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Halmstad

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Halmstad
Halmstad Nissan01.JPG
Halmstads Stadsbibliotek.jpg
2015-07-01 Stadttor in Halmstad RB1278.jpg
Coat of arms of Halmstad
Coat of arms
Halmstad is located in Halland
Halmstad
Halmstad
Halmstad is located in Sweden
Halmstad
Halmstad
Coordinates: 56°40′26″N 12°51′26″E / 56.67389°N 12.85722°E / 56.67389; 12.85722Coordinates: 56°40′26″N 12°51′26″E / 56.67389°N 12.85722°E / 56.67389; 12.85722
CountrySweden
ProvinceHalland
CountyHalland County
MunicipalityHalmstad Municipality
Area
[1]
 • Total37.99 km2 (14.67 sq mi)
Elevation
11 m (36 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2020)[1]
 • Total71,422
 • Density1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
30x xx
Area code(+46) 35
Websitewww.halmstad.se

Halmstad (Swedish: [ˈhǎlmsta(d)] (listen))[2] is a port, university, industrial and recreational city at the mouth of the Nissan river, in the province of Halland on the Swedish west coast. Halmstad is the seat of Halmstad Municipality and the capital of Halland County. The city had a population of 71,422 in 2020,[1] out of a municipal total of over 100,000 (19th most populous — 2019). Halmstad is Sweden's 19th-largest city by population and located about midway between Gothenburg (the second most populous) and Malmö (the third). Timber framing architecture is common.

Discover more about Halmstad related topics

Nissan (river)

Nissan (river)

The Nissan is a 200 km long river in southwest Sweden. It ends in the Kattegat bay of the North Sea in Halmstad. The straight middle and upper course of Nissan follows a branch of the Protogine Zone – a zone of crustal weakness in western Sweden. Nissan drains the western part of the South Småland peneplain.

Provinces of Sweden

Provinces of Sweden

The provinces of Sweden are historical, geographical and cultural regions. Sweden has 25 provinces; they have no administrative function, but remain historical legacies and a means of cultural identification as pertains, for example, to dialects and folklore.

Halland

Halland

Halland is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (landskap), on the western coast of Götaland, southern Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Småland, Scania and the sea of Kattegat. Until 1645 and the Second Treaty of Brömsebro, it was part of the Kingdom of Denmark. Its name means Land of Rocky Slabs referring to the coastal cliffs of the region.

Sweden

Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge–tunnel across the Öresund. At 447,425 square kilometres (172,752 sq mi), Sweden is the largest Nordic country, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the fifth-largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.5 million, and a low population density of 25.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (66/sq mi), with around 87% of Swedes residing in urban areas, which cover 1.5% of the entire land area, in the central and southern half of the country.

Halmstad Municipality

Halmstad Municipality

Halmstad Municipality is a municipality in Halland County on the Swedish west coast, in which the city Halmstad is the seat.

Halland County

Halland County

Halland County is a county (län) on the western coast of Sweden. It corresponds roughly to the cultural and historical province of Halland. The capital is Halmstad.

Gothenburg

Gothenburg

Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden, fifth-largest in the Nordic countries, and capital of the Västra Götaland County. It is situated by the Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, and has a population of approximately 590,000 in the city proper and about 1.1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area.

Malmö

Malmö

Malmö is the largest city in the Swedish county (län) of Scania (Skåne). It is the third-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and the sixth-largest city in the Nordic region, with a municipal population of 357,377 in 2022. The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to over 700,000 people, and the Øresund Region, which includes Malmö and Copenhagen, is home to 4 million people.

Timber framing

Timber framing

Timber framing and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. If the structural frame of load-bearing timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as half-timbered, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect. The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany, where timber-framed houses are spread all over the country.

History

Halmstad, at the time part of the Kingdom of Denmark, received its first city charter in 1307, and the city celebrated its 700th anniversary in 2007. The oldest remains of that first town are to be found at "Övraby" upstream on Nissan, just south of and quite close to the present day regiment buildings. The remains of the church can still be seen today between a defunct brick industry and a former landfill.

In the 1320s the town moved to the present day town centre. At this time there were two monasteries in the town and during the 15th century the St. Nikolai church was built. Halland was the object of numerous battles, sieges and occupations by Swedish troops.

During the Kalmar Union — a Nordic Union between Sweden, Norway and Denmark which lasted between 1397 and 1523 – it was in Halmstad that the Union King was to be finally selected.

At the end of the 16th century Christian IV of Denmark ordered the fortification of Halmstad and in the beginning of the 17th century to build a crescent-shaped fort with Nissan as part of the defences.

1619 is an important date in the history of Halmstad. In March of that year, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden and Christian IV met at the castle. Over a period of a week they celebrated the payment in full of the Älvsborg ransom. August of the same year saw the destruction of Halmstad by fire.

Halland became part of Sweden for a period of thirty years when peace was declared at the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645 and Danish rule ended. The Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 made this acquisition permanent. Sweden defeated Denmark in the Battle of Fyllebro which took place in 1676 just outside Halmstad. In 1678, a parliamentary meeting (Riksdag) was held in Halmstad.

The Riksdag decided in 1734 that the city's fortifications would be demolished. Some residues of fortifications have been preserved, including one of the four city gates, Norre Port. For a period, the old fortifications were used for tobacco cultivation.

The city's first major industry, Wallbergs Factory AB was built in 1823. The brewery Appeltofftska (now Krönleins) was founded in 1836 and brewery Östra Bryggeriet in 1846. AB Malcus Holmquist, also called Malcus, was formed in 1902. Nordiskafilt AB started in 1904 and Halmstads Järnverk in 1916. Lundgren's foundry started in 1917 and Waco in 1918.

A large rebuilding of Halmstad's port was conducted in 1837—1840.[3] The Halländska steamship company was formed in Halmstad in 1850 and started traffic between Gothenburg and Copenhagen, which was soon expanded with several connections. The first railway line, Halmstad—Värnamo, opened in 1877.

Halmstad was continually industrialized at the end of the 19th century. The city grew from 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants during the 1890s. Every year, 1,000 people moved to Halmstad and 800—900 moved away.[4]

Halmstad's first union was formed in 1885 by tailor workers.[5] The first May Day demonstration in Sweden was held in Halmstad in 1897.

After expanding in 1967, Halmstad become central town in 1971 in Halmstad's municipality.[6] The population grew from 48,800 in 1990 to 58,577 in 2010.

Discover more about History related topics

Övraby

Övraby

Övraby was a village that was left after the town Halmstad in Halland moved five kilometers to the south in 1320.

Kalmar Union

Kalmar Union

The Kalmar Union was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden, that from 1397 to 1523 joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, together with Norway's overseas colonies.

Norway

Norway

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of Norway. Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of Norway; it also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. The capital and largest city in Norway is Oslo.

Christian IV of Denmark

Christian IV of Denmark

Christian IV was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648. His reign of 59 years, 330 days is the longest of Danish monarchs and Scandinavian monarchies.

Älvsborg Ransom (1613)

Älvsborg Ransom (1613)

The Second Älvsborg Ransom was an indemnity, stipulated in the 1613 Treaty of Knäred, which ended the Kalmar War. During the war the Danes had occupied the vital border fortress of Älvsborg Castle, and the Swedes were required to pay the ransom in order to redeem the castle. According to the treaty, the ransom was one million silver rixdollars. The ransom would be financed by a nationwide tax, which would be paid during each of the six years 1613–1618 by the entire population of Sweden. The Danes not only held Älvsborg Castle as a collateral for the ransom, but also the towns of New Lödöse, Old Lödöse and Gothenburg, as well as seven hundreds of Västergötland. Yet, since the return of Älvsborg was uppermost in the mind of the government, the ransom and the tax to pay for it has in history been named after this castle.

Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)

Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)

The Second Treaty of Brömsebro was signed on 13 August 1645, and ended the Torstenson War, a local conflict that began in 1643 between Sweden and Denmark–Norway. Negotiations for the treaty began in February the same year.

Treaty of Roskilde

Treaty of Roskilde

The Treaty of Roskilde (NS) during the Second Northern War between Frederick III of Denmark–Norway and Karl X Gustav of Sweden in the Danish city of Roskilde. After a devastating defeat, Denmark–Norway was forced to give up a third of its territory to save the rest, the ceded lands comprising Blekinge, Bornholm, Bohuslän (Båhuslen), Scania (Skåne) and Trøndelag, as well as her claims to Halland.

Riksdag

Riksdag

The Riksdag is the legislature and the supreme decision-making body of Sweden. Since 1971, the Riksdag has been a unicameral legislature with 349 members, elected proportionally and serving, since 1994, fixed four-year terms. The 2022 Swedish general election is the most recent general election.

Norre Port

Norre Port

Norre Port, also Norreport, city gate in Halmstad, Halland County, Sweden. Norre Port was completed in 1601 under the Danish king Christian IV. This was part of the city's fortifications, which also included Halmstad Castle and the ramparts you can see remnants of in Norre Katt's park and by Charles XsIs's road. The gate, which leads to the street called Storgatan, is angled in relation to this, a way to prevent shelling towards the city.

Krönleins

Krönleins

Krönleins Brewery is a Swedish brewery founded in 1836 by Anders Julius Appeltofft in Halmstad, Sweden.

Copenhagen

Copenhagen

Copenhagen is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of around 1.4 million in the urban area, and more than 2 million in the wider Copenhagen metropolitan area. The city is on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.

May Day

May Day

May Day is a European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning of summer, usually celebrated on 1 May, around halfway between the spring equinox and summer solstice. Festivities may also be held the night before, known as May Eve. Traditions often include gathering wildflowers and green branches, weaving floral garlands, crowning a May Queen, and setting up a Maypole, May Tree or May Bush, around which people dance. Bonfires are also part of the festival in some regions. Regional varieties and related traditions include Walpurgis Night in central and northern Europe, the Gaelic festival Beltane, the Welsh festival Calan Mai, and May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary. It has also been associated with the ancient Roman festival Floralia.

Climate

Halmstad has the south Scandinavian climate of a relatively rainy environment with warm summers and winters around the freezing point. The local climate is defined as an oceanic climate (Cfb) with some continental influence.

Climate data for Halmstad (2002–2022 averages); extremes since 1901
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		34.0
(93.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.1
(82.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.3
(82.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		30.5
(86.9)
Average high °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.5
(43.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.1
(39.4) 		12.4
(54.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.9
(37.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		12.3
(54.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.8
(56.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.9
(35.4) 		8.7
(47.7)
Average low °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		5.1
(41.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −12.1
(10.2) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−14.7
(5.5)
Record low °C (°F) −26.2
(−15.2) 		−25.7
(−14.3) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−23.2
(−9.8) 		−26.2
(−15.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.1
(2.52) 		52.9
(2.08) 		40.9
(1.61) 		39.7
(1.56) 		56.4
(2.22) 		81.4
(3.20) 		97.8
(3.85) 		112.9
(4.44) 		74.2
(2.92) 		92.2
(3.63) 		68.9
(2.71) 		75.0
(2.95) 		856.4
(33.69)
Source 1: SMHI Open Data[7]
Source 2: SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2022[8]

Demographics

Education

Primary education

Some of these schools might also have secondary education

Secondary education

  • Kattegattgymnasiet
  • Sturegymnasiet
  • Sannarpsgymnasiet

Tertiary education

Founded in 1983, Halmstad University is a public higher education institution offering bachelor's and master's programs in various fields of study. In addition, it conducts Ph.D. programs in three fields of research: Information Technology, Innovation Science and Health Science.[9] Halmstad University has more than 9 000 students, including 245 exchange students (2013) and 163 international programme students (2013).

Transportation

Halmstad Central railway station
Halmstad Central railway station

Halmstad is located along the West Coast Line and at the beginning of the Halmstad-Nässjö railway line. Regional trains are operated under the brands Øresundståg to Gothenburg and Copenhagen, Pågatågen to Helsingborg and Krösatågen to Nässjö and Jönköping. State operator SJ operates high-speed trains to Gothenburg, Malmö and Stockholm, with private operator MTRX operating additional trains to Stockholm in the summer.

Halmstad is the starting point for national roads 25 and 26, and is situated along the E6/E20 motorways.

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Halmstad-Nässjö railway line

Halmstad-Nässjö railway line

The Halmstad-Nässjö railway line is a Swedish railway line between Halmstad and Nässjö. The railway is unelectrified in its entirety and only has a single track.

Gothenburg

Gothenburg

Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden, fifth-largest in the Nordic countries, and capital of the Västra Götaland County. It is situated by the Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, and has a population of approximately 590,000 in the city proper and about 1.1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area.

Copenhagen

Copenhagen

Copenhagen is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of around 1.4 million in the urban area, and more than 2 million in the wider Copenhagen metropolitan area. The city is on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.

Pågatågen

Pågatågen

Pågatågen is an interurban railway system in Skåne County, Sweden, and is run by Skånetrafiken, the regional public transportation authority. The trains are operated by the contractor VR Sverige. The network has 72 stations, of which 8 are in the Malmö Urban Area: Malmö C, Triangeln, Hyllie, Svågertorp, Persborg, Rosengård, Östervärn and Burlöv and 6 in the Helsingborg Urban Area: Helsingborg C, Maria, Påarp, Ramlösa, Rydebäck and Ödåkra.

Helsingborg

Helsingborg

Helsingborg is a city and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania (Skåne), Sweden. It is the second-largest city in Scania and ninth-largest in Sweden, with a population of 113,816 (2020). Helsingborg is the central urban area of northwestern Scania and Sweden's closest point to Denmark: the Danish city Helsingør is clearly visible about 4 km (2.5 mi) to the west on the other side of the Øresund. The HH Ferry route across the sound has more than 70 car ferry departures from each harbour every day.

Nässjö

Nässjö

Nässjö is a locality and the seat of Nässjö Municipality, Jönköping County, Sweden with 16,678 inhabitants in 2010.

Jönköping

Jönköping

Jönköping is a city in southern Sweden with 112,766 inhabitants (2022). Jönköping is situated on the southern shore of Sweden's second largest lake, Vättern, in the province of Småland.

Malmö

Malmö

Malmö is the largest city in the Swedish county (län) of Scania (Skåne). It is the third-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and the sixth-largest city in the Nordic region, with a municipal population of 357,377 in 2022. The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to over 700,000 people, and the Øresund Region, which includes Malmö and Copenhagen, is home to 4 million people.

Stockholm

Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital and largest city of Sweden as well as the largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 990,000 people live in the municipality, with 1.6 million in the urban area, and 2.5 million in the metropolitan area. The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea. Outside the city to the east, and along the coast, is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. It is also the county seat of Stockholm County. For several hundred years, Stockholm was the capital of Finland as well, which was then a part of Sweden. The population of the municipality of Stockholm is expected to reach one million people in 2024.

MTRX

MTRX

MTRX is a Swedish company running open access intercity railway services between Gothenburg and Stockholm. It is a subsidiary of MTR Corporation through MTR Nordic.

European route E6

European route E6

European route E6 is the main north-south thoroughfare through Norway as well as the west coast of Sweden. It is 3,056 km (1,899 mi) long and runs from the southern tip of Sweden at Trelleborg, into Norway and through almost all of the country north to the Arctic Circle and Nordkapp. The route ends in Kirkenes close to the Russian border.

European route E20

European route E20

European route E20 is a part of the United Nations International E-road network. It runs roughly west–east through Ireland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, and Russia.

Sport

Halmstads BK versus Gefle IF at Örjans Vall 2007.
Halmstads BK versus Gefle IF at Örjans Vall 2007.

Event host

In September 2007 the city hosted the Solheim Cup, which was played at the Halmstad Golfklubb. In 2011 Halmstad was the final port of the Tall Ships' Races. Halmstad also hosted the 2018 World Team Table Tennis Championships.

Local sportsteams

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Halmstads BK

Halmstads BK

Halmstads Bollklubb, also known simply as Halmstad or HBK or Bollklubben, is a Swedish football club located in Halmstad in the county of Halland. The club, formed 7 February 1914 and approved membership in the Swedish Sports Confederation on 6 March the same year. The club competes in the highest tier of Swedish football, Allsvenskan, and has won four national championship titles and one national cup title. HBK is a member-controlled club.

Gefle IF

Gefle IF

Gefle Idrottsförening, also known simply as Gefle IF, Gefle, or locally Gif, are a Swedish professional football club based in Gävle. The club is affiliated with Gestriklands Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Gavlevallen since the 2015 season. The club colours are blue and white. Formed on 5 December 1882 as Gefle SK, the club have played fifteen seasons in Sweden's highest football league Allsvenskan, with the first season being 1933–34. The club is currently playing in Division 1, the third tier of Swedish football.

Örjans Vall

Örjans Vall

Örjans Vall is a football stadium in Halmstad, Sweden, built in 1922.

2007 Solheim Cup

2007 Solheim Cup

The 2007 Solheim Cup was the tenth Solheim Cup, held 14–16 September at Halmstad GK in Halmstad, Sweden. It was a three-day contest for professional female golfers, pitting the 12 best players born in the United States against the 12 best players born in Europe. The U.S. team won the competition, 16 to 12, to retain the Solheim Cup.

2018 World Team Table Tennis Championships

2018 World Team Table Tennis Championships

The 2018 World Team Table Tennis Championships were held in Halmstad, Sweden from 29 April to 6 May 2018.

IS Halmia

IS Halmia

IS Halmia is a football club, located in Halmstad, Sweden.

Alets IK

Alets IK

Alets IK is a Swedish football club located in Halmstad. The club is currently in Division 5.

BK Astrio

BK Astrio

BK Astrio is a Swedish association football club located in Halmstad, Sweden. As of 2021, the club plays in Division 2.

Halmstad Hammers HC

Halmstad Hammers HC

Halmstad Hammers HC, until 2017 known as Halmstad HF, is an ice-hockey club in Sweden. The team currently plays in Group F of Division 1. The team was founded in 2006 after the Halmstad Hammers HC who at the time played in the HockeyAllsvenskan went bankrupt.

Halmstad BTK

Halmstad BTK

Halmstad BTK is a table tennis club in Halmstad, Sweden. Established on 27 October 1937, the club won the Swedish national men's team championship in 1993 and 2003 and the Swedish women's national team championship in 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996. Jörgen Persson and Åsa Svensson have played for the club.

HK Drott

HK Drott

HK Drott Halmstad is a handball club, based in Halmstad, Sweden. The club has won the Swedish Championship eleven times, last in 2013. Together with Redbergslids IK, HK Drott have dominated Swedish handball between 1984 and 2003. This club has had many famous players, among them Magnus Andersson, Ola Lindgren, Bengt Johansson and Göran Bengtsson.

IFK Halmstad

IFK Halmstad

IFK Halmstad, Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna, Halmstad, is a sports club in Halmstad, Sweden. The club was founded in 1895 and is now mainly active in athletics. In the first half of the 20th century, the club also had active departments in the sports of bandy and association football.

Source: "Halmstad", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 27th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstad.

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Further Reading

Halland

Hyltebruk

Varberg

Falkenberg

Nässjö

Halmstads BK

Battle of Halmstad

Örjans Vall

Krönleins

History of Gothenburg

Åled

Hallands Fotbollförbund

Halmstad Bolmen Railway

Hallandstrafiken
See also
References
  1. ^ a b c "Statistiska tätorter 2020, befolkning, landareal, befolkningstäthet per tätort" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  2. ^ Jöran Sahlgren; Gösta Bergman (1979). Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter (in Swedish). p. 10.
  3. ^ Bengtsson, p. 57
  4. ^ Gaunt, David (1983). Familjeliv i Norden. Lund: Gidlunds. p. 274. ISBN 91-7021-434-4.
  5. ^ Bengtsson, p. 69
  6. ^ Sveriges kommunindelning 1863-1993
  7. ^ "Ladda ner meteorologiska observationer". Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (in Swedish).
  8. ^ "Års- och månadsstatistik". Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (in Swedish). 10 February 2023.
  9. ^ Swedish Universities & University Colleges - Short Version of Annual Report 2012 Archived 2012-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, p. 51
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