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HMS Sturdy (1919)

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HMS Strenuous (1918) IWM SP 1326.jpg
History
United Kingdom
NameSturdy
OrderedJune 1917
BuilderScotts, Greenock
Yard number495
Laid downApril 1918
Launched26 June 1919
Commissioned8 October 1919
Out of service30 October 1940
FateGrounded off the island Tiree
General characteristics
Class and typeS-class destroyer
Displacement
Length265 ft (80.8 m) p.p.
Beam26 ft 8 in (8.1 m)
Draught9 ft 10 in (3.0 m) mean
Installed power3 Yarrow boilers, 27,000 shp (20,000 kW)
Propulsion2 geared Brown-Curtis steam turbines, 2 shafts
Speed36 kn (41 mph; 67 km/h)
Range2,750 nmi (5,093 km) at 15 kn (28 km/h)
Complement90
Armament
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Sturdy.

HMS Sturdy was an S-class destroyer, which served with the Royal Navy. Launched in 1919, the destroyer visited the Free City of Danzig the following year but then spent most of the next decade in the Reserve Fleet. After a brief period of service in Ireland in 1931, Sturdy was divested of armament in 1934 and equipped with a single davit to rescue ditched aircraft, and acted as plane guard to the aircraft carrier Courageous. The ship subsequently took part in the 1935 Naval Review. Re-armed as a minelayer, the destroyer was recommissioned the following year and reactivated at the start of the Second World War. Sturdy was then employed escorting convoys in the Atlantic Ocean, but ran aground off the coast off the Inner Hebrides island at Tiree in 1940. The vessel was split in two by the waves. The crew evacuated, apart from three sailors who died, and the destroyer was lost.

Discover more about HMS Sturdy (1919) related topics

Destroyer

Destroyer

In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or battle group and defend them against powerful short-range attackers. They were originally developed in 1885 by Fernando Villaamil for the Spanish Navy as a defense against torpedo boats, and by the time of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, these "torpedo boat destroyers" (TBDs) were "large, swift, and powerfully armed torpedo boats designed to destroy other torpedo boats". Although the term "destroyer" had been used interchangeably with "TBD" and "torpedo boat destroyer" by navies since 1892, the term "torpedo boat destroyer" had been generally shortened to simply "destroyer" by nearly all navies by the First World War.

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching involves the performance of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a nautical tradition in many cultures, dating back thousands of years, to accompany the physical process with ceremonies which have been observed as public celebration and a solemn blessing, usually but not always, in association with the launch itself.

Free City of Danzig

Free City of Danzig

The Free City of Danzig was a city-state under the protection of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas. The polity was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I. In line with the treaty provisions, the entity was established under the oversight of the League of Nations. Although predominantly German-populated, the territory was bound by the imposed union with Poland covering foreign policy, defence, customs, railways and post, while remaining distinct from both the post-war German Republic and the newly independent Polish Republic. In addition, Poland was given certain rights pertaining to port facilities in the city.

Davit

Davit

A davit is any of various crane-like devices used on a ship for supporting, raising, and lowering equipment such as boats and anchors.

Plane guard

Plane guard

A plane guard is a warship or helicopter tasked to recover the aircrew of planes or helicopters which ditch or crash in the water during aircraft carrier flight operations.

Aircraft carrier

Aircraft carrier

An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighters, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft. While heavier aircraft such as fixed-wing gunships and bombers have been launched from aircraft carriers, these aircraft have not landed on a carrier. By its diplomatic and tactical power, its mobility, its autonomy and the variety of its means, the aircraft carrier is often the centerpiece of modern combat fleets. Tactically or even strategically, it replaced the battleship in the role of flagship of a fleet. One of its great advantages is that, by sailing in international waters, it does not interfere with any territorial sovereignty and thus obviates the need for overflight authorizations from third-party countries, reduces the times and transit distances of aircraft and therefore significantly increase the time of availability on the combat zone.

HMS Courageous (50)

HMS Courageous (50)

HMS Courageous was the lead ship of her class of three battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. Designed to support the Baltic Project championed by First Sea Lord John Fisher, the ship was very lightly armoured and armed with only a few heavy guns. Courageous was completed in late 1916 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. She participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917 and was present when the German High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later.

Fleet review

Fleet review

A fleet review or naval review is an event where a gathering of ships from a particular navy is paraded and reviewed by an incumbent head of state and/or other official civilian and military dignitaries. A number of national navies continue to hold fleet reviews. Fleet reviews may also include participants and warships from multiple navies.

Minelayer

Minelayer

A minelayer is any warship, submarine or military aircraft deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for installing controlled mines at predetermined positions in connection with coastal fortifications or harbor approaches that would be detonated by shore control when a ship was fixed as being within the mine's effective range.

Convoy

Convoy

A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used in a non-military sense, for example when driving through remote areas.

Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about 106,460,000 km2 (41,100,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe, and Asia from the "New World" of the Americas in the European perception of the World.

Inner Hebrides

Inner Hebrides

The Inner Hebrides is an archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, which experience a mild oceanic climate. The Inner Hebrides comprise 35 inhabited islands as well as 44 uninhabited islands with an area greater than 30 hectares. Skye, Mull, and Islay are the three largest, and also have the highest populations. The main commercial activities are tourism, crofting, fishing and whisky distilling. In modern times the Inner Hebrides have formed part of two separate local government jurisdictions, one to the north and the other to the south. Together, the islands have an area of about 4,130 km2 (1,594 sq mi), and had a population of 18,948 in 2011. The population density is therefore about 4.6 inhabitants per square kilometre.

Design and development

Main article: S-class destroyer

Sturdy was one of thirty-three Admiralty S class destroyers ordered by the British Admiralty in June 1917 as part of the Twelfth War Construction Programme. The design was a development of the R class introduced as a cheaper and faster alternative to the V and W class.[1] Differences with the R class were minor, such as having the searchlight moved aft.[2]

Sturdy had an overall length of 276 ft (84.1 m) and a length of 265 ft (80.8 m) between perpendiculars. Beam was 26 ft 8 in (8.1 m) and draught 9 ft 10 in (3.0 m). Displacement was 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) normal and 1,220 long tons (1,240 t) deep load.[3] Three Yarrow boilers fed steam to two sets of Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines rated at 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) and driving two shafts, giving a design speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). Two funnels were fitted.[4] The vessel carried 301 long tons (306 t) of fuel oil, giving a design range of 2,750 nautical miles (5,093 km; 3,165 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[5]

Armament consisted of three single QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk IV guns on the ship's centreline.[4] One was mounted raised on the forecastle, one on a platform between the funnels and one aft.[6] The ship also mounted a single 2-pounder 40 mm (1.6 in) "pom-pom" anti-aircraft gun for air defence. Four 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes were carried in two twin rotating mounts aft.[4] Three depth charge chutes were fitted aft, with typically ten depth charges carried. Eight depth charge throwers were later added.[7] The ship was designed to mount two additional fixed 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes either side of the superstructure but this required the forecastle plating to be cut away, making the vessel very wet, so they were removed.[2] The weight saved enabled the heavier Mark V 21-inch torpedo to be carried.[1] The ship had a complement of 90 officers and ratings.[8]

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S-class destroyer (1917)

S-class destroyer (1917)

The S class was a class of 67 destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1917 under the 11th and 12th Emergency War Programmes. They saw active service in the last months of the First World War and in the Russian and Irish Civil Wars during the early 1920s. Most were relegated to the reserve by the mid-1920s and subsequently scrapped under the terms of the London Naval Treaty. Eleven survivors saw much action during the Second World War.

Admiralty (United Kingdom)

Admiralty (United Kingdom)

The Admiralty was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy until 1964, historically under its titular head, the Lord High Admiral – one of the Great Officers of State. For much of its history, from the early 18th century until its abolition, the role of the Lord High Admiral was almost invariably put "in commission" and exercised by the Lords Commissioner of the Admiralty, who sat on the governing Board of Admiralty, rather than by a single person. The Admiralty was replaced by the Admiralty Board in 1964, as part of the reforms that created the Ministry of Defence and its Navy Department.

R-class destroyer (1916)

R-class destroyer (1916)

The first R class were a class of 62 destroyers built between 1916 and 1917 for the Royal Navy. They were an improvement, specifically in the area of fuel economy, of the earlier Admiralty M-class destroyers. The most important difference was that the Admiralty R class had two shafts and geared turbines, compared with the three shafts and direct turbines of the Admiralty M class, but in appearance the R class could be distinguished from its predecessors by having the after 4-inch gun mounted in a bandstand. The Admiralty ordered the first two of this class of ships in May 1915. Another seventeen were ordered in July 1915, a further eight in December 1915, and a final twenty-three in March 1916.

Length overall

Length overall

Length overall is the maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline. This length is important while docking the ship. It is the most commonly used way of expressing the size of a ship, and is also used for calculating the cost of a marina berth.

Length between perpendiculars

Length between perpendiculars

Length between perpendiculars is the length of a ship along the summer load line from the forward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main stern perpendicular member. When there is no sternpost, the centerline axis of the rudder stock is used as the aft end of the length between perpendiculars.

Beam (nautical)

Beam (nautical)

The beam of a ship is its width at its widest point. The maximum beam (BMAX) is the distance between planes passing through the outer extremities of the ship, beam of the hull (BH) only includes permanently fixed parts of the hull, and beam at waterline (BWL) is the maximum width where the hull intersects the surface of the water.

Draft (hull)

Draft (hull)

The draft or draught of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (keel). The draught of the vessel is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed. Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The related term air draft is the maximum height of any part of the vessel above the water.

Displacement (ship)

Displacement (ship)

The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is its weight. As the term indicates, it is measured indirectly, using Archimedes' principle, by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship, then converting that value into weight. Traditionally, various measurement rules have been in use, giving various measures in long tons. Today, tonnes are more commonly used.

Long ton

Long ton

The long ton, also known as the imperial ton or displacement ton, is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois system of weights or Imperial system of measurements. It was standardised in the 13th century. It is used in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth of Nations countries alongside the mass-based metric tonne defined in 1799, as well as in the United States for bulk commodities.

John Brown & Company

John Brown & Company

John Brown and Company of Clydebank was a Scottish marine engineering and shipbuilding firm. It built many notable and world-famous ships including RMS Lusitania, RMS Aquitania, HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, RMS Queen Mary, RMS Queen Elizabeth and the Queen Elizabeth 2.

Steam turbine

Steam turbine

A steam turbine is a machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884. Fabrication of a modern steam turbine involves advanced metalwork to form high-grade steel alloys into precision parts using technologies that first became available in the 20th century; continued advances in durability and efficiency of steam turbines remains central to the energy economics of the 21st century.

Propeller

Propeller

A propeller is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid such as water or air. Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a boat through water or an aircraft through air. The blades are shaped so that their rotational motion through the fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade by Bernoulli's principle which exerts force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are screw propellers with helical blades rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately horizontal axis.

Construction and career

Laid down in April 1918 by Scotts in Greenock with the yard number 495, Sturdy was launched on 26 June 1919.[1][9] The vessel was the first of the name in Royal Navy service.[10] Commissioned on 8 October 1919, the ship was placed in the Reserve Fleet at Portsmouth under the dreadnought King George V and acted as tender to HMS Columbine, the depot at Port Edgar.[11][12]

On 31 January 1920, in preparation for a plebiscite in the Free City of Danzig, the British increased their presence in the city. On 1 February, Sturdy and the light cruiser Danae arrived to protect the High Commissioner, Reginald Tower.[13] The role did not last long and Sturdy remained in reserve throughout the following decade. On 13 March 1931, it was announced that Sturdy would be recommissioned for service in the Republic of Ireland.[14] The ship arrived in early April, returning to Devonport for 8 December for repairs to the ship and to give leave for the crew.[15] The destroyer and sister ship Tenedos, based at Cobh and Berehaven, would be replaced at the Irish station by Amazon and Ambuscade, with Sturdy and Tenedos transferring back to the Reserve Fleet.[16]

On 7 May 1934, Sturdy was taken out of reserve and re-equipped as an attendant to the aircraft carrier Courageous.[17] For the role, all armament was removed to lighten the ship, and thus maximise speed, and a davit was installed on a forecastle to enable ditched aircraft to be recovered.[18] The destroyer acted in the guise during joint exercises that took place between 8 and 13 September in the Humber.[19][20]Sturdy, on 18 May 1935, subsequently hosted the Lord Mayor of London Stephen Killik and, on 16 July, took part in a naval review in front of George V and Queen Mary.[21][22] On 14 January 1936, the destroyer accompanied Courageous on a cruise to the Mediterranean Sea. The cruise involved much of the Home Fleet, led by the battleships Nelson and Rodney. The destroyer accompanied Rodney to Las Palmas and Tenerife between 6 and 14 February.[23][24] On 16 July, Sturdy returned to Britain and Soon afterwards, was re-commissioned to reserve with armament restored on 5 December.[25][26]

At the start of the Second World War, the destroyer served under the command of Lieutenant-commander George Cooper, who had been appointed on 31 July 1939.[27] The ship was configured as a minelayer, capable of carrying up to forty mines instead of the aft guns and torpedo tubes.[5] However, the vessel did not use this capacity, instead being deployed to escort convoys in the Battle of the Atlantic. The destroyer was one of the escorts for Convoy HX 79 which, on 19 October, suffered heavily under U-boat wolfpack. Twelve ships were sunk in a torpedo attack that lasted six hours.[28] On 26 October 1940, Sturdy accompanied sister ship Shikari on an outbound voyage to meet the convoy SC 8 sailing from the United States. Poor weather meant that the ship lost sight of the other destroyer and on 29 October, the captain decided to head instead to Derry.[27] Early the following morning, the destroyer was grounded by the bow at 56 29'N, 06 59'W, off the Inner Hebrides island at Tiree near to the west coast of Scotland.[29] Sturdy could not be released, and instead was evacuated. Three sailors died, but the remainder escaped to shore. The force of the waves broke the ship in half, the stern detaching and swinging round. The wreck was then left to be dispersed by the sea.[27]

Discover more about Construction and career related topics

Keel laying

Keel laying

Laying the keel or laying down is the formal recognition of the start of a ship's construction. It is often marked with a ceremony attended by dignitaries from the shipbuilding company and the ultimate owners of the ship.

Greenock

Greenock

Greenock is a town and administrative centre in the Inverclyde council area in Scotland, United Kingdom and a former burgh within the historic county of Renfrewshire, located in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It forms part of a contiguous urban area with Gourock to the west and Port Glasgow to the east.

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching involves the performance of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a nautical tradition in many cultures, dating back thousands of years, to accompany the physical process with ceremonies which have been observed as public celebration and a solemn blessing, usually but not always, in association with the launch itself.

HMNB Portsmouth

HMNB Portsmouth

His Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy. Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city of Portsmouth; it is located on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour, north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight. Until the early 1970s, it was officially known as Portsmouth Royal Dockyard ; thereafter the term 'Naval Base' gained currency, acknowledging a greater focus on personnel and support elements alongside the traditional emphasis on building, repairing and maintaining ships. In 1984 Portsmouth's Royal Dockyard function was downgraded and it was formally renamed the 'Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation' (FMRO). The FMRO was privatized in 1998, and for a time, shipbuilding, in the form of block construction, returned. Around 2000, the designation HMS Nelson was extended to cover the entire base.

Dreadnought

Dreadnought

The dreadnought was the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the Royal Navy's HMS Dreadnought, had such an effect when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her were referred to as "dreadnoughts", and earlier battleships became known as pre-dreadnoughts. Her design had two revolutionary features: an "all-big-gun" armament scheme, with an unprecedented number of heavy-calibre guns, and steam turbine propulsion. As dreadnoughts became a crucial symbol of national power, the arrival of these new warships renewed the naval arms race between the United Kingdom and Germany. Dreadnought races sprang up around the world, including in South America, lasting up to the beginning of World War I. Successive designs increased rapidly in size and made use of improvements in armament, armour, and propulsion throughout the dreadnought era. Within five years, new battleships outclassed Dreadnought herself. These more powerful vessels were known as "super-dreadnoughts". Most of the original dreadnoughts were scrapped after the end of World War I under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, but many of the newer super-dreadnoughts continued serving throughout World War II.

HMS King George V (1911)

HMS King George V (1911)

HMS King George V was the lead ship of her class of four dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s. She spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets, often serving as a flagship. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, her service during the First World War generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

Free City of Danzig

Free City of Danzig

The Free City of Danzig was a city-state under the protection of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas. The polity was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I. In line with the treaty provisions, the entity was established under the oversight of the League of Nations. Although predominantly German-populated, the territory was bound by the imposed union with Poland covering foreign policy, defence, customs, railways and post, while remaining distinct from both the post-war German Republic and the newly independent Polish Republic. In addition, Poland was given certain rights pertaining to port facilities in the city.

Light cruiser

Light cruiser

A light cruiser is a type of small or medium-sized warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light armored cruiser", describing a small ship that carried armor in the same way as an armored cruiser: a protective belt and deck. Prior to this smaller cruisers had been of the protected cruiser model, possessing armored decks only. While lighter and smaller than other contemporary ships they were still true cruisers, retaining the extended radius of action and self-sufficiency to act independently around the world. Through their history they served in a variety of roles, primarily as convoy escorts and destroyer command ships, but also as scouts and fleet support vessels for battle fleets.

HMS Danae (D44)

HMS Danae (D44)

HMS Danae was the lead ship of the Danae-class cruisers, serving with the Royal Navy between the world wars and with the Polish Navy during the latter part of World War II as ORP Conrad.

HMNB Devonport

HMNB Devonport

His Majesty's Naval Base, Devonport is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy and is the sole nuclear repair and refuelling facility for the Royal Navy. The largest naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport is located in Devonport, in the west of the city of Plymouth, England.

HMS Tenedos (H04)

HMS Tenedos (H04)

HMS Tenedos was an Admiralty 'S' class destroyer. Laid down on 6 December 1917, she was constructed by Hawthorn Leslie of Tyne, and was completed in 1918. She was commissioned in 1919 and served throughout the interwar period.

Cobh

Cobh

Cobh, known from 1849 until 1920 as Queenstown, is a seaport town on the south coast of County Cork, Ireland. With a population of around 13,000 inhabitants, Cobh is on the south side of Great Island in Cork Harbour and home to Ireland's only dedicated cruise terminal. Tourism in the area draws on the maritime and emigration legacy of the town.

Pennant numbers

Pennant number
Pennant number Date
F96 January 1919[30]
D87 November 1919[31]
F55 December 1920[32]
H28 January 1922[33]
H28 July 1935[22]

Source: "HMS Sturdy (1919)", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 14th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sturdy_(1919).

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Further Reading

HMS Tirade

HMS Radstock (1916)

HMS Sarpedon (1916)

HMS Nereus (1916)

HMS Magic (1915)

HMS Peyton (1916)

HMS Portia (1916)

HMS Pigeon (1916)

HMS Tara (1918)

HMS Trojan

HMS Trusty (1918)

HMS Sesame (1918)

HMS Pellew (1916)

HMS Marne (1915)

HMS Orestes (1916)

HMS Northesk

HMS Orpheus (1916)

HMS Orford (1916)
References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Preston 1985, p. 85.
  2. ^ a b March 1966, p. 221.
  3. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 297.
  4. ^ a b c Preston 1985, p. 84.
  5. ^ a b Lenton 1998, p. 137.
  6. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 163.
  7. ^ Friedman 2009, pp. 235–236.
  8. ^ Parkes & Prendergast 1969, p. 103.
  9. ^ Kemble 1961, p. 105.
  10. ^ Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 335.
  11. ^ "IV. Vessels under the VAC Reserve Fleet". The Navy List: 707–707a. April 1920. Retrieved 23 September 2021 – via National Library of Scotland.
  12. ^ "840a Sturdy". The Navy List: 868. April 1920. Retrieved 23 September 2021 – via National Library of Scotland.
  13. ^ "Keeping The Ring For Plebiscites: British Troops in Danzig". The Times. No. 42323. 2 February 1920. p. 11.
  14. ^ "Royal Navy: Irish Flotilla Change". The Times. No. 45770. 13 March 1931. p. 26.
  15. ^ "Royal Navy: The Irish Flotilla". The Times. No. 46000. 8 December 1931. p. 6.
  16. ^ "Royal Navy: Irish Division Reliefs". The Times. No. 46104. 11 April 1932. p. 7.
  17. ^ "Royal Air Force: Aircraft Carrier Attendants". The Times. No. 46748. 8 May 1934. p. 6.
  18. ^ March 1966, p. 219.
  19. ^ "Royal Navy: The Combined Exercises". The Times. No. 46829. 10 August 1934. p. 19.
  20. ^ "Movements of Ships". The Times. No. 46860. 15 September 1934. p. 15.
  21. ^ "The Home Fleet's Visit: Lord Mayor in Battleship and Destroyer". The Times. No. 47068. 20 May 1935. p. 16.
  22. ^ a b Ransome-Wallis 1982, p. 25.
  23. ^ "Home Fleet Cruise: Visits to Spain and Portugal". The Times. No. 47271. 14 January 1936. p. 14.
  24. ^ "German Flying Boat Safe". The Times. No. 47299. 15 February 1936. p. 11.
  25. ^ "Home Fleet Leaving Gibraltar". The Times. No. 47429. 17 July 1936. p. 13.
  26. ^ "Sturdy". The Navy List: 287. February 1939. Retrieved 23 September 2021 – via National Library of Scotland.
  27. ^ a b c Evans 2010, p. 43.
  28. ^ Rohwer, Hümmelchen & Watts 1974, p. 59.
  29. ^ Kemp 1999, p. 133.
  30. ^ Dittmar & Colledge 1972, p. 75.
  31. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 41.
  32. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 45.
  33. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 72.

Bibliography

  • Bush, Steve; Warlow, Ben (2021). Pendant Numbers of the Royal Navy: A Complete History of the Allocation of Pendant Numbers to Royal Navy Warships & Auxiliaries. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-526793-78-2.
  • Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006). Ships of the Royal Navy: a complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th century to the present. London: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-85367-566-9.
  • Dittmar, F.J.; Colledge, J.J. (1972). British Warships 1914–1919. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-71100-380-4.
  • Evans, Arthur (2010). Destroyer Down: An Account of HM Destroyer Losses, 1939-1945. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-84884-270-0.
  • Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the First World War. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.
  • Kemble, John Haskell (1961). Two Hundred & Fifty Years of Shipbuilding by the Scotts at Greenock. Glasgow: James Jack Advertising. OCLC 776430979.
  • Kemp, Paul (1999). The Admiralty Regrets: British Warship Losses of the 20th Century. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-75091-567-0.
  • Lenton, Henry T. (1998). British and Empire Warships of the Second World War. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-277-4.
  • March, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.
  • Parkes, Oscar; Prendergast, Maurice (1969). Jane's Fighting Ships 1919. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. OCLC 907574860.
  • Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
  • Ransome-Wallis, Patrick (1982). The Royal Naval Reviews 1935-1977. London: Ian Allen. ISBN 978-0-71101-166-3.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard; Watts, Anthony John (1974). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: 1939–1942. London: Ian Allen. ISBN 978-0-71100-368-2.
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