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HMS Sardonyx (1919)

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
HMS Sardonyx WWII IWM FL 18692.jpg
Sardonyx in 1944
History
United Kingdom
NameSardonyx
NamesakeSardonyx
OrderedJune 1917
BuilderStephen, Linthouse
Laid down25 March 1918
Launched27 May 1919
Completed12 July 1919
Out of service23 June 1945
FateSold to be broken up
General characteristics
Class and typeS-class destroyer
Displacement
Length265 ft (80.8 m) p.p.
Beam26 ft 8 in (8.13 m)
Draught9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) mean
Installed power3 Yarrow boilers, 27,000 shp (20,000 kW)
Propulsion2 geared Brown-Curtis steam turbines, 2 shafts
Speed36 knots (41.4 mph; 66.7 km/h)
Range2,750 nmi (5,090 km) at 15 kn (28 km/h)
Complement90
Armament

HMS Sardonyx was an S-class destroyer that served with the Royal Navy in the Second World War. The S class were a development of the R class created during the First World War as a cheaper alternative to the V and W class. Launched in 1919 soon after the armistice, the ship was commissioned into the Reserve Fleet. Later that year, the destroyer was sent to Latvia, arriving just after the cessation of that country's war of independence. The ship took part in radar trials in 1939, and was upgraded shortly after the start of the Second World War with greater anti-aircraft and anti-submarine capabilities. The destroyer then served as an escort, usually for convoys of merchant ships. The ship was part of the 5th Escort Group which destroyed the German submarines U-99 and U-100, although Sardonyx did not claim any hits. The destroyer was also involved in escorting the landing parties for the Normandy landings in 1944. Soon afterwards, the ship was allocated to training. Sardonyx was retired and sold to be broken up in 1945.

Discover more about HMS Sardonyx (1919) related topics

Destroyer

Destroyer

In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or battle group and defend them against powerful short-range attackers. They were originally developed in 1885 by Fernando Villaamil for the Spanish Navy as a defense against torpedo boats, and by the time of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, these "torpedo boat destroyers" (TBDs) were "large, swift, and powerfully armed torpedo boats designed to destroy other torpedo boats". Although the term "destroyer" had been used interchangeably with "TBD" and "torpedo boat destroyer" by navies since 1892, the term "torpedo boat destroyer" had been generally shortened to simply "destroyer" by nearly all navies by the First World War.

R-class destroyer (1916)

R-class destroyer (1916)

The first R class were a class of 62 destroyers built between 1916 and 1917 for the Royal Navy. They were an improvement, specifically in the area of fuel economy, of the earlier Admiralty M-class destroyers. The most important difference was that the Admiralty R class had two shafts and geared turbines, compared with the three shafts and direct turbines of the Admiralty M class, but in appearance the R class could be distinguished from its predecessors by having the after 4-inch gun mounted in a bandstand. The Admiralty ordered the first two of this class of ships in May 1915. Another seventeen were ordered in July 1915, a further eight in December 1915, and a final twenty-three in March 1916.

Armistice of 11 November 1918

Armistice of 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, sea, and air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. It was concluded after the German government sent a message to American president Woodrow Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared "Fourteen Points", which later became the basis of the German surrender at the Paris Peace Conference, which took place the following year.

Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)

Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)

The Reserve Fleet was a Royal Navy formation of decommissioned vessels which could be brought to a state of readiness at time of war.

Latvian War of Independence

Latvian War of Independence

The Latvian War of Independence, sometimes called Latvia's freedom battles or the Latvian War of Liberation, was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.

Radar

Radar

Radar is a radiolocation system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (ranging), angle (azimuth), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It is used to detect and track aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, and motor vehicles, and map weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the objects. Radio waves from the transmitter reflect off the objects and return to the receiver, giving information about the objects' locations and speeds.

Anti-aircraft warfare

Anti-aircraft warfare

Anti-aircraft warfare, counter-air or air defence forces is the battlespace response to aerial warfare, defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action". It includes surface based, subsurface, and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements, and passive measures. It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries, the main effort has tended to be homeland defence. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence, as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

Anti-submarine warfare

Anti-submarine warfare

Anti-submarine warfare is a branch of underwater warfare that uses surface warships, aircraft, submarines, or other platforms, to find, track, and deter, damage, or destroy enemy submarines. Such operations are typically carried out to protect friendly shipping and coastal facilities from submarine attacks and to overcome blockades.

5th Escort Group (Royal Navy)

5th Escort Group (Royal Navy)

5th Escort Group was a British formation of the Royal Navy which saw action during the Second World War, principally in the Battle of the Atlantic.

German submarine U-99 (1940)

German submarine U-99 (1940)

German submarine U-99 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was laid down on 31 March 1939 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 593. She was launched on 12 March 1940 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Otto Kretschmer and was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla based in Kiel and later in St Nazaire.

German submarine U-100 (1940)

German submarine U-100 (1940)

German submarine U-100 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Normandy landings

Normandy landings

The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it was the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the liberation of France and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the Western Front.

Design and development

Main article: S-class destroyer

Sardonyx was one of thirty-three Admiralty S class destroyers ordered by the British Admiralty during the First World War in June 1917 as part of the Twelfth War Construction Programme. The design was a development of the R class introduced at the same time as, and as a cheaper and faster alternative to, the V and W class.[1] Differences with the R class were minor, such as having the searchlight moved aft and mounting an additional pair of torpedo tubes.[2]

Sardonyx had a overall length of 276 ft (84 m) and a length of 265 ft (81 m) between perpendiculars. Beam was 26 ft 8 in (8.13 m) and mean draught 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m). Displacement was 1,075 long tons (1,092 t) normal and 1,221 long tons (1,241 t) deep load. Three Yarrow boilers fed steam to two sets of Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines rated at 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) and driving two shafts, giving a design speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph) at normal loading and 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph) at deep load. Two funnels were fitted. A full load of 301 long tons (306 t) of fuel oil was carried, which gave a design range of 2,750 nautical miles (5,090 km; 3,160 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[3]

Armament consisted of three single QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk IV guns on the ship's centreline.[4] One was mounted raised on the forecastle, one on a platform between the funnels and one aft.[5] The ship also mounted a single 2-pounder 40 mm (1.6 in) "pom-pom" anti-aircraft gun for air defence. Four 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes were carried in two twin rotating mounts aft.[4] Four depth charge chutes were also fitted aft. Typically ten depth charges were carried.[6] The ship was designed to mount two additional 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes either side of the superstructure but this required the forecastle plating to be cut away, making the vessel very wet, so they were removed.[2] The weight saved enabled the heavier Mark V 21-inch torpedo to be carried.[1] Fire control included a training-only director, single Dumaresq and a Vickers range clock.[7] The ship had a complement of 90 officers and ratings.[8]

Discover more about Design and development related topics

S-class destroyer (1917)

S-class destroyer (1917)

The S class was a class of 67 destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1917 under the 11th and 12th Emergency War Programmes. They saw active service in the last months of the First World War and in the Russian and Irish Civil Wars during the early 1920s. Most were relegated to the reserve by the mid-1920s and subsequently scrapped under the terms of the London Naval Treaty. Eleven survivors saw much action during the Second World War.

Admiralty (United Kingdom)

Admiralty (United Kingdom)

The Admiralty was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy until 1964, historically under its titular head, the Lord High Admiral – one of the Great Officers of State. For much of its history, from the early 18th century until its abolition, the role of the Lord High Admiral was almost invariably put "in commission" and exercised by the Lords Commissioner of the Admiralty, who sat on the governing Board of Admiralty, rather than by a single person. The Admiralty was replaced by the Admiralty Board in 1964, as part of the reforms that created the Ministry of Defence and its Navy Department.

R-class destroyer (1916)

R-class destroyer (1916)

The first R class were a class of 62 destroyers built between 1916 and 1917 for the Royal Navy. They were an improvement, specifically in the area of fuel economy, of the earlier Admiralty M-class destroyers. The most important difference was that the Admiralty R class had two shafts and geared turbines, compared with the three shafts and direct turbines of the Admiralty M class, but in appearance the R class could be distinguished from its predecessors by having the after 4-inch gun mounted in a bandstand. The Admiralty ordered the first two of this class of ships in May 1915. Another seventeen were ordered in July 1915, a further eight in December 1915, and a final twenty-three in March 1916.

Torpedo tube

Torpedo tube

A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes.

Length overall

Length overall

Length overall is the maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline. This length is important while docking the ship. It is the most commonly used way of expressing the size of a ship, and is also used for calculating the cost of a marina berth.

Length between perpendiculars

Length between perpendiculars

Length between perpendiculars is the length of a ship along the summer load line from the forward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main stern perpendicular member. When there is no sternpost, the centerline axis of the rudder stock is used as the aft end of the length between perpendiculars.

Beam (nautical)

Beam (nautical)

The beam of a ship is its width at its widest point. The maximum beam (BMAX) is the distance between planes passing through the outer extremities of the ship, beam of the hull (BH) only includes permanently fixed parts of the hull, and beam at waterline (BWL) is the maximum width where the hull intersects the surface of the water.

Draft (hull)

Draft (hull)

The draft or draught of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (keel). The draught of the vessel is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed. Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The related term air draft is the maximum height of any part of the vessel above the water.

Displacement (ship)

Displacement (ship)

The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is its weight. As the term indicates, it is measured indirectly, using Archimedes' principle, by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship, then converting that value into weight. Traditionally, various measurement rules have been in use, giving various measures in long tons. Today, tonnes are more commonly used.

Long ton

Long ton

The long ton, also known as the imperial ton or displacement ton, is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois system of weights or Imperial system of measurements. It was standardised in the 13th century. It is used in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth of Nations countries alongside the mass-based metric tonne defined in 1799, as well as in the United States for bulk commodities.

John Brown & Company

John Brown & Company

John Brown and Company of Clydebank was a Scottish marine engineering and shipbuilding firm. It built many notable and world-famous ships including RMS Lusitania, RMS Aquitania, HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, RMS Queen Mary, RMS Queen Elizabeth and the Queen Elizabeth 2.

Steam turbine

Steam turbine

A steam turbine is a machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884. Fabrication of a modern steam turbine involves advanced metalwork to form high-grade steel alloys into precision parts using technologies that first became available in the 20th century; continued advances in durability and efficiency of steam turbines remains central to the energy economics of the 21st century.

Construction and career

Laid down on 25 March 1918 shortly before the end of the First World War by Alexander Stephen and Sons at their dockyard in Linthouse, Glasgow, Sardonyx was launched on 27 May the following year and completed on 12 July.[8] The vessel was the first that served in the Royal Navy to bear the name of the semi-precious stone.[9] Sardonyx was commissioned into the Reserve Fleet.[10]

Interwar service

Although the war on the western front had finished with the signing of the Armistice, the escalating civil war in Russia continued and there was unrest in the Baltic Sea. This reached a peak when the people of Latvia declared independence which, after a war of independence, they achieved on 14 November.[11] Sardonyx was one of the Royal Navy vessels sent to monitor the situation during the following month.[12] The ship returned to the United Kingdom and was reduced to Reserve on 3 March 1920.[13]

In November 1925, Sardonyx took part in search operations to find the missing submarine M1.[14] M1 had been sunk with all hands in a collision on 12 November, but the submarine's wreck was not found until 1967.[15] On 6 August 1931, Sardonyx was recommissioned at Portsmouth.[16] On 27 January 1932, Sardonyx and sister ship Sabre took part in the search for the missing submarine M2.[17] M2 had sunk the day before.[18] On 17 September 1935, as severe gales struck British waters, the steamer Brompton Manor sent out a distress signal while off the Owers lightvessel, near Selsey Bill. Sardonyx was ordered from Portsmouth to search for the steamer, which was successfully found later that day. Brompton Manor's captain had been washed overboard by heavy seas, and the ship's cargo shifted, giving a 30 degree list. Sardonyx stood by Brompton Manor until a tug could tow the steamer into Southampton.[19][20] Sardonyx ran aground off Southsea on 31 January 1938, but was soon refloated, and sustained no damage.[21]

In 1939, trials were undertaken to detect the destroyer with radar.[22] These were sufficiently successful for Sardonyx to be equipped with a 50 cm (20 in) L band radar named the Combined Wireless Rangefinder and Lookout Set in June 1939.[23] The trials were a success, with ships identified at 5 miles (8.0 km) and low-flying aircraft at 25 miles (40 km).[24]

Second World War

At the start of the Second World War, Sardonyx was part of the Local Defence Flotilla at Portsmouth.[25] The destroyer was taken out of service and updated for the escort role. The midship and aft gun were removed and a high-angle QF 12-pounder anti-aircraft gun was fitted on a bandstand abaft the middle funnel. Two quadruple Vickers .50 machine guns were also mounted for close-in defence.[26] The torpedo tubes were removed, the space allowing for additional depth charges, and two depth charge throwers were fitted alongside new racks aft. Initially 30 charges were now carried, although this increased as the war progressed.[6] The destroyer reentered service but tragedy soon struck. On 31 May 1940, the destroyer struck and sank the trawler St Apollo off the Hebrides.[27] Soon afterwards, in June, the Type 286M radar was fitted in Londonderry. The antenna proved too heavy for the mast and was lost in a gale, as was the replacement within two months.[28]

For the majority of the war, Sardonyx acted as a convoy escort. When Convoy HX 79 was attacked by the German submarine German submarine U-47, which subsequently called a wolfpack of four other boats on 19 October 1940, Sardonyx was one of those sent to protect the convoy.[29][30] Despite ten Royal Navy warships rushing to the scene, 12 ships in the convoy were sunk. This was the first success for the Wolfpacks.[31] On 27 October, the destroyer was sent to escort the stricken liner RMS Empress of Britain, which had been attacked by Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor maritime patrol aircraft. Despite taking evasive manoeuvres, the liner was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-32.[32] During the next five months, the destroyer was busy helping 16 convoys in the Atlantic Ocean, OB 236, HX 82, OB 239, HX 86, OB 245, HX 99, OB 256, SL/MKS 58, OB 262, HX 106, OB 269, SC 19, OB 278, SL/MKS 62, OB 283 and SC 69, rarely staying more than one or two days covering the western approaches.[33]

The long term solution was to form Escort Groups with multiple warships. Sardonyx joined the 5th Escort Group which was formed in March 1941. On 15 March, the Group, led by Commander Donald Macintyre, joined Convoy HX 112 as an escort. The convoy had been travelling from Halifax, Nova Scotia, since 1 March.[34] As evening fell, the convoy was attacked by a wolfpack including the submarines U-99, U-100 and U-110.[35] Despite losing six merchant ships, the Group successfully destroyed U-99 and U-100 although Sardonyx did not claim any hits.[36] Subsequent operations were more successful. On 16 August, Sardonyx was part of the 8th Escort Group that formed the eastern ocean escort for convoy HX 143.[37] On 4 October, the Group again safely accompanied ON(S) 23 safely across to rendezvous with escorts from the Royal Canadian Navy.[38] On 1 November the Group escorted the 42 ships of ON 30 until being handed to destroyers from the US Navy.[39] The role was reciprocated on 15 November when the Group received HX 160 from a US Navy escort. No merchant ship was lost in any of these operations.[40] In all, the destroyer escorted 21 convoys during 1941.[33]

The following year saw a similar pattern. Between 14 and 16 February, Sardonyx formed part of the 2nd Escort Group that accompanied Convoy ON 66 on the first stage of its journey. Once again, no ships were lost.[41] The destroyer subsequently escorted five UR convoys travelling between Loch Ewe and Reykjavik, six RU convoys travelling back, WS 19W, WS 21S, WS 24, and MKS 3Y sailing from the south, and TA 21, AT 22, TA 22 and HX 206 crossing between Britain and North America.[33]

During this time, the destroyer was upgraded again. The 12-pounder was removed and a Type 271 radar fitted instead while four single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon replaced the Vickers machine guns.[42][43] Sardonyx reentered service, but the availability of dedicated escorts meant that the ship saw less use. Amongst the crew at the time was the future Admiral of the Fleet Henry Leach, who served as a midshipman before being promoted to sub-lieutenant on 1 October 1942.[44] Another crew member was an American volunteer, Derek Lee, who served as a deck officer with the collateral job of security officer. His role included censoring photographs, for example of the survivors of the merchant ship SS Yorktown that had been sunk by U-619 on 26 September 1942, taken as they climbed aboard the destroyer.[45]

The start of 1943 saw a decrease in traffic. Between 21 and 23 January, Sardonyx, along with sister ship Scimitar (H21) took the merchant ship Leinster to Iceland, returning two days later.[46][47] The same pattern repeated three more times over the next seven months. The last convoy of more than one merchant ship that Sardonyx supported was WS 30, which saw the destroyer for only the first two days of its journey to Freetown.[33] On 8 June 1944, the destroyer escorted the troops that took part in the Normandy landings.[48] Soon after, in October, the ship was withdrawn from operational service and allocated to training at Preston. On 23 June 1945, the ship was retired and handed over to be broken up by Thos. W. Ward at Inverkeithing.[49][50]

Discover more about Construction and career related topics

Keel laying

Keel laying

Laying the keel or laying down is the formal recognition of the start of a ship's construction. It is often marked with a ceremony attended by dignitaries from the shipbuilding company and the ultimate owners of the ship.

Alexander Stephen and Sons

Alexander Stephen and Sons

Alexander Stephen and Sons Limited, often referred to simply as Alex Stephens or just Stephens, was a Scottish shipbuilding company based in Linthouse, Glasgow, on the River Clyde and, initially, on the east coast of Scotland.

Glasgow

Glasgow

Glasgow is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 635,640. The city was made a county of itself in 1893, prior to which it had been in the historic county of Lanarkshire. The city now forms the Glasgow City Council area, one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and is governed by Glasgow City Council. It is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands.

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching involves the performance of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a nautical tradition in many cultures, dating back thousands of years, to accompany the physical process with ceremonies which have been observed as public celebration and a solemn blessing, usually but not always, in association with the launch itself.

Armistice of 11 November 1918

Armistice of 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, sea, and air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. It was concluded after the German government sent a message to American president Woodrow Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared "Fourteen Points", which later became the basis of the German surrender at the Paris Peace Conference, which took place the following year.

Baltic Sea

Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain.

Latvian War of Independence

Latvian War of Independence

The Latvian War of Independence, sometimes called Latvia's freedom battles or the Latvian War of Liberation, was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.

HMS M1 (1917)

HMS M1 (1917)

HMS M1 was a submarine of the British Royal Navy, one of four vessels of her class ordered towards the end of the First World War. She sank with the loss of her entire crew in 1925.

HMNB Portsmouth

HMNB Portsmouth

His Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy. Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city of Portsmouth; it is located on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour, north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight. Until the early 1970s, it was officially known as Portsmouth Royal Dockyard ; thereafter the term 'Naval Base' gained currency, acknowledging a greater focus on personnel and support elements alongside the traditional emphasis on building, repairing and maintaining ships. In 1984 Portsmouth's Royal Dockyard function was downgraded and it was formally renamed the 'Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation' (FMRO). The FMRO was privatized in 1998, and for a time, shipbuilding, in the form of block construction, returned. Around 2000, the designation HMS Nelson was extended to cover the entire base.

HMS Sabre (H18)

HMS Sabre (H18)

HMS Sabre was an Admiralty S-class destroyer of the Royal Navy launched in September 1918 at the close of World War I. She was built in Scotland by Alex Stephens and completed by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan. Commissioned for Fleet service in 1919, she was the first Royal Navy ship to carry this name.

HMS M2 (1918)

HMS M2 (1918)

HMS M2 was a Royal Navy submarine monitor completed in 1919, converted in 1927 into a submarine aircraft carrier. She was wrecked in Lyme Bay, Dorset, Britain, on 26 January 1932. She was one of three M-class boats completed.

Lightvessel

Lightvessel

A lightvessel, or lightship, is a ship that acts as a lighthouse. They are used in waters that are too deep or otherwise unsuitable for lighthouse construction. Although some records exist of fire beacons being placed on ships in Roman times, the first modern lightvessel was off the Nore sandbank at the mouth of the River Thames in England, placed there by its inventor Robert Hamblin in 1734. The type has become largely obsolete; lighthouses replaced some stations as the construction techniques for lighthouses advanced, while large, automated buoys replaced others.

Pennant numbers

Pennant numbers
Pennant number Date
F34 June 1919[51]
D95 November 1919[52]
F53 December 1920[53]
H26 January 1922[54]

Source: "HMS Sardonyx (1919)", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 21st), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sardonyx_(1919).

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HMS Montrose (D01)

HMS Hero (H99)

HMS Antelope (H36)

HMS Escapade

HMS Harvester (H19)

HMS Westcott (D47)

HMS Crusader (H60)

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HMS Scimitar (H21)
References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Preston 1985, p. 85.
  2. ^ a b March 1966, p. 221.
  3. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 297.
  4. ^ a b Preston 1985, p. 84.
  5. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 163.
  6. ^ a b Friedman 2009, p. 236.
  7. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 146.
  8. ^ a b Parkes & Prendergast 1969, p. 107.
  9. ^ Manning & Walker 1959, p. 394.
  10. ^ "V Vessels in Reserve at Home Ports and Other Bases". The Navy List: 708. October 1919. Retrieved 16 June 2022 – via National Library of Scotland.
  11. ^ Head 2009, p. 147.
  12. ^ Dunn 2020, p. 235.
  13. ^ "787 Sardonyx". The Navy List: 861. January 1921. Retrieved 16 June 2022 – via National Library of Scotland.
  14. ^ "The Lost Submarine". The Times. No. 44125. 21 November 1925. p. 14.
  15. ^ Kemp 1999, pp. 89–90.
  16. ^ "Sardonyx". The Navy List: 328. September 1939. Retrieved 16 June 2022 – via National Library of Scotland.
  17. ^ "Little Hope for M2: Officers and Crew". The Times. No. 46042. 28 January 1932. p. 10.
  18. ^ Kemp 1999, p. 93.
  19. ^ "The Great Gale". The Times. No. 47172. 18 September 1935. p. 10.
  20. ^ "Stories Of The Gale". The Times. No. 47173. 19 September 1935. p. 12.
  21. ^ "News in Brief: Destroyer Aground". The Times. No. 47907. 1 February 1938. p. 14.
  22. ^ Burns 1988, p. 59.
  23. ^ Howse 1993, p. 40.
  24. ^ Howse 1993, p. 43.
  25. ^ "II. Local Defence and Training Establishments, Patrol Flotillas, etc". The Navy List: 242. September 1939. Retrieved 16 June 2022 – via National Library of Scotland.
  26. ^ Whitley 2002, p. 83.
  27. ^ Jackson 1997, p. 171.
  28. ^ Howse 1993, p. 79.
  29. ^ Bruning 2013, pp. 100.
  30. ^ Kindell, Don. "Convoy HX.79". HX Convoy Series: Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  31. ^ Bruning 2013, pp. 100–103.
  32. ^ Howse 1993, p. 80.
  33. ^ a b c d Kindell, Don. "Convoy Web". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  34. ^ Owen 2007, p. 60.
  35. ^ Rohwer 2005, p. 63.
  36. ^ Owen 2007, pp. 61–62.
  37. ^ Rohwer 2005, p. 90.
  38. ^ Rohwer 2005, p. 104.
  39. ^ Rohwer 2005, p. 111.
  40. ^ Rohwer 2005, p. 115.
  41. ^ Kindell, Don. "Convoy ON.66". ON Convoy Series: Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  42. ^ Whitley 2002, p. 84.
  43. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 243.
  44. ^ Heathcote 2002, p. 151.
  45. ^ Dietrich-Berryman & Hammond 2013, pp. 54–55.
  46. ^ Kindell, Don. "Convoy DS.36". DS Convoy Series: Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  47. ^ Kindell, Don. "Convoy SD.36". SD Convoy Series: Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  48. ^ Rohwer 2005, p. 331.
  49. ^ Willmott 2010, p. 585.
  50. ^ Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 310.
  51. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 47.
  52. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 42.
  53. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 49.
  54. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 71.

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