Green Line (Washington Metro)

Planning for Metro began with the Mass Transportation Survey in 1955, which attempted to forecast both freeway and mass transit systems sufficient to meet the needs of the region projected for 1980.^[1] In 1959, the study's final report included two rapid transit lines which anticipated subways in downtown Washington.^[2] Because the plan called for extensive freeway construction within the District of Columbia, alarmed residents lobbied for legislation which both created a new transportation agency and blocked freeway construction.^[3] The agency, the National Capital Transportation Administration, issued a 1962 Transportation in the National Capital Region report, which did not include the route that became the Green Line.^[4] A central route under 7th Street in downtown was only added in 1967 primarily to serve the "inner city."^[5]

In March 1968, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) board approved its 98-mile (158 km) Adopted Regional System (ARS) which included the Green Line from Branch Avenue to Greenbelt. It also foresaw possible future extensions to Laurel, Maryland and Brandywine, Maryland.^[6]

Early decisionmaking

Mid-century plans for rapid transit neglected some of the District's less affluent neighborhoods.^[7] By late 1966, some plans started to include a line along 7th Street in the District of Columbia.^[7] In 1968, the new WMATA included the line in its master plan for its proposed 101 miles (163 km) system.^[8] At that time, a Green Line was planned to pass through some of the area's poorest and most transit-dependent neighborhoods and provide them with subway service.^[8] Riots following the death of Martin Luther King in 1968 destroyed much of the commercial district around 14th and U Streets, and planners hoped that adding a subway stop in that area would stimulate redevelopment.^[9] The original 1969 plan called for a line under 13th Street NW with just two stations. However, in 1970, the District of Columbia Council agreed to pay an additional $3 million to add a third station and reroute the Green Line under U Street, and 14th Street NW.^[10] The southern part of the Green Line was originally planned to pass over the 11th Street Bridges to the intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE,^[11] follow Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE to Suitland Parkway, down Suitland Parkway to Branch Avenue SE, and down Branch Avenue to a terminus at the intersection of Branch Avenue and the Capital Beltway.^[8][12][13] Public hearings on whether to build a Green Line and the route it should take were completed in 1973,^[14] and portions of the line were originally scheduled to open in 1976.^[15] However, construction delays kept the first Green Line stations from opening until 1991.^[10]

The downtown segment of the line was originally projected to open in September 1977.^[16] Obtaining approval of the District of Columbia and Prince George's County of the exact alignment of the Green Line north of U Street delayed construction. Originally, the ARS called for the line to be placed in the median strip of the planned North Central Freeway,^[16] but after that road was cancelled, the route of the replacement subway tunnel became controversial, resulting in years of expensive delays.^[17]

The tunnel between the Gallery Place and Waterfront stations, including the junction with the future Yellow Line, was built at the same time as the other Metro tunnels in downtown Washington in the early 1970s. During construction under 7th Street and U Street, where the cut-and-cover technique was used, street traffic and pedestrian access on those streets was difficult.^[18] That led to the closure of the traditional retail businesses along the route.

The southern section of the line was not spared from issues, however. The site of Anacostia station, set for the intersection of Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE and Good Hope Road SE, led to concerns that the station would destroy historic Old Anacostia, and after pressure from the federal government, Metro moved the site of the station to Howard Road SE.^[11]

By late 1977, Metro had pushed the opening of the Green Line to June 1983.^[19] Increasing construction costs and financing problems (caused primarily by the inability of local governments to contribute their share of Metro's funding) led WMATA to consider shifting the Green Line to a more southerly route, along Wheeler Road SE, to terminate near Rosecroft Raceway.^[12] Another alternative would have built two Green Lines, one following Wheeler Road SE with a terminus at Southern Avenue and the other following Suitland Parkway to Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE, proceeding northerly along Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE to Good Hope Road SE, and terminating at Good Hope Road SE and Minnesota Avenue SE (then called "Anacostia Station").^[12]

In October 1977, WMATA's Board of Directors refused to declare construction of the Green Line a "high priority" (favoring extension of the Red Line to Glenmont) although it instructed Metro staff to work on plans to fund the line and to determine its route.^[20] Although the United States Department of Transportation approved the Glenmont extension, federal officials were unhappy that Metro had yet to construct the Green Line into Anacostia.^[20]

In January 1978, a WMATA regional task force approved a Green Line route in Anacostia that followed Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue and then Wheeler Road down to the Beltway, with a new station added near St. Elizabeths Hospital.^[21][22] Nonetheless, the Prince George's County government successfully demanded in May 1978 for WMATA to choose the Suitland Parkway to Rosecroft route instead.^[23][24] In August 1978, WMATA's Board of Directors recommended to the federal government and its partner state and local governments for the entire 100-mile (160 km)-long Metrorail system to be fully built, a proposal that included immediate construction of the Archives, Waterfront, Navy Yard–Ballpark, and Anacostia stations.^[25] WMATA announced in November 1978 that it had secured funding to build the Green Line from Gallery Place to Waterfront and that construction was nearly complete on that portion of the line, but that funding did not exist to push the line from Waterfront to Anacostia.^[26] Nonetheless, Metro reiterated that it intended to complete the extension by late 1983.^[26]

Two additional realignments occurred at the north end of the Green Line but with less acrimony. North of Fort Totten, the line was to have surfaced in the median of the planned North Central Freeway, I-95, and to have proceeded to a point just west of Hyattsville Crossing, with an intermediate station at Chillum. I-95 and Metro would have run through the Northwest Branch Stream Valley Park, but the cancellation of I-95 through the District and out to the Beltway in 1974 meant that it was no longer necessary or appropriate to condemn an I-95-sized swath of parkland just for Metro. WMATA eventually selected a new route that skirted most of the park, and it was federally approved by the mid-1980s. The planned Chillum station was relocated and named West Hyattsville. The other alignment dispute occurred in the Petworth section of Washington and involved whether the tunnel would go under or skirt Rock Creek Cemetery and how to go through its soft-soil burial ground (i) and the least disruptive way under New Hampshire Avenue from Georgia Avenue–Petworth to Columbia Heights. The tunnels eventually skirted the cemetery by using the New Austrian tunnelling method and stacked under New Hampshire Avenue.

Legal and funding battles

Naylor Road station in Prince George's County, MD

In December 1978, Metro announced that the new completion date of the Green Line past the Anacostia station to Rosecroft Raceway would be 1987, a year later than anticipated.^[27] Metro also announced that cost considerations had forced it to abandon the high-vault ceiling design for all unbuilt stations (except Navy Yard), and that a less-costly design would be used at all unbuilt Green Line stations.^[27] By July 1979, despite the release of billions of dollars in construction funds by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Metro had pushed back the construction of the Anacostia station to mid-1985 and the completion of the Branch Avenue extension to late 1986.^[28] But construction schedules continued to slip: despite reaffirming its construction schedules in December 1979,^[29] Metro announced in January 1980 that completion of the Green Line terminus in Prince George's County would be pushed back six more months to 1987.^[30]

Even as Metro officially designated Rosecroft Raceway as the Green Line's southern terminus,^[31] more than half of Prince George's County's representatives in the Maryland state legislature asked Governor Harry Hughes to review the proposed route after allegations of improper political pressure regarding the 1978 route decision surfaced.^[32] Metro officials proceeded anyway in March 1984 with Green Line design and planning, and moved the line's completion date up to late 1986.^[31]

1980 troubles and near-cancellation

Funding troubles delayed construction even further. In March 1980, Maryland officials worried that high inflation would leave Metro without enough funds to complete the Green Line, forcing Maryland to bear these construction costs alone.^[33] These fears were confirmed in part in September 1980 when Metro announced that inflation had created a $16 million shortfall in its $271 million budget.^[34] By now, Anacostia residents were increasingly angry at the repeated delays in building the Green Line. In September 1980, D.C. City Council member Jerry A. Moore, Jr. delivered a petition containing 1,000 signatures from Anacostia residents demanding that construction on the Green Line be sped up.^[35]

In October 1980, The Washington Post ran a major article asking "What Ever Happened to the Green Line?" in which the newspaper concluded: "The 18.86-mile (30.35 kilometer) Green Line, which some argue should have been the first built because it would serve the most disadvantaged sections of the Washington area, is last on the construction list and threatened with extinction."^[36] The article confirmed that funds were in place and contracts signed to complete the Green Line to the proposed Anacostia station at Howard Road SE and Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE, but that repeated local opposition in Maryland to the line's actual location had forced planners to delay final siting of the line inside the District of Columbia.^[36] Additionally, Maryland businessmen argued that the switch of the terminus from Branch Avenue to Rosecroft Raceway had economically harmed them, and they filed a suit in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland demanding a halt to construction of the Green Line until the line's route could be again reconsidered.^[36]

The District of Columbia government responded by threatening to veto any further Metro subway construction unless construction of the Green Line was made Metro's highest priority.^[37] Twenty-four hours of intense discussions later, Metro agreed to the District government's wishes.^[38] Construction began on the Waterfront station, which was largely complete by January 1981.^[39] Once complete, the station was used for storage.^[40] By December 1980, Metro was still predicting that the Green Line to Anacostia would open in July 1986,^[37] but in January 1981, Metro admitted that the line would not open until at least 1990 because of funding constraints.^[41] Two months later, Metro estimated the cost of building the Green Line from U Street NW to Anacostia at $175 million.^[42]

1981

Controversies regarding the siting of the Green Line continued. In May 1980, a group of business owners near the former proposed terminus at Branch Avenue and Auth Road near Marlow Heights sued Metro on the grounds that the decision to change the course of the Green Line was illegal because it had been undertaken without a public hearing (in violation of Metro's rules).^[8][43] In February 1981, Judge Norman Park Ramsey of the U.S. District for Maryland held that Metro did not correctly advertise the hearings at which the change would be discussed.^[8][13] Metro appealed the ruling, and Judge Ramsey did not enjoin Metro from proceeding with construction until the appeal was resolved.^[8] The Prince George's County government, however, reaffirmed in April 1981 its support for the Rosecroft Raceway terminus, and Metro promised to hold a public hearing on the issue in June 1981.^[43] Shortly thereafter, the civil rights office of the U.S. Department of Transportation sent a letter to Metro warning that the Rosecroft Raceway route could negatively impact two historically black communities nearby.^[43] In May 1981, Metro changed its estimate for the opening of the Green Line to Anacostia to early 1988.^[44]

Prince George's County officials continued to worry that cutbacks in federal funding for mass transit might lead to the cancellation of the four proposed stations in the county (Southern Avenue, Naylor Road, Suitland, and Branch Avenue).^[45] Prince George's County officials vetoed in July 1981 any further expenditure of Metro's construction funds unless Metro diverted $100 million from the Red Line extension in Montgomery County to Glenmont and began the immediate purchase of land and rights-of-way in Prince George's County.^[45] Metro agreed a month later to the plan, with the provision that $90 million per year would be spent to begin work on the inner-city portion of the Green Line (the Gallery Place, Waterfront, and Navy Yard stations).^[46]

Metro held its long-awaited hearings over the Green Line's route in October 1981, but only in Prince George's County (not the District).^[8] A month later, the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals turned down Metro's appeal.^[8][13] Metro subsequently estimated on December 9, 1981, that the Green Line would reach Anacostia in late 1989.^[47]

1982

Funding problems delayed construction even further. In February 1982, President Ronald Reagan proposed cutting Metro construction funds by 21.4% to just $295 million a year.^[14] Planned Green Line construction constituted 40.5% of Metro's construction budget, and the cuts threatened to cancel the entire Green Line.^[8][14] To African American community leaders, the cuts were evidence that Metrorail was meant for suburban white commuters while inner city African Americans were relegated to taking Metrobus.^[14] Despite the funding troubles, Metro planned to seek contractors in March 1982 for a $60 million contract to tunnel under the Anacostia River, a $60 million contract to build the Anacostia station, and a $100 million contract to build the Navy Yard station.^[8] However, on March 16, 1982, Judge Ramsey barred Metro from spending any money on the construction of the Rosecroft Raceway route for the southern half of the Green Line.^[8] The judge held that Metro had decided to shift the Green Line route without properly advertising the public hearings, which the transit system would now be required to hold again, delaying construction of the Green Line and Anacostia station by at least a year.^[8] Although Metro had advertised the hearings, Judge Ramsey said, the advertisements contained the same wording flaws that had precipitated the Maryland lawsuit.^[8] Metro subsequently scheduled new hearings for June 1982.^[8]

Metro officials considered shifting construction funds from the southern Green Line to the northern Green Line in order to start construction on that end of the line,^[8] but the D.C. City Council opposed this shift.^[48] Metro held the court-ordered hearings in June 1982, at which Prince George's residents argued that they had voted for Metro's 1968 bond issue based on the original Green Line route.^[13] Metro promised attendees at the hearing that agency staff would study the Green Line route and issue a report recommending a route, after which construction on the Anacostia River tunnel would begin.^[13] The site of the tunnel thus became an issue, with some residents arguing for a tunnel from the Navy Yard under Anacostia Park to Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE, while others wanted the tunnel to take a more northerly route alongside the 11th Street Bridges to Good Hope Road SE.^[13] In October 1982, Metro estimated that opening of the Green Line to Anacostia would happen in the "late 1980s",^[49] and in November a Metro staff report recommended construction of the Rosecroft Raceway route.^[50]

Cuts in federal construction funds for Metro again delayed construction. Metro announced in December 1982 that service on the line would not cross the Anacostia River until late 1989 at the earliest.^[51] The federal contribution to Metro's construction fund was lowered to $44 million from $95 million for fiscal 1983, and Metro said that it would divert most of that money to dig tunnels from Gallery Place to Mount Vernon Square.^[51] In February 1983, the Reagan administration proposed cutting Metro's construction budget by $145 million to $230 million, which Metro said would push the opening of the Green Line to 1991.^[52][53] On February 11, 1983, Metro, for the first time in its history, formally announced that (absent full construction funding) it could not build the Green Line, the Red Line from Wheaton to Glenmont, or the Yellow Line from Franconia–Springfield to King Street–Old Town.^[54]

Anacostia terminus

As Metro struggled to secure construction funding for the Green Line and Anacostia station, it also struggled to lift the district court's injunction on Green Line construction. Metro asked the court to allow construction of the Navy Yard, Anacostia, and Congress Heights stations pending a decision on the Green Line route in Prince George's County, but the court refused.^[55] Judge Ramsey said that Metro's public hearing process was biased and "inadequate".^[56] Even as the court refused to let Green Line construction in Anacostia begin, more than 23,000 Anacostia residents signed a public petition demanding that the line be built.^[56] Metro declined to appeal Judge Ramsey's latest ruling,^[57] and the Prince George's County Council voted to reverse its earlier decision and support the original Green Line route to Branch Avenue.^[58]

Frustrated by funding constraints and the court injunction, in December 1983 Metro released a proposed "final" system map that showed the Green Line terminating at the Anacostia and Mount Vernon Square stations.^[59]

Resolution of controversies

William T. Coleman, civil rights attorney and former Ford administration Cabinet official, helped break the funding impasse.

In 1984, Metro undertook two steps to secure completion of the Green Line. First, the transit agency hired former U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. in December 1983 to oversee negotiations with the various entities involved with the siting of the Green Line route and seek a resolution through the U.S. district court.^[60] On February 21, 1984, Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening announced that construction of the Green Line in Prince George's must start by September 30, 1984, or he would begin vetoing Metro spending proposals.^[61] At the same time, Metro and Coleman opened negotiations to build the Green Line from the L'Enfant Plaza Station to Anacostia.^[61][62][63] Advocates of the Rosecroft route, however, warned that they would sue if Metro switched back to the original route.^[61]

Just four days later, Metro, D.C. and Prince George's County officials, reached an agreement with advocates of both the Branch Avenue and Rosecroft routes to begin construction from L'Enfant Plaza to Anacostia, pending resolution of the line's final route by December 6, 1984.^[62][64] The agreement called for construction of the Green Line to Waterfront station in the summer, siting of the tunnel under the Anacostia River by June 28, and the holding of public hearings on the remaining route between July 18 and August 3.^[64][65] The U.S. Federal District Court approved the agreement on March 7.^[63] Following the ruling, Metro announced that it would build the Anacostia station on Howard Road between Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE and the Anacostia Freeway, as well as a new Metro station at the Washington Navy Yard, and would open the Green Line by 1990.^[63] Metro asked and won approval from the court to build the Navy Yard and Anacostia stations and the tunnel in June 1984.^[66][67]

Metro also began new political efforts to secure funding to complete the transit system. Initially, Reagan administration officials balked at this plan, reiterating that they would not permit Metro to build more than 76.4 miles (123.0 km) of subway.^[68] But in June, House and Senate committees passed legislation requiring the Reagan administration to release all funds appropriated for Metro, putting pressure on the administration to rescind its mileage limit.^[69][70][71]

Bus controversy

Like all Metrorail stations, Anacostia station was intended to be a major hub for Metrobus service in the area.^[72] However, with the Anacostia neighborhood being the poorest^[72] and most transit-dependent area in the District of Columbia, changes to bus routes in the area proved highly controversial. As the opening of the Green Line to Anacostia neared, WMATA proposed halving the number of bus routes traveling between Anacostia and the National Archives Building downtown. That would force riders to take the more expensive Metrorail and require many riders to walk several blocks to their destination, rather than the "virtually door-to-door service" that they enjoyed.^[73] A total of 25 routes were changed, affecting more than 80,000 riders.^[74][75]

Many of the new routes now terminated at the Anacostia station, rather than continuing into downtown Washington.^[76][77] WMATA officials admitted that fares for most Anacostia residents would rise an average of 50%^[72][76] and that Anacostia residents would be forced to pay more and travel farther to access the services (such as doctors) and shopping that most District residents can readily access.^[72] To help mediate the impact of the total fare increase on Anacostia residents, WMATA reduced basic bus fares for many routes in the area from $1 to 35 cents.^[76]

Protests and boycott

District residents protested the route cuts with a picket line in front of WMATA's downtown headquarters in August 1991.^[78] Prince George's County residents were also angered by the changes. They argued that Metro had promised more, not less, bus service and complained that they would be forced to use a rail station located in the District of Columbia's most violent and crime-prone neighborhood.^[40][79][80] More than 1,000 people packed "raucous" public hearings for three nights in the District and Prince George's County in early September that denounced Metro and claimed that they were "becoming a victim of transportational apartheid."^[75] Worried about the impact of the cuts as well as a possible bus boycott, D.C. Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly announced on September 11, 1991, that she would seek an alternative to the changes proposed by WMATA.^[81] Suburban commuters were angry that Metro would keep the bus routes open in Anacostia, at an estimated cost of $4 million, when their bus service had been cut when Metrorail stations opened in their areas;^[82][83] D.C. residents countered that poor African American District citizens could not afford the same transit changes and fare increases that wealthy, white suburbanites were asked to absorb.^[82]

Extensive bus bays (depicted) were added to the Anacostia station to accommodate Prince George's County buses that never serviced the station.

Calls for a boycott increased in mid-September.^[83][84] On September 16, 1991, declaring that the city paid "40 percent of the Metro subsidy, but we're the last to get service," Mayor Dixon threatened to withhold the District's payment to Metro unless the bus changes were rescinded.^[85] Metro officials were angered by Dixon's statement and said that District officials had been involved in the bus route planning process for months.^[86] Mayor Dixon proposed on September 20 for Metro to continue to use Anacostia station as a hub but with bus service provided into downtown D.C.^[87] The plan, estimated to cost less than $500,000 a year, would require residents to transfer at Anacostia station but would not raise the total fare to more than $1.^[87] A month later, Metro's board of directors unanimously agreed to accept Dixon's plan and cancelled all planned route changes in the District of Columbia and Prince George's County.^[80][88] The cost of operating the bus routes totaled $2.5 million annually.^[88] The compromise led residents to call off their boycott of Metrobus.^[89]

Prince George's County, meanwhile, had announced that its county-run buses ("The Bus") would not run to Anacostia Station, as previously promised, drawing outrage from the D.C. representatives on Metro's board.^[80] The District of Columbia had spent more than $20 million adding bus bays at the station to accommodate The Bus arrivals.^[80]

Fare loss

Two months after the Anacostia station opened, WMATA said that a study of bus and rail ridership showed that the unaltered bus routes were costing the transit agency $200,000 a month in lost rail fares.^[90] To make up the lost revenue, WMATA said that it would run only two-car trains (the shortest on the system) on the Green Line during slow periods on weekdays and evenings and on Sundays beginning in June 1992.^[90] In November 1992, WMATA reported that ridership at the Anacostia station was (on average) 7,500 riders a day, 700 below estimates.^[91] WMATA admitted that although riders had made the switch from bus to rail, the lower ridership numbers were caused by the recession, not because of continuing downtown bus service in the area.^[91] Metro said ridership on buses in the neighborhood was down significantly, and the transit agency reduced the number of buses on some routes to avoid having empty buses.^[91]

Rail car shortage

WMATA first became aware of a rail car shortage in 1988. Although the transit authority knew that it needed at least 98 new rail cars to provide adequate service to the new stations to be added on the Green Line and other lines by 1993, it did not place an order for the cars.^[92] Metrorail also suffered from internal squabbling over rail car design, and rail car production had historically been plagued by poor quality and labor strikes—both of which added to construction delays.^[92] By September 1990, more frequent breakdowns in the existing, aging rail car fleet heightened the urgency to buy more cars.^[93] Officials estimated that the rail car shortage would become critical when the Anacostia station opened.^[93][94] When the Van Dorn Street station opened in June 1991, Metro was forced to run trains every 12 minutes during rush hour rather than every 8 due to the rail car shortage.^[94][95] Eventually, crowding was addressed when additional cars became available by running 8-car trains.

Metro also encountered significant problems estimating the number of riders who would board the system at the Anacostia and other Green Line stations. In June 1991, WMATA estimated that just over 15,000 riders on average would board at the Waterfront, Navy Yard, and Anacostia stations.^[96] In December 1991, when the Anacostia station opened, Metro had revised that number to 30,700 riders per day (by June 1992).^[97][98] Just a week later, Metro dropped that estimate to only 28,000 riders a day (by June 1992).^[99]

Even though significant numbers of bus riders in Anacostia had switched to Metrorail by February 1992, WMATA nonetheless began running two- rather than four-car trains on the Green Line on Sundays and during slow periods in order to close a revenue shortfall.^[90]

Metro finally ordered new rail cars, but the first of the cars were not due to be delivered until February 2001.^[100]

The January 13, 2001 opening of the final five Green Line stations (Congress Heights, Southern Avenue, Naylor Road, Suitland, and Branch Avenue) significantly worsened overcrowding and service problems on the line. The five new stations added almost 20,000 new riders a day, overwhelming station platforms, jamming trains to capacity, and forcing many riders at Anacostia and other stations up the line to wait as train after train passed them, filled.^[101] Metro had estimated that 18,000 riders a day would board from these stations by June 2001.^[101] That estimate was exceeded by 2,000 riders a day on the second day the stations were open.^[101]

By January 24, the number had risen to more than 30,600 per day, three times as many as originally estimated.^[100] Angry commuters using the Anacostia, Navy Yard, and Waterfront stations peppered the transit agency with complaints.^[101] WMATA claimed that a number of factors contributed to the ridership crunch: the system was experiencing record ridership; two-year-old ridership projections were used; the five stations were opened two months ahead of schedule; the five new stations were opened two months before new rail cars were ready for service; and WMATA offered free parking at the Green Line stations, which drew 12,000 rather than 4,000 riders to the line.^[100]

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1984

Construction of the Green Line south from L'Enfant Plaza began in July 1984 when WMATA issued a call for bids to tunnel under the Anacostia River.^[102] The firm of Harrison Western/Franki-Denys (a joint venture) was awarded the $25.6 million contract, with construction to begin in December 1984.^[103] WMATA delayed awarding the contract after American anti-apartheid activists alleged that a Belgian company with a minority financial interest in Franki-Denys did business with the racist white-led government of South Africa, but after the links were discovered to be extremely minor the contract was awarded.^{[104][105][106]}

The debate over the route for the remainder of the Green Line was finally resolved in December 1984. Residents and D.C. government officials asked WMATA to build stations at Congress Heights and Southern Avenue in order to promote economic development and provide service to St. Elizabeths Hospital and Greater Southeast Community Hospital.^[107][108] In December 1984, WMATA's Board of Directors agreed to return the Green Line to its original route, and build the Congress Heights and Southern Avenue stations.^[104][105] The U.S. district court approved WMATA's decision and dissolved its March 1982 injunction, which had barred construction of the $483 million southern Green Line (now estimated to cost $132 million more than the Rosecroft route).^[109]

1985

Funding for Green Line construction fell into place in 1985. Pressured by the previous year's Congressional action, the Reagan administration sought to provide WMATA with $250 million a year for four years to expand the system to 89.5 miles (144.0 km), a plan which would not fund construction of the system beyond the proposed Southern Avenue station.^[110][111]

Construction on the line started in 1985. Survey and clearing work for the twin 2,500-foot (762 m) Anacostia River tunnels began in March 1985.^[39] A 24-foot (7.32 m) long, 19 foot (5.8 m) diameter tunnel boring machine built by the Hitachi Zosen Corporation was shipped to the U.S. to drill the tunnel, which required boring techniques "so novel that they have never before been used in the eastern United States."^[39] The tunnel boring machine ate through "T5" (relatively fine sand mixed with gravel and boulders which occasionally required workers to physically break the boulders apart) and clay formations about 50 feet (15 m) beneath the riverbed.^[39] The walls of the tunnel were lined with concrete as the machine moved.^[39] Liquid nitrogen was used to harden the ground where the inbound tunnel reached the northern side of the Anacostia River, to lessen the possibility of cave-ins due to the wet earth.^[112]

Waterfront Metro station was mothballed during the construction controversy over the Green Line.

The completion date for the two tunnels was estimated at late 1987.^[39] WMATA engineers also inspected the mothballed Waterfront station^[40] and found it to be still structurally sound (although water needed to be pumped from the station).^[39][97] However, some repairs to the tunnel between L'Enfant Plaza and Waterfront needed to be made.^[113] Construction of the tunnel from Waterfront to Navy Yard was set to begin in September 1985, construction of the Navy Yard station in early 1986, and linkage with the Anacostia River tunnels shortly thereafter.^[39] The two new Green Line stations were expected to open in 1990.^[39] In October 1985, WMATA awarded the $24.9 million contract to excavate the tunnel between the Waterfront and Navy Yard stations to Harrison Western Corp.^[114] WMATA's board awarded a $41.5 million contract for the construction of the Anacostia station to Kiewit Construction Co. in June 1985, and said the station would open in 1990.^[115] Ground was broken at the site on September 21, 1985.^[116]

1986–88

Funding for construction of the Green Line was threatened again in 1986. WMATA needed $2 billion in construction funds, but Congress was threatening to cut WMATA's funding by up to 26% to $184.5 million a year for four years.^[117] Congress approved $227 million for 1986 in December 1985,^[118] but the Reagan administration said that it would cut off all funding thereafter.^[119] WMATA appealed directly to President Reagan to release $400 million in funds already appropriated,^[120] but administration officials said WMATA had more than enough money to complete the Green Line.^[121][122] Prince George's County officials threatened to sue Metro as well as block all further construction spending in March 1985 unless WMATA agreed to use its existing funds to build the Green Line into their county.^[123] WMATA officials reacted in June by stretching out construction of the Green Line and Anacostia station to 1991.^[124] After lengthy negotiations (which included state and local guarantees to pay for cost overruns or funding shortfalls, penalties for defaults, and the imposition of two external financial monitors) and heavy pressure from Congress, Reagan administration officials released the $400 million on July 16, 1986.^[125]

College Park station opened on December 11, 1993

With the funds released, construction on the Green Line proceeded quickly. In November 1986, WMATA awarded a $36.2 million contract to Mergentime Corp. to build the Navy Yard station.^[126] A month later, WMATA awarded a $19.5 million contract to excavate a tunnel from the Navy Yard Station to the tunnels being built under the Anacostia River.^[127] On March 23, 1986, the second of the two 2,450-foot (750 m), concrete-lined tunnels under the Anacostia River was completed.^[40][112] With the tunnels finished and other contracts awarded, WMATA announced yet another revised timeline for opening the Green Line in April 1987. The transit agency estimated that the Mount Vernon Square, Shaw, and U Street stations would open in late 1990, the Mount Vernon Square to Anacostia link in late 1991, and the Fort Totten to Greenbelt link by 1994.^[112] In January 1988, WMATA awarded a $179.1 million contract to build the Green Line from Fort Totten to Greenbelt, and a $6.9 million contract to complete the Waterfront station.^[128] In December 1988, WMATA reaffirmed that the Waterfront, Navy Yard, and Anacostia stations would open in late 1991.^[129]

Extension south of Anacostia

Beginning in 1989, WMATA sought funding to extend the Green Line beyond the Anacostia station and to operate the Green Line. Metro asked Congress to authorize $2.16 billion over 10 years to complete the 103-mile (166 km) system, as well as appropriate the remaining $193 million from the transit agency's original 1980 authorization to complete the Green Line from Anacostia to Branch Avenue and link the Green Line internally between U Street and Fort Totten.^[130][131] Although the Bush administration opposed the request,^[132] Congress provided $2.025 billion.^[133][134] Only the stations at Suitland and Branch Avenue remained unfunded.^[134]

By mid-1991, however, falling inflation had reduced WMATA's construction costs so much that the agency said it could build the two final Green Line stations in Prince George's County without asking Congress for additional money.^[135] WMATA also proposed spending money almost three times faster up-front to accelerate its construction schedule, a move which would be more than compensated for by savings in out-years.^[136][137] Prince George's County officials threatened to block all further Metrorail construction unless they received guarantees that the stations in their county would be built.^[138] Funding for the remaining seven Green Line stations in the District and Prince George's remained in doubt as of August 1991, with District officials saying that it made sense to build the Georgia Avenue–Petworth and Columbia Heights stations and Prince George's representatives demanding that the three stations in their county be completed.^[139] WMATA said that it had so little money it could not fund 16 critical small construction projects, among them security gates at the Navy Yard and Waterfront stations and parts for escalators at the seven new Green Line stations in D.C. and Prince George's County.^[140] The funding impasse was broken in November 1991 when local and state governments agreed to roughly triple their contribution to Metro's construction costs by 1994 to complete the entire system.^[141]

The first WMATA budget which contained funds for operating the Green Line was proposed in December 1989. The budget presumed a December 1, 1990, opening for the Mt. Vernon Square, Shaw–Howard University and U Street–Cardozo stations, and requested funds to test the soon-to-open Green Line from Gallery Place–Chinatown to the Anacostia station.^{[142][143][144]} The budget also projected that this section of the line would open in 1991, and that new Metrobus service will be added in Prince George's County to bring commuters to the new station.^[142][143]

Opening delays

Change of contractor

The opening of the Green Line was significantly delayed, however, when in May 1990 WMATA fired the contractor building the Shaw–Howard University and U Street–Cardozo stations. Mergentime/Perini Joint Venture, the contractor working on the stations, had violated its contract with WMATA by reducing the workforce on the project, not meeting project deadlines, and permitting unsafe working conditions to persist.^[145] Mergentime/Perini denied the accusations.^[145][146] Although similar problems plagued Mergentime/Perini's work on the Navy Yard station, WMATA did not fire the joint venture company from that project.^[145] WMATA said that the problems would delay the Green Line's opening until at least the late spring of 1991.^[145]

In August 1990, WMATA hired the Perini Corp. as the new contractor, and required the company to finish the job and rebuild the streets in the area, setting a new Green Line dedication of December 1991.^[146][147] Federal monitors overseeing WMATA's spending, however, issued a report in August 1990 accusing WMATA of poor financial oversight of the project and blamed the transit agency for the delays and problems Mergentime/Perini confronted.^[148] Mergentime/Perini sued WMATA, claiming that it was improperly dismissed from the project.^[146]

Other problems

The cost of testing and operating the Green Line left WMATA struggling financially. These costs (along with costs associated with extending and operating the Blue Line to Van Dorn Street) forced WMATA to cut 335 jobs as well as supplies, travel, overtime, and temporary employee budgets.^[149] Although ridership was projected to rise 3.8% to 260 million trips in the coming year,^[150][151] the increased revenue was not expected to cover the costs of operating the new lines and stations.^[149][152] Mount Vernon Square, Shaw–Howard University, and U Street–Cardozo stations opened on Saturday, May 11, 1991.^[153]

Construction of the Green Line past Anacostia station was complicated by the discovery of a potential toxic waste site in the path of the subway. In June 1991, WMATA discovered that the District of Columbia had dumped 426,000 tons^[141] of possibly hazardous incinerator bottom ash in an unused exposed culvert along the subway's potential path near St. Elizabeth's Hospital between 1977 and 1989.^[154][155] The city continued to dump the ash at the site for four years after it learned that WMATA planned to use the site for the Green Line.^[154][155] Experts were concerned that the ash dump contained pockets of methane gas and soluble acid, which would make the site unusable by Metrorail.^[156]

Maryland officials used the discovery to press yet again for realignment of the Green Line and abandonment of the planned stations at Congress Heights and Southern Avenue in favor of construction of the stations at Naylor Road, Suitland, and Branch Avenue.^[137][156] The proposal led to public protests against the Maryland plan in Anacostia, and heated arguments on the WMATA board of directors.^[137][156] In an initial report in June 1991, WMATA determined that ash posed no environmental risk,^[156] although there were concerns that the level of pollutants would prevent any excavated material from being accepted by landfills in D.C., Maryland, or Virginia.^[154] A final environmental report in November 1991 found that the ash was not hazardous, but would need to be removed at a cost of $1 million.^[141]

1991 extension

Lake Artemesia was created when WMATA mined sand and gravel at this location to build the Green Line.

The Green Line from L'Enfant Plaza to Anacostia opened as scheduled on December 28, 1991.^[157][158] Ridership expanded rapidly on the Green Line. In the first workweek of the year, more than 8,000 riders a day boarded at the three stations in Southeast D.C. (more than 5,000 of them at Anacostia), exceeding WMATA's estimates,^[159] and nearly 10,000 riders were boarding each day at the three stations by the third week of January.^[160][161]

Construction of the Green Line near Berwyn Heights, Maryland resulted in the creation of Lake Artemesia. In 1976, WMATA removed sand and gravel needed for construction from open space adjacent to the Green Line. In exchange, WMATA paid to develop the area as a lake surrounded by a park.^[162]

1993 extension

The Green Line stations at Greenbelt, College Park, Hyattsville Crossing, and West Hyattsville opened in December 1993.^[163] Almost two years later, WMATA broke ground on the Suitland, Naylor Road, Southern Avenue, and Congress Heights stations, a $900 million project which would complete the final 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of the originally-planned 103-mile (165.8 km) Metrorail system in late 1999.^{[164][165][166]} The outbound tunnel to Congress Heights was completed in June 1998.^[166] The Georgia Avenue–Petworth and Columbia Heights stations were completed in September 1999, three months ahead of schedule.^[167] The Green Line's final five stations opened on January 13, 2001.^[168]

Later years

Service on the Green Line tracks began on May 11, 1991 on three stations between U Street and Gallery Place–Chinatown. Initially, all trains through this section were run as Yellow Line trains terminating at Huntington. The Green Line formally began on December 28, 1991, with three stations south of L'Enfant Plaza to Anacostia. At this time, Yellow Line service north of Mount Vernon Square was discontinued and those stations were served only by the new Green Line. The four-station branch north of Fort Totten to Greenbelt opened on December 11, 1993. The two segments were connected on September 18, 1999, with two stations opening, and the last five stations south to Branch Avenue opened on January 13, 2001, completing the original 101-mile (163 km) Metrorail system.^[169]

After the branch north of Fort Totten opened, the Green Line Commuter Shortcut began as a six-month experiment on January 27, 1997, allowing passengers to get on a train on the Green Line segment during rush hours and travel as far as Farragut North on the Red Line without having to switch trains at Fort Totten; a transfer was needed during off-peak hours. This was accomplished by utilizing a single-track spur (B & E connection) between the Green and Red Lines near (and bypassing) Fort Totten station. This shortcut was so well-received that it was continued until September 17, 1999, when the mid-city portion of the Green Line was completed.^[170][169]

In 2006, WMATA board member Jim Graham and D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams proposed re-extending Yellow Line service to Fort Totten or even to Greenbelt, which was the originally planned northern terminus for the line. Their proposal did not involve construction of any new track, because either extension would run along the same route as the existing Green Line and would thus relieve crowding on that line. Suburban members of the board initially resisted the proposal. Through a compromise that also increased service on the Red Line, on April 20, 2006 the WMATA board approved a Yellow Line extension to the Fort Totten station during off-peak hours. An 18-month pilot program began on December 31, 2006, at a cost of $5.75 million to the District of Columbia.^[171] At the end of the pilot, the program was extended^[172] and as of April 2019, is operational today.^[173]

From March 26, 2020 until June 28, 2020, trains were bypassing Archives, Mount Vernon Square, and College Park–University of Maryland stations due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.^[174][175] All stations were reopened beginning on June 28, 2020.^[176]

Between May 29 to September 6, 2021, all Green Line trains terminated at Fort Totten due to the platform improvement project which closed stations north of Fort Totten. Shuttle buses were provided to the closed stations.^[177]

From July 22 to September 4, 2023, all Green Line trains will terminate at Fort Totten to improve rail system technologies on the closed stations north of Fort Totten.^[178]

Discover more about Construction and opening related topics

Joint venture

Joint venture

A joint venture (JV) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. Companies typically pursue joint ventures for one of four reasons: to access a new market, particularly Emerging market; to gain scale efficiencies by combining assets and operations; to share risk for major investments or projects; or to access skills and capabilities.

Apartheid

Apartheid

Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically through minoritarianism by the nation's dominant minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed by Indians and Coloureds, then black Africans. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day, particularly inequality.

Belgium

Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the southwest, and the North Sea to the northwest. It covers an area of 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi) and has a population of more than 11.5 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of 376/km2 (970/sq mi). Belgium is part of an area known as the Low Countries, historically a somewhat larger region than the Benelux group of states, as it also included parts of northern France. The capital and largest city is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven.

Congress Heights

Congress Heights

Congress Heights is a residential neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C., in the United States. The irregularly shaped neighborhood is bounded by the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus, Lebaum Street SE, 4th Street SE, and Newcomb Street SE on the northeast; Shepard Parkway and South Capitol Street on the west; Atlantic Street SE and 1st Street SE on the south; Oxon Run Parkway on the southeast; and Wheeler Street SE and Alabama Avenue SE on the east. Commercial development is heavy along Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue and Malcolm X Avenue.

Hitachi Zosen Corporation

Hitachi Zosen Corporation

Hitachi Zosen Corporation is a major Japanese industrial and engineering corporation. It produces waste treatment plants, industrial plants, precision machinery, industrial machinery, steel mill process equipment, steel structures, construction machinery, tunnel boring machines, and power plants. Despite its name, Hitachi Zosen, of which last word literally means shipbuilding, no longer builds ships, having spun off the business to Universal Shipbuilding Corporation in 2002, nor is it a keiretsu company of Hitachi any longer.

Liquid nitrogen

Liquid nitrogen

Liquid nitrogen—LN2—is nitrogen in a liquid state at low temperature. Liquid nitrogen has a boiling point of about −195.8 °C (−320 °F; 77 K). It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air. It is a colorless, low viscosity liquid that is widely used as a coolant.

Mothball

Mothball

Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant, sometimes used when storing clothing and other materials susceptible to damage from mold or moth larvae.

Kiewit Corporation

Kiewit Corporation

Kiewit Corporation is an American privately held construction company based in Omaha, Nebraska founded in 1884. In 2021, it was ranked 243rd on the Fortune 500. Privately held, it is one of the largest construction and engineering organizations in North America. It is an employee-owned company.

College Park–University of Maryland station

College Park–University of Maryland station

College Park–University of Maryland station is a Washington Metro station in Prince George's County, Maryland on the Green Line and Yellow Line. It also serves MARC's Camden Line, though only select trains stop at the station.

Navy Yard–Ballpark station

Navy Yard–Ballpark station

Navy Yard–Ballpark is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C. on the Green Line. The station is located in the Navy Yard/Near Southeast neighborhood of Southeast, with entrances on M Street at Half Street and New Jersey Avenue.

Mount Vernon Square station

Mount Vernon Square station

Mount Vernon Square is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C., on the Green and Yellow Lines.

Fort Totten station

Fort Totten station

Fort Totten is a Washington Metro station in northeastern Washington, D.C. It acts as a transfer point between the Green, Yellow and Red Lines. It is the last station on the Green and Yellow lines in the District of Columbia before heading into Maryland. It is one of two stations with three levels, and is doubly unique in being the only multi-level transfer station built above ground and being the only such station to have island platforms on both levels, as opposed to just the lower level. The station's name comes from a Civil War-era fortification which itself was named after General Joseph Gilbert Totten, the Chief Engineer of the antebellum US Army.

Greenbelt station, the northern terminus of the line

The southern terminus of the Green Line is near the intersection of Branch Avenue (Maryland Route 5) and Auth Road just inside the Capital Beltway near Andrews Air Force Base. The route goes northwest through a park to join the right of way of the Suitland Parkway. It veers southeast along Southern Avenue and then north on 13th Street SE to rejoin Suitland Parkway. The line then crosses the Anacostia River and tunnels under the Washington Navy Yard and travels west under M Street SE. It then joins the Yellow Line in a tunnel under 7th Street SW. The tunnel bends west along Florida Avenue and U Street NW and then turns north under 14th Street NW. The tunnel turns northeast under New Hampshire Ave NW, and cuts across Fort Totten Park where it intersects the Red Line. The Green Line runs east through the Fort Circle Parks and tunnels under Queens Chapel Road to emerge along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad right of way to Greenbelt adjacent to the Capital Beltway.^[179]

Internally, the Green Line is known as the Greenbelt Route (E) and the Branch Avenue Route (F), which meet at the center of the lower level platform of Gallery Place–Chinatown station (whose Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) code is F01, the first station on the Branch Avenue Route).^[180]

Along with the Red Line, the Green Line is one of two Metro lines that does not enter Virginia. It is also the only Metro line to run entirely inside the Capital Beltway.

The Green Line requires 19 trains (10 eight-car trains and nine six-car trains, consisting of 134 rail cars) to run at peak capacity.^[181][182] As of March 2018, all Green Line trains are required to only run 8 car trains.^[183][184]

Discover more about Route related topics

Greenbelt station

Greenbelt station

Greenbelt station is a Washington Metro and MARC station in Prince George's County, Maryland. The station is the northeastern terminus of both the Green and Yellow lines of the Washington Metro. MARC commuter rail trains on the Camden Line also stop at Greenbelt on a set of tracks parallel to the Metro tracks.

Maryland Route 5

Maryland Route 5

Maryland Route 5 is a 74.34-mile (119.64 km) long state highway that runs north–south in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs from Point Lookout in St. Mary's County north to the Washington, D.C. border in Suitland, Prince George's County. MD 5 begins as two-lane undivided Point Lookout Road which runs from Point Lookout to an intersection with MD 235 in the northern part of St. Mary's County. Point Lookout Road passes through rural areas as well as the county seat of Leonardtown. After the MD 235 intersection, the route becomes four-lane divided Three Notch Road and continues into Charles County, where it becomes Leonardtown Road. Here, the route bypasses Hughesville and continues north toward the Waldorf area, which it bypasses to the east on Mattawoman Beantown Road. The route merges onto U.S. Route 301 and enters Prince George's County, splitting from US 301 at an interchange in Brandywine. From here, MD 5 continues north on Branch Avenue, running through suburban areas, before becoming a freeway as it passes Andrews Air Force Base and has an interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95)/I-495. Past the Capital Beltway, the route runs through suburban areas of Hillcrest Heights and Suitland before reaching the Washington, D.C. border, where Branch Avenue SE continues, crossing Pennsylvania Avenue SE and eventually terminating at Randle Circle.

Andrews Air Force Base

Andrews Air Force Base

Andrews Air Force Base is the airfield portion of Joint Base Andrews, which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force. In 2009, Andrews Air Force Base merged with Naval Air Facility Washington to form Joint Base Andrews. Andrews, located near Morningside, Maryland in suburban Washington, D.C., is the home base of two Boeing VC-25A aircraft with the call sign Air Force One when the president is on board, that serve the President of the United States, and the President is typically flown in and out of Andrews when travelling from Washington, D.C. by plane.

Suitland Parkway

Suitland Parkway

The Suitland Parkway is a parkway in Washington, D.C., and Prince George's County, Maryland, administered and maintained by the U.S. National Park Service (NPS), National Capital Parks-East. The road has partial controlled access with a combination of interchanges and at-grade intersections, but without property access for neighboring land-owners. Conceived in 1937, it was built during World War II to provide a road connection between military facilities in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. It fully opened on December 9, 1944 as the Camp Springs highway, so called because it connected Camp Springs in Prince George's County with Bolling Air Force Base. However one lane of the highway was opened in mid-October 1944.

Anacostia River

Anacostia River

The Anacostia River is a river in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States. It flows from Prince George's County in Maryland into Washington, D.C., where it joins with the Washington Channel and ultimately empties into the Potomac River at Buzzard Point. It is about 8.7 miles (14.0 km) long. The name "Anacostia" derives from the area's early history as Nacotchtank, a settlement of Necostan or Anacostan Native Americans on the banks of the Anacostia River.

Washington Navy Yard

Washington Navy Yard

The Washington Navy Yard (WNY) is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore establishment of the U.S. Navy.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the first common carrier railroad and the oldest railroad in the United States with its first section opening in 1830. Merchants from Baltimore, which had benefited to some extent from the construction of the National Road early in the century, wanted to do business with settlers crossing the Appalachian Mountains. The railroad faced competition from several existing and proposed enterprises, including the Albany-Schenectady Turnpike, built in 1797, the Erie Canal, which opened in 1825, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. At first, the B&O was located entirely in the state of Maryland; its original line extending from the port of Baltimore west to Sandy Hook, Maryland, opened in 1834. There it connected with Harper's Ferry, first by boat, then by the Wager Bridge, across the Potomac River into Virginia, and also with the navigable Shenandoah River.

Red Line (Washington Metro)

Red Line (Washington Metro)

The Red Line is a rapid transit line of the Washington Metro system, consisting of 27 stations in Montgomery County, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., in the United States. It is a primary line through downtown Washington and the oldest and busiest line in the system. It forms a long, narrow "U", capped by its terminal stations at Shady Grove and Glenmont.

Virginia

Virginia

Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Its geography and climate are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay. The state's capital is Richmond. Its most-populous city is Virginia Beach, and Fairfax County is the state's most-populous political subdivision. Virginia's population in 2022 was over 8.68 million, with 35% living within in the Greater Washington metropolitan area.

Capital Beltway

Capital Beltway

The Capital Beltway is a 64-mile (103 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway in the Washington metropolitan area that surrounds Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, and its inner suburbs in adjacent Maryland and Virginia. It is the basis of the phrase "inside the Beltway", used when referring to issues dealing with US federal government and politics. The highway is signed as Interstate 495 (I-495) for its entire length, and its southern and eastern half runs concurrently with I-95.

The following stations are on the Green Line. They are listed from south to north.

Station	Code	Opened	Image	Other Metro Line(s)	Notes
Branch Avenue	F11	January 13, 2001			Southern terminus
Suitland	F10
Naylor Road	F09
Southern Avenue	F08
Congress Heights	F07
Anacostia	F06	December 28, 1991			Due to the low water table, this station had to be built much closer to the surface, not leaving room for the typical arch-style station design found on other stations on the Metrorail network. Therefore, Anacostia has a series of small arches, seen in the photo displayed to the left.
Navy Yard–Ballpark	F05
Waterfront	F04
L'Enfant Plaza	F03	July 1, 1977			at L'Enfant Transfer station for the Blue, Orange, Yellow, and Silver Lines
Archives	F02	April 30, 1983
Gallery Place	F01	December 15, 1976			Transfer station for the Red Line
Mount Vernon Square	E01	May 11, 1991
Shaw–Howard University	E02
U Street	E03
Columbia Heights	E04	September 18, 1999
Georgia Avenue–Petworth	E05
Fort Totten	E06	December 11, 1993			Transfer station for the Red Line. The only station on the metrorail network to have a platform that is both underground and at ground level.
West Hyattsville	E07
Hyattsville Crossing	E08
College Park–University of Maryland	E09				Purple Line (planned) Camden Line
Greenbelt	E10				Camden Line Northern terminus

Discover more about Stations related topics

Branch Avenue station

Branch Avenue station

Branch Avenue is an island-platformed Washington Metro station in Suitland, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). The station presently serves as the southeastern terminus for the Green Line, with the Branch Avenue rail yard lying just beyond this station. The station is located near the intersection of Auth Road and Old Soper Road. The station has received a lot of criticism for its confusing layout, difficult to find parking and overall poor design. The station is also known for its expensive parking, often discouraging riders from using the station.

Suitland station

Suitland station

Suitland is an island platformed Washington Metro station in Suitland, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for the Green Line, the station is located at Silver Hill Road and Suitland Parkway.

Naylor Road station

Naylor Road station

Naylor Road is an island-platformed Washington Metro station in Hillcrest Heights, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for only the Green Line, the station is located between Naylor Road, Branch Avenue, and Suitland Parkway.

Southern Avenue station

Southern Avenue station

Southern Avenue is an island platformed Washington Metro station in Hillcrest Heights, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for only the Green Line, the station is located on the southern side of Southern Avenue, putting it just outside the District of Columbia, opposite Valley Terrace. Southern Avenue is the first station in Maryland going southeast on the Green Line.

Congress Heights station

Congress Heights station

Congress Heights is an island-platformed Washington Metro station in the Congress Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for only the Green Line, the station is located at Alabama Avenue and 13th Street, lying under St. Elizabeths Hospital. Congress Heights is the last Green Line station in the District of Columbia going southeast.

Anacostia station

Anacostia station

Anacostia is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C. on the Green Line. The station is located in the Anacostia neighborhood of Southeast Washington, with entrances at Shannon Place and Howard Road near Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE. The station serves as a hub for Metrobus routes in Southeast, Washington, D.C. and Prince George's County, Maryland.

Navy Yard–Ballpark station

Navy Yard–Ballpark station

Navy Yard–Ballpark is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C. on the Green Line. The station is located in the Navy Yard/Near Southeast neighborhood of Southeast, with entrances on M Street at Half Street and New Jersey Avenue.

L'Enfant Plaza station

L'Enfant Plaza station

L'Enfant Plaza is an intermodal transit station complex located at L'Enfant Plaza in the Southwest Federal Center neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It consists of an underground Washington Metro rapid transit station and an elevated Virginia Railway Express commuter rail station.

Orange Line (Washington Metro)

Orange Line (Washington Metro)

The Orange Line is a rapid transit line of the Washington Metro system, consisting of 26 stations in Fairfax County and Arlington, Virginia; the District of Columbia; and Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The Orange Line runs from Vienna in Virginia to New Carrollton in Maryland. Half of the line's stations are shared with the Blue Line and over two thirds are shared with the Silver Line. Orange Line service began on November 20, 1978.

Blue Line (Washington Metro)

Blue Line (Washington Metro)

The Blue Line is a rapid transit line of the Washington Metro system, consisting of 27 stations in Fairfax County, Alexandria and Arlington, Virginia; the District of Columbia; and Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The Blue Line runs from Franconia–Springfield to Downtown Largo. The line shares tracks with the Orange Line for 13 stations, the Silver Line for 18, and the Yellow Line for six. Only three stations are exclusive to the Blue Line.

Silver Line (Washington Metro)

Silver Line (Washington Metro)

The Silver Line is a rapid transit line of the Washington Metro system, consisting of 34 stations in Loudoun County, Fairfax County and Arlington County, Virginia, Washington, D.C., as well as Prince George's County, Maryland. The Silver Line runs from Ashburn in Virginia to Downtown Largo in Maryland. Five stations, from both lines' eastern terminus at Downtown Largo to Benning Road, are shared with the Blue Line alone; thirteen stations, from Stadium–Armory to Rosslyn, with both the Orange Line and Blue Lines; and five stations from Court House to East Falls Church with the Orange Line alone. Only the five stations of Phase 1, which began service on July 26, 2014, and the six stations of Phase 2, which began service on November 15, 2022, are exclusive to the Silver Line.

Archives station

Archives station

Archives is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C. on the Green and Yellow Lines.

A proposed extension from the line's Greenbelt terminus to Baltimore Washington International Airport has been studied.^[185] This expansion, which would also serve the Laurel and Fort Meade areas of central Maryland,^[186] would link the Washington Metro system to the Baltimore Light Rail of the Maryland Transit Administration.^[187]

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Laurel, Maryland

Laurel, Maryland

Laurel is a city in Maryland, United States, located midway between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore on the banks of the Patuxent River. While the city limits are entirely in northern Prince George's County, outlying developments extend into Anne Arundel, Montgomery and Howard counties. Founded as a mill town in the early 19th century, Laurel expanded local industry and was later able to become an early commuter town for Washington and Baltimore workers following the arrival of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1835. Largely residential today, the city maintains a historic district centered on its Main Street, highlighting its industrial past.

Fort Meade, Maryland

Fort Meade, Maryland

Fort Meade is a census-designated place (CDP) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. The population was 9,327 at the 2010 census. It is the home to the National Security Agency, Central Security Service, United States Cyber Command and the Defense Information Systems Agency, which are located on the U.S. Army post Fort George G. Meade.

Maryland Transit Administration

Maryland Transit Administration

The Maryland Transit Administration (MTA) is a state-operated mass transit administration in Maryland, and is part of the Maryland Department of Transportation. The MTA operates a comprehensive transit system throughout the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. There are 80 bus lines serving the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, along with rail services that include the Light Rail, Metro Subway, and MARC Train. In 2021, the system had a ridership of 44,612,100, or about 156,900 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2022. With nearly half the population of Baltimore residents lacking access to a car, the MTA is an important part of the regional transit picture. The system has many connections to other transit agencies of Central Maryland, Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, and south-central Pennsylvania : WMATA, Charm City Circulator, Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland, Annapolis Transit, Rabbit Transit, Ride-On, and TransIT.