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Helix lucorum

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Helix lucorum
Helix lucorum 2.jpg
live specimen of Helix lucorum
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Helicidae
Subfamily: Helicinae
Tribe: Helicinini
Genus: Helix
Species:
H. lucorum
Binomial name
Helix lucorum
Synonyms[1]
  • Helix (Helicogena) ancyrensis Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix (Helicogena) ancyrensis haussknechti Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix (Helicogena) everekensis Kobelt, 1907 (junior synonym)
  • Helix (Helicogena) halepensis Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix (Helicogena) quinquefasciata Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix (Helix) lucorum Linnaeus, 1758· accepted, alternate representation
  • Helix (Pomatia) dorylaeensis Kobelt, 1903 (junior synonym)
  • Helix (Pomatia) dorylaensis Nägele, 1903 (suspected synonym)
  • Helix annosa Mascarini, 1892
  • Helix atrocincta Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix castanea Olivier, 1801 (invalid; not O. F. Müller, 1774)
  • Helix castanea var. bulgarica Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix castanea var. nigerrima Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix lucorum anaphora Westerlund, 1889
  • Helix lucorum hueti Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix lucorum loebbeckei Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix lucorum moussoni Kobelt, 1905 (invalid; not L. Pfeiffer, 1849)
  • Helix lucorum var. euphratica E. von Martens, 1874 (junior synonym)
  • Helix mahometana Bourguignat, 1860 (junior synonym)
  • Helix mutata Lamarck, 1822 (junior synonym)
  • Helix nigrozonata Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix onixiomicra Bourguignat, 1860 (junior synonym)
  • Helix onixiomicra var. presbensis Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix radiosa Rossmässler, 1838 (junior synonym)
  • Helix rumelica var. magnifica Kobelt, 1905 (junior synonym)
  • Helix rypara Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix schachbulakensis Bourguignat, 1876 (junior synonym)
  • Helix socia L. Pfeiffer, 1853 (junior synonym)
  • Helix taurica Krynicki, 1833
  • Helix virago Bourguignat, 1883

Helix lucorum is a species of large, edible, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae, the typical snails. [1]

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Species

Species

In biology, a species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour, or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.

Land snail

Land snail

A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. Land snail is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells. However, it is not always easy to say which species are terrestrial, because some are more or less amphibious between land and fresh water, and others are relatively amphibious between land and salt water.

Family (biology)

Family (biology)

Family is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family".

Helicidae

Helicidae

Helicidae is a large, diverse family of small to large, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails."

Description

The shell of Helix lucorum
The shell of Helix lucorum
var. boettgeri
var. boettgeri

Adult snails weigh about 20-25 g.[2]

The width of the shell is 35-60 mm.[3] The height of the shell is 25–45 mm.[3]

This species of snail makes and uses love darts.

Distribution

The native distribution is the Caucasus, Anatolia and, arguably, the Balkans. It has also invaded many other regions since ancient times, likely assisted by humans.[4]

Eastern native range with main genetic diversity of the species:

Balkans (probably native):

Other countries:

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Caucasus

Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically been considered as a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

Anatolia

Anatolia

Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and is the western-most extension of continental Asia. The land mass of Anatolia constitutes most of the territory of contemporary Turkey. Geographically, the Anatolian region is bounded by the Turkish Straits to the north-west, the Black Sea to the north, the Armenian Highlands to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. Topographically, the Sea of Marmara connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the Bosporus strait and the Dardanelles strait, and separates Anatolia from Thrace in the Balkan peninsula of Southeastern Europe.

Balkans

Balkans

The Balkans, also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria. The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south, the Turkish straits in the east, and the Black Sea in the northeast. The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined. The highest point of the Balkans is Musala, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), in the Rila mountain range, Bulgaria.

List of non-marine molluscs of Georgia

List of non-marine molluscs of Georgia

The non-marine molluscs of the country of Georgia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Georgia.Summary table of number of species

List of non-marine molluscs of Azerbaijan

List of non-marine molluscs of Azerbaijan

The non-marine molluscs of Azerbaijan are a part of the molluscan fauna of Azerbaijan, which is part of the wildlife of Azerbaijan.

List of non-marine molluscs of Armenia

List of non-marine molluscs of Armenia

The non-marine molluscs of Armenia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Armenia. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Armenia.

List of non-marine molluscs of Iran

List of non-marine molluscs of Iran

The non-marine molluscs of Iran are a part of the molluscan fauna of Iran, which is part of the.

List of non-marine molluscs of Bulgaria

List of non-marine molluscs of Bulgaria

There are numerous species of molluscs living in the wild in Bulgaria. This list covers only the non-marine species.

List of non-marine molluscs of Croatia

List of non-marine molluscs of Croatia

The non-marine molluscs of Croatia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Croatia.

List of non-marine molluscs of Israel

List of non-marine molluscs of Israel

Non-marine molluscs of Israel are a part of the molluscan fauna of Israel. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Israel. In addition, a number of gastropod species are reared in captivity in greenhouses, aquaria and terraria.

List of non-marine molluscs of Hungary

List of non-marine molluscs of Hungary

The non-marine molluscs of Hungary are a part of the molluscan fauna of Hungary. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Hungary.

Crimea

Crimea

Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukraine. To the east, the Crimean Bridge, constructed in 2018, spans the Strait of Kerch, linking the peninsula with Krasnodar Krai in Russia. The Arabat Spit, located to the northeast, is a narrow strip of land that separates the Syvash lagoons from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey. The largest city is Sevastopol. The region has a population of 2.4 million, and has been under Russian occupation since 2014.

Ecology

The diameter of the egg is 4.4 mm.[12] Juvenile snails that are two to three months old weigh 0.5-0.9 g.[2]

Human use

Measurement of DNA damage in H. lucorum collected from environmental sites can be used for evaluating soil pollution at these sites.[13] DNA damage in H. lucorum haemocytes and digestive gland cells is determined by the comet assay.

Helix lucorum is used in cuisine as escargots.

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DNA damage (naturally occurring)

DNA damage (naturally occurring)

DNA damage is an alteration in the chemical structure of DNA, such as a break in a strand of DNA, a nucleobase missing from the backbone of DNA, or a chemically changed base such as 8-OHdG. DNA damage can occur naturally or via environmental factors, but is distinctly different from mutation, although both are types of error in DNA. DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of base pairs. DNA damages cause changes in the structure of the genetic material and prevents the replication mechanism from functioning and performing properly. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex signal transduction pathway which recognizes when DNA is damaged and initiates the cellular response to the damage.

Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)

Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)

A hemocyte is a cell that plays a role in the immune system of invertebrates. It is found within the hemolymph. Hemocytes are phagocytes of invertebrates.

Comet assay

Comet assay

The single cell gel electrophoresis assay is an uncomplicated and sensitive technique for the detection of DNA damage at the level of the individual eukaryotic cell. It was first developed by Östling & Johansson in 1984 and later modified by Singh et al. in 1988. It has since increased in popularity as a standard technique for evaluation of DNA damage/repair, biomonitoring and genotoxicity testing. It involves the encapsulation of cells in a low-melting-point agarose suspension, lysis of the cells in neutral or alkaline (pH>13) conditions, and electrophoresis of the suspended lysed cells. The term "comet" refers to the pattern of DNA migration through the electrophoresis gel, which often resembles a comet.

Escargot

Escargot

Snails are considered edible in certain areas such as the Mediterranean region, Africa, or Southeast Asia, while in other cultures it is considered as taboo food. In American English, edible land snails are also called escargot, taken from the French word for 'snail', and the production of snails for consumption is called snail farming or heliciculture. Snails as food date back to ancient times, and it was a dish that was already served on the tables of Ancient Greece and Rome.

Source: "Helix lucorum", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 15th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_lucorum.

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Further Reading

Helix pomatia

Oxyloma elegans

List of non-marine molluscs of the Czech Republic

Gyraulus crista

Planorbis planorbis

Caucasotachea vindobonensis

List of non-marine molluscs of Slovakia

Lucilla singleyana

Theodoxus danubialis

Anisus vortex

Platyla polita

Aplexa hypnorum

Physa fontinalis

Acicula parcelineata

Vitrina pellucida

Pupilla muscorum

Truncatellina costulata

Lucilla scintilla
References
  1. ^ a b MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1050278 on 2020-05-02
  2. ^ a b Danilova A.B. & Grinkevich L. N. (2012). "Failure of Long-Term Memory Formation in Juvenile Snails Is Determined by Acetylation Status of Histone H3 and Can Be Improved by NaB Treatment". PLoS ONE 7(7): e41828. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041828.
  3. ^ a b c (in Czech) Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1-37. PDF.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Korábek O., Juřičková L., Balashov I., Petrusek A. The contribution of ancient and modern anthropogenic introductions to the colonization of Europe by the land snail Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 (Helicidae) // Contributions to Zoology. — 2018. — 87 (2). — P. 61—74.
  5. ^ Mumladze L. (2013). "Shell size differences in Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) between natural and urban environments". Turkish Journal of Zoology 37: 1-6.
  6. ^ Commonwealth of Australia (2002 April). "Citrus Imports from the Arab Republic of Egypt. A Review Under Existing Import Conditions for Citrus from Israel Archived 2009-01-09 at the Wayback Machine". Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia. Caption: Gastropods, page 12 and Appendix 2.
  7. ^ Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. (2012). "An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine". Journal of Conchology 41(1): 91-109.
  8. ^ Balashov I.A., Kramarenko S.S., Zhukov A.V., Shklyaruk A.N., Baidashnikov A.A., Vasyliuk A.V. 2013. Contribution to the knowledge of terrestrial molluscs in southeastern Ukraine. Malacologica Bohemoslovaca. 12: 62–69.
  9. ^ Peltanová A., Petrusek A., Kment P. & Juřičková L. (2011). "A fast snail's pace: colonization of Central Europe by Mediterranean gastropods". Biological Invasions 14(4): 759-764. doi:10.1007/s10530-011-0121-9.
  10. ^ Čejka T. & Čačaný J. (2014). "The first record of the Turkish snail (Helix lucorum L., 1758) in the Slovak Republic". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca 13: 124–125. PDF.
  11. ^ Palmer, P. (2010). "Helix lucorum in Wimbledon, S.W. London". Mollusc World. 23: 12.
  12. ^ Heller J.: Life History Strategies. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited page: 428.
  13. ^ Sargsyan A, Hovhannisyan G, Simonyan A, Arakelyan M, Arzumanyan M, Aroutiounian R. Application of land snail Helix lucorum for evaluation of genotoxicity of soil pollution. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2022 Jun;878:503500. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503500. Epub 2022 May 6. PMID: 35649673
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