plants, animals from India". thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  15. ^ Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (PDF), Version 13, IUCN, March 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2018, retrieved 4 January 2018
  16. ^ a b Mace, Georgina M.; Collar, Nigel J.; Gaston, Kevin J.; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Leader-Williams, Nigel; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Stuart, Simon N. (December 2008). "Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species". Conservation Biology. 22 (6): 1424–1442. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x. PMID 18847444. S2CID 37234648.
  17. ^ "IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition" (PDF). 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  18. ^ MACE, GEORGINA M.; COLLAR, NIGEL J.; GASTON, KEVIN J.; HILTON-TAYLOR, CRAIG; AKÇAKAYA, H. RESIT; LEADER-WILLIAMS, NIGEL; MILNER-GULLAND, E.J.; STUART, SIMON N. (3 December 2008). "Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species". Conservation Biology. 22 (6): 1424–1442. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 18847444. S2CID 37234648.
  19. ^ Butchart, S. H. M.; Stattersfield, A. J.; Brooks, Thomas M. (5 June 2006). Kirwan, Guy M. (ed.). "Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 126A: 7–24 – via the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  20. ^ "Birds on the IUCN Red List". BirdLife International. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ^ "2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)". IUCN. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ^ "Historical IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists". Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. ^ Mrosovsky, Nicholas (October 1997). "IUCN's credibility critically endangered". Nature. 389 (6650): 436. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..436M. doi:10.1038/38873. S2CID 4389685.
  24. ^ "Information Sources & Quality". IUCN Red List. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  25. ^ Possingham, Hugh P.; Andelman, Sandy J.; Burgman, Mark A.; Medellı́n, Rodrigo A.; Master, Larry L.; Keith, David A. (November 2002). "Limits to the use of threatened species lists". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17 (11): 503–507. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.467.6031. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02614-9.
  26. ^ Stocks, Sam (10 November 2016). "New study claims that the IUCN Red List is inaccurate". Discover Wildlife. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
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