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HMS Mallow (K81)

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HMS Mallow
Korveta Nada.jpg
HMS Mallow in January 1944
History
Royal Navy EnsignUnited Kingdom
NameHMS Mallow
Ordered19 September 1939
BuilderHarland and Wolff, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Yard number1065
Laid down14 November 1939
Launched22 May 1940
Commissioned2 July 1940
IdentificationPennant number: K81
FateTransferred to the Royal Yugoslav Navy on 11 January 1944
Naval Ensign of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svgYugoslavia
NameNada
Acquired11 January 1944
Out of service1945
Naval ensign of Yugoslavia (1949–1993).svgSFR Yugoslavia
NameNada
Acquired1945
RenamedPartizanka
FateReturned to the Royal Navy in 1949
Egypt
NameEl Sudan
Acquired28 October 1949
Stricken1975
General characteristics
Class and typeFlower-class corvette
Displacement
  • 925 long tons (940 t) (standard)
  • 1,170 long tons (1,190 t) (deep load)
Length205 ft (62.5 m)
Beam33 ft 2 in (10.11 m)
Draught15 ft 9 in (4.8 m) (deep load)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Range3,450 nmi (6,390 km; 3,970 mi) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement85
Armament
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Mallow.

HMS Mallow was a Flower-class corvette commissioned into the Royal Navy that served as a convoy escort during World War II; with the Royal Navy in 1940–1944, and with the Royal Yugoslav Navy-in-exile in 1944–1945. In Yugoslav service she was renamed Nada. Her main armament was a single 4-inch (102 mm) Mk IX naval gun, although a significant number of secondary and anti-aircraft guns were added towards the end of the war. During the war she escorted a total of 80 convoys whilst in British service, sinking one German U-boat, and escorted another 18 convoys whilst in Yugoslav service. After the war she served in the fledgling Yugoslav Navy as Nada then Partizanka, before being returned to the Royal Navy in 1949. Later that year she was transferred to the Egyptian Navy in which she served as El Sudan until she was decommissioned in 1975.

Discover more about HMS Mallow (K81) related topics

Flower-class corvette

Flower-class corvette

The Flower-class corvette was a British class of 294 corvettes used during World War II by the Allied navies particularly as anti-submarine convoy escorts in the Battle of the Atlantic. Royal Navy ships of this class were named after flowers.

Corvette

Corvette

A corvette is a small warship. It is traditionally the smallest class of vessel considered to be a proper warship. The warship class above the corvette is that of the frigate, while the class below was historically that of the sloop-of-war.

Royal Navy

Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.

Convoy

Convoy

A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used in a non-military sense, for example when driving through remote areas.

World War II

World War II

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war.

Royal Yugoslav Navy

Royal Yugoslav Navy

The Royal Navy, commonly the Royal Yugoslav Navy, was the naval warfare service branch of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It was brought into existence in 1921, and initially consisted of a few former Austro-Hungarian Navy vessels surrendered at the conclusion of World War I and transferred to the new nation state under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The only modern sea-going warships transferred to the new state were twelve steam-powered torpedo boats, although it did receive four capable river monitors for use on the Danube and other large rivers. Significant new acquisitions began in 1926 with a former German light cruiser, followed by the commissioning of two motor torpedo boats (MTBs) and a small submarine flotilla over the next few years. When the name of the state was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929, the name of its navy was changed to reflect this. In the late 1920s, several of the original vessels were discarded.

Anti-aircraft warfare

Anti-aircraft warfare

Anti-aircraft warfare, counter-air or air defence forces is the battlespace response to aerial warfare, defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action". It includes surface based, subsurface, and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements, and passive measures. It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries, the main effort has tended to be homeland defence. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence, as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

U-boat

U-boat

U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic-warfare role and enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada and other parts of the British Empire, and from the United States, to the United Kingdom and to the Soviet Union and the Allied territories in the Mediterranean. German submarines also targeted Brazilian merchant ships during both World Wars and, twice over, precipitated Brazil's decision to give up its neutral stance and declare war on Germany.

Yugoslav Navy

Yugoslav Navy

The Yugoslav Navy, was the navy of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1992. It was essentially a coastal defense force with the mission of preventing enemy landings along Yugoslavia's rugged 4,000-kilometer shoreline or coastal islands, and contesting an enemy blockade or control of the strategic Strait of Otranto.

Egyptian Navy

Egyptian Navy

The Egyptian Navy, also known as the Egyptian Naval Force, is the maritime branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces. It is the largest navy in the Middle East as well as Africa, and is the twelfth largest navy in the world. The navy protects more than 2,000 kilometers of coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, defense of approaches to the Suez Canal, and it also supports for army operations. The majority of the modern Egyptian Navy was created with the help of the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The navy received ships in the 1980s from China and other Western sources. In 1989, the Egyptian Navy had 18,000 personnel as well as 2,000 personnel in the Coast Guard. The navy received ships from the US in 1990. US shipbuilder Swiftships has built around 30 boats for the Egyptian Navy including mine hunters, survey vessels, and both steel and aluminium patrol boats.

Design, description and construction

The Flower-class corvettes had their origins in a sketch design by the Smiths Dock Company which was based on their whaling ship Southern Pride, but lengthened by 9.1 metres (30 ft). Many ships of the class were modified while they were under construction, or as the opportunity presented itself during service.[1]

Mallow had an overall length of 205 feet (62.5 m), a beam of 33 ft 2 in (10.11 m), and a draught of 13 ft 7 in (4.14 m) extending to 15 ft 9 in (4.8 m) at deep load. While her standard displacement was 925 long tons (940 t), she displaced 1,170 long tons (1,190 t) at deep load. She had a crew of 85 men.[2][3] She was powered using steam created by two cylindrical boilers,[4][5] driving a single 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine that generated 2,750 indicated horsepower (2,050 kW). The engine drove a single propeller and Mallow could reach a top speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). She carried 230 long tons (230 t) of fuel oil, which gave her a range of 3,450 nautical miles (6,390 km; 3,970 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph).[2][3]

The ship was armed with a single 4-inch (102 mm) Mk IX naval gun, two depth charge throwers and two depth charge rails, and could carry 40 depth charges.[2] Ships of the class were also initially equipped with one 2-pounder (40 mm [1.6 in]) "pom-pom" autocannon and two twin 0.303 inches (7.7 mm) machine guns. Later in the war, they received two additional depth charge throwers and their capacity was increased to 70 depth charges. The machine guns proved inadequate as anti-aircraft (AA) weapons, and were replaced by heavier guns.[3][6] In 1944, Mallow's AA armament included a total of six single 0.79 in (20 mm) Oerlikon cannons, and one 2-pounder "pom-pom". This was intended to better meet the higher air threat in the Mediterranean Sea. She was also equipped with rocket rails fitted to the gun shield of the 4-inch gun, a forward-firing anti-submarine Hedgehog fitted aft of the main gun, and had a Type 271 radar fitted on the rear of her bridge.[7] By 1945, Mallow's armament had been further enhanced with two 6-pounder Hotchkiss guns.[1]

Mallow was built by the firm of Harland and Wolff at Belfast, Northern Ireland under as yard number 1065,[8] and was ordered on 19 September 1939, laid down on 14 November, launched on 22 May 1940, and commissioned on 2 July. She was allocated the pennant number K81,[9] and her first captain was Lieutenant Commander William Brown Piggott.[10]

Discover more about Design, description and construction related topics

Flower-class corvette

Flower-class corvette

The Flower-class corvette was a British class of 294 corvettes used during World War II by the Allied navies particularly as anti-submarine convoy escorts in the Battle of the Atlantic. Royal Navy ships of this class were named after flowers.

Corvette

Corvette

A corvette is a small warship. It is traditionally the smallest class of vessel considered to be a proper warship. The warship class above the corvette is that of the frigate, while the class below was historically that of the sloop-of-war.

Southern Pride

Southern Pride

Southern Pride was a steam-powered whaler built by the Smiths Dock Company of Middlesbrough in 1936. She was the initial design inspiration for the Flower-class corvettes used to escort convoys in the North Atlantic in World War II. The final design for the Flower class was significantly modified from that of Southern Pride factoring in things like ease of construction.

Length overall

Length overall

Length overall is the maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline. This length is important while docking the ship. It is the most commonly used way of expressing the size of a ship, and is also used for calculating the cost of a marina berth.

Beam (nautical)

Beam (nautical)

The beam of a ship is its width at its widest point. The maximum beam (BMAX) is the distance between planes passing through the outer extremities of the ship, beam of the hull (BH) only includes permanently fixed parts of the hull, and beam at waterline (BWL) is the maximum width where the hull intersects the surface of the water.

Draft (hull)

Draft (hull)

The draft or draught of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (keel). The draught of the vessel is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed. Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The related term air draft is the maximum height of any part of the vessel above the water.

Long ton

Long ton

The long ton, also known as the imperial ton or displacement ton, is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois system of weights or Imperial system of measurements. It was standardised in the 13th century. It is used in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth of Nations countries alongside the mass-based metric tonne defined in 1799, as well as in the United States for bulk commodities.

Tonne

Tonne

The tonne is a unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton, and the long ton. It is equivalent to approximately 2204.6 pounds, 1.102 short tons, and 0.984 long tons. The official SI unit is the megagram, a less common way to express the same mass.

Scotch marine boiler

Scotch marine boiler

A "Scotch" marine boiler is a design of steam boiler best known for its use on ships.

Propeller

Propeller

A propeller is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid such as water or air. Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a boat through water or an aircraft through air. The blades are shaped so that their rotational motion through the fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade by Bernoulli's principle which exerts force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are screw propellers with helical blades rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately horizontal axis.

Knot (unit)

Knot (unit)

The knot is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, exactly 1.852 km/h. The ISO standard symbol for the knot is kn. The same symbol is preferred by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), while kt is also common, especially in aviation, where it is the form recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The knot is a non-SI unit. The knot is used in meteorology, and in maritime and air navigation. A vessel travelling at 1 knot along a meridian travels approximately one minute of geographic latitude in one hour.

Fuel oil

Fuel oil

Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum. Such oils include distillates and residues. Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil, marine fuel oil (MFO), bunker fuel, furnace oil (FO), gas oil (gasoil), heating oils, diesel fuel and others.

Career

Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia renaming the corvette Nada at Liverpool on 11 January 1944
Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia renaming the corvette Nada at Liverpool on 11 January 1944

Mallow was quickly put into service as a convoy escort from July 1940 onwards; her first convoy was OB 187 which departed Liverpool on 21 July. During the balance of 1940, she was engaged as an escort for 24 convoys as they left from or arrived at Liverpool.[11] During 1941, she escorted 22 convoys to and from Liverpool, as well as three that departed from Milford Haven in Wales.[11] On 1 July 1941, Lieutenant William Robert Boyce Noall took command of Mallow.[12] In October 1941 she was serving with the 37th Escort Group based in Liverpool, along with two sloops and seven other corvettes. In mid-October, the group was assigned to escort Convoy HG 75 from Gibraltar to Liverpool;[13] Mallow and the Shoreham-class sloop HMS Rochester participated in sweeps west of Gibraltar against the concentration of German U-boats awaiting the departure of the convoy, and together sank U-204 on the 19th. The convoy departed a week later than scheduled due to the submarine threat. On 26 October, Mallow assisted in driving away U-563 and U-564 from the same convoy.[14] Noall was later made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order for "skill and enterprise in dealing with submarines" whilst commanding Mallow.[15]

During 1942, Mallow escorted 15 convoys, again mainly to and from Liverpool, and escorted the same number in 1943,[11] remaining with the 37th Escort Group covering the UK–Mediterranean and UK–Sierra Leone convoy routes.[16] On 10 May 1943, Temporary Acting Lieutenant Commander Harold Thomas Stewart Clouston assumed command of Mallow.[17] In December 1943, Mallow was not listed as active on the Navy List.[18]

In early 1944, Mallow was transferred to the Royal Yugoslav Navy-in-exile and renamed Nada.[19] She sailed with a reduced crew in convoy OS 68/KMS 42 which departed Liverpool on 12 February and arrived at Gibraltar on 25 February. Nada then commenced escort duties in May, conducting a total of 17 convoy escorts between Gibraltar and Port Said, Egypt, to October. During her final escort of 1944, she was detached from convoy KMS 66 as her crew was not considered "politically reliable" because they were not aligned with Josip Broz Tito's Partisan forces. She is recorded as participating in one escort in early February 1945.[20] After the conclusion of the war, Nada was taken over by the fledgling Yugoslav Navy and renamed Partizanka. In 1949, she was returned to the Royal Navy and reverted to HMS Mallow.[19] The requirement to return Partizanka was a painful blow to the Yugoslavs, as she was one of few modern warships in service with them at the time.[21] On 28 October 1949, Mallow was transferred to the Egyptian Navy where she served as El Sudan.[22] By 1971 she was one of the last ships of her class in use.[23] She remained in service until 1975, latterly in a training role, and was decommissioned in that year.[22]

Discover more about Career related topics

Convoy

Convoy

A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used in a non-military sense, for example when driving through remote areas.

Liverpool

Liverpool

Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in North West England. With a population of 486,100 in 2021, it is located within the county of Merseyside and is the principal city of the wider Liverpool City Region. Its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2.24 million.

Milford Haven

Milford Haven

Milford Haven is both a town and a community in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is situated on the north side of the Milford Haven Waterway, an estuary forming a natural harbour that has been used as a port since the Middle Ages. The town was founded in 1790 by Sir William Hamilton, who designed a grid pattern. It was originally intended to be a whaling centre, though by 1800 it was developing as a Royal Navy dockyard which it remained until the dockyard was transferred to Pembroke in 1814. It then became a commercial dock, with the focus moving in the 1960s, after the construction of an oil refinery built by Esso, to logistics for fuel oil and liquid gas. By 2010, the town's port had become the fourth largest in the United Kingdom in terms of tonnage, and continues its important role in the United Kingdom's energy sector with several oil refineries and one of the biggest LNG terminals in the world.

Lieutenant (navy)

Lieutenant (navy)

Lieutenant is a commissioned officer rank in many English-speaking nations' navies and coast guards. It is typically the most senior of junior officer ranks. In most navies, the rank's insignia may consist of two medium gold braid stripes, the uppermost stripe featuring an executive curl in many Commonwealth of Nations; or three stripes of equal or unequal width.

Escort Group

Escort Group

An Escort Group consisted of several small warships organized and trained to operate together protecting trade convoys. Escort groups were a World War II tactical innovation in anti-submarine warfare by the Royal Navy to combat the threat of the Kriegsmarine's "wolfpack" tactics. Early escort groups often contained destroyers, sloops, naval trawlers and, later, corvettes of differing specifications lacking the ability to maneuver together as a flotilla of similar warships, but rigorously trained in anti-submarine tactics to use teamwork emphasizing the unique sensors, weapons, speed, and turning radius of each ship. The development of these 'escort groups' proved an effective means of defending shipping convoys through the Battle of the Atlantic.

Gibraltar

Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and is bordered to the north by Spain. The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to over 32,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.

HMS Rochester (L50)

HMS Rochester (L50)

HMS Rochester (L50) was a Shoreham-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She served during the Second World War and was a successful anti-submarine warfare vessel, being credited with the destruction of five U-boats.

German submarine U-204

German submarine U-204

German submarine U-204 was a Type VIIC U-boat of the Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 22 April 1940 by the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as yard number 633, launched on 23 January 1941 and commissioned on 8 March under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Walter Kell.

German submarine U-563

German submarine U-563

German submarine U-563 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She carried out eight patrols and sank three ships, totalling 14,689 gross register tons (GRT), as well as one warship of 1,870 tons. Two ships were damaged, totalling 16,266 GRT. She was a member of nine wolfpacks, and was sunk by Allied aircraft in the Bay of Biscay on 31 May 1943.

German submarine U-564

German submarine U-564

German submarine U-564 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during the Second World War. The RAF sank her in the Bay of Biscay on 14 June 1943.

Port Said

Port Said

Port Said is a city that lies in northeast Egypt extending about 30 km (19 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal. With an approximate population of 603,787 (2010), it is the fifth-largest city in Egypt. The city was established in 1859 during the building of the Suez Canal.

Josip Broz Tito

Josip Broz Tito

Josip Broz, commonly known as Tito, was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he was the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. He also served as the president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 14 January 1953 until his death on 4 May 1980. Ideologically, Tito’s developments to communist ideology are known as Titoism.

Source: "HMS Mallow (K81)", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 23rd), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Mallow_(K81).

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Further Reading

HMS Black Swan (L57)

HMS Antelope (H36)

HMS Scarborough (L25)

HMS Magpie (U82)

HMS Zealous (R39)

HMS Fowey (L15)

HMS Westcott (D47)

HMCS Bittersweet

HMCS Chilliwack

HMCS Shediac

HMCS Fredericton (K245)

HMS Albrighton

HMS Lowestoft (U59)

HMS Rochester (L50)

HMS Deptford (U53)

HMS Fleetwood (U47)

HMS Aubrietia (K96)

HMS Shrewsbury Castle (K374)
Footnotes
  1. ^ a b Chesneau 1980, p. 63.
  2. ^ a b c Chesneau 1980, p. 62.
  3. ^ a b c Macpherson & Milner 1993, p. 89.
  4. ^ Blackman 1953, p. 184.
  5. ^ Lenton 1998, pp. 271–272.
  6. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 137.
  7. ^ Wright 2014, p. 103.
  8. ^ McCluskie 2013, p. 148.
  9. ^ Lenton 1998, p. 275.
  10. ^ The Navy List, December 1940, p. 1038.
  11. ^ a b c Hague 2017a.
  12. ^ The Navy List, August 1941, p. 1290.
  13. ^ Rohwer 2005, pp. 104, 109.
  14. ^ Blair 2000, pp. 391–393.
  15. ^ Daily Commercial News and Shipping List 12 January 1944.
  16. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 227.
  17. ^ The Navy List, June 1943, p. 1878.
  18. ^ The Navy List, December 1943, p. 2374.
  19. ^ a b Chesneau 1980, p. 358.
  20. ^ Hague 2017b.
  21. ^ Gardiner 1995, p. 641.
  22. ^ a b Gardiner 1995, p. 86.
  23. ^ McIvor 1994, p. 102.
References
  • "Awards to Members of the P. & O. Staff". Daily Commercial News and Shipping List. No. 17, 153. New South Wales, Australia. 12 January 1944. p. 4 (Supplement to "Daily Commercial News and Shipping List."). Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  • Blackman, Raymond V. B., ed. (1953). Jane's Fighting Ships 1953–54. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
  • Blair, Clay (2000). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942. London, United Kingdom: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35260-8.
  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London, United Kingdom: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-146-5.
  • Friedman, Norman (2008). British Destroyers & Frigates : The Second World War and After. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-015-4.
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. London, United Kingdom: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-605-7.
  • Hague, Arnold (2017a). "HMS Mallow on the Arnold Hague database". convoyweb.org.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  • Hague, Arnold (2017b). "Nada on the Arnold Hague database". convoyweb.org.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  • Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
  • Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy, 1939–1945. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell. ISBN 978-0-920277-83-6.
  • McCluskie, Tom (2013). The Rise and Fall of Harland and Wolff. Stroud, United Kingdom: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8861-5.
  • McIvor, Aidan (1994). A History of the Irish Naval Service. Dublin, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-7165-2523-3.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen & Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-105-9.
  • "The Navy List". National Library of Scotland. December 1940. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  • "The Navy List". National Library of Scotland. August 1941. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  • "The Navy List". National Library of Scotland. June 1943. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  • "The Navy List". National Library of Scotland. December 1943. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  • Wright, Malcolm George (2014). British and Commonwealth Warship Camouflage of WWII: Destroyers, Frigates, Sloops, Escorts, Minesweepers, Submarines, Coastal Forces and Auxiliaries. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-273-8.
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