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Germany–Netherlands football rivalry

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Germany–Netherlands
German-Dutch rivalry.jpg
Two German fans wave their flag at a group of Dutch supporters during UEFA Euro 2008 in Basel.
LocationEurope (UEFA)
Teams Germany
 Netherlands
First meeting24 April 1910
Netherlands 4–2 Germany
(Arnhem, Netherlands)
Latest meeting29 March 2022
Netherlands 1–1 Germany
Friendly
(Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Statistics
Meetings total45
Most winsGermany (16)
Most player appearancesGermany Lothar Matthäus (8)
Netherlands Ruud Krol (8)
Top scorerNetherlands Jan Thomée (5)
All-time recordGermany wins: 16
Netherlands wins: 12
Draws: 17
Largest victoryWest Germany 7–0 Netherlands
(Cologne, West Germany; 21 October 1959)
Largest goal scoringNetherlands 5–5 Germany
(Zwolle, Netherlands; 24 March 1912)
Longest win streak
  • 1.   Netherlands 1–2 West Germany     3 April 1957, Amsterdam
  • 2.   West Germany 7–0 Netherlands   21 October 1959, Cologne
  • 3.   Netherlands 2–4 West Germany   23 March 1966, Rotterdam
  • 4.   West Germany 2–1 Netherlands     7 July 1974, Munich
Longest unbeaten streak
  • 1.   Netherlands 4–2 German Empire   24 April 1910, Arnhem
  • 2.   German Empire 1–2 Netherlands   16 October 1910, Kleve
  • 3.   Netherlands 5–5 German Empire   24 March 1912, Zwolle
  • 4.   German Empire 2–3 Netherlands   17 November 1912, Leipzig
  • 5.   Netherlands 4–4 German Empire     5 April 1914, Amsterdam
  • 6.   Germany 0–0 Netherlands   10 May 1923, Hamburg

The Germany–Netherlands football rivalry (German: Niederländisch-deutsche Fußballrivalität; Dutch: Duits-Nederlandse derby) is one of the few longstanding football rivalries at a national level. Beginning in 1974 when the Dutch lost the 1974 FIFA World Cup to West Germany in the final (though deeply rooted in Dutch anti-German sentiment due to the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II), the rivalry between the two nations has become one of the best known international football rivalries in the world.[1]

Both football nations have been among the top ranked according to the strongest football nations by Elo Ratings, and have met a total of 45 times (of which 14 matches were competitive) which resulted in 16 victories for Germany, 17 draws, and 12 victories for the Netherlands.

Discover more about Germany–Netherlands football rivalry related topics

Germany national football team

Germany national football team

The Germany national football team represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association, founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany, the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East Germany team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.

Netherlands national football team

Netherlands national football team

The Netherlands national football team has represented the Netherlands in international men's football matches since 1905. The men's national team is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB), the governing body for football in the Netherlands, which is a part of UEFA, under the jurisdiction of FIFA. They were sometimes regarded as the greatest national team of the respective generations. Most of the Netherlands home matches are played at the Johan Cruyff Arena, De Kuip, Philips Stadion and De Grolsch Veste.

German language

German language

German, or more precisely High German, is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in Western Europe and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol. It is also a co-official language of Luxembourg and Belgium, as well as a recognized national language in Namibia. Outside Germany, it is also spoken by German communities in France (Bas-Rhin), Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary (Sopron).

Dutch language

Dutch language

Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language. It is the third most widely spoken Germanic language, after its close relatives German and English. Afrikaans is a separate but somewhat mutually intelligible daughter language spoken, to some degree, by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia, evolving from the Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa. The dialects used in Belgium and in Suriname, meanwhile, are all guided by the Dutch Language Union.

1974 FIFA World Cup

1974 FIFA World Cup

The 1974 FIFA World Cup was the tenth FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in West Germany between 13 June and 7 July. The tournament marked the first time that the current trophy, the FIFA World Cup Trophy, created by the Italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga, was awarded. The previous trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, had been won for the third time by Brazil in 1970 and awarded permanently to the Brazilians. This was the first out of three World Cups to feature two rounds of group stages.

Anti-German sentiment

Anti-German sentiment

Anti-German sentiment is opposition to or fear of Germany, its inhabitants, its culture, or its language. Its opposite is Germanophilia.

Netherlands in World War II

Netherlands in World War II

Despite Dutch neutrality, Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 as part of Fall Gelb. On 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch forces surrendered. The Dutch government and the royal family relocated to London. Princess Juliana and her children sought refuge in Ottawa, Canada until after the war.

List of association football rivalries

List of association football rivalries

This list of association football rivalries catalogues football rivalries around the world. This includes rivalries at the club and international level, including local derby and intercontinental competitions. It also lists rivalries between individual players, managers, and one another.

History

1974–88

For the Dutch, the origins of the rivalry are primarily based on the anti-German sentiment resulting from World War II in which, during a five-year German occupation, a quarter of a million Dutch people died and the country itself was devastated. In particular, matches up until 1988 show a strong emotional connection between war experiences alongside the sportive element among the Dutch, but this inevitably lessened with the passage of time.

I didn't give a damn about the score. 1–0 was enough, as long as we could humiliate them. I hate them. They murdered my family. My father, my sister, two of my brothers. Each time I faced Germany I was angst-filled.[2]

— Wim van Hanegem (b. 1944), Dutch midfielder

When Germany and the Netherlands met in the final of the 1974 FIFA World Cup (which was also their first competitive match since 1945) the Dutch, despite being strong favourites, lost to the Germans which resulted in a national trauma which is poetically referred to as "De moeder aller nederlagen" ("The mother of all defeats") in Dutch. NOS sports commentator Herman Kuiphof's remark on air after the winning goal was scored – "We are fooled yet again" – became a catchphrase.[3][4]

The loss of the 1974 final was a source of great bitterness among the Dutch and it would not be until 1988, when the Dutch beat the Germans in their own country and went on to become the new European Champions, that the public pressure on the Dutch team to be successful relaxed somewhat. The two competitive matches which would take place between 1974 and 1988 – in the group stages at the 1978 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1980 – were notoriously aggressive, and created a lot of pressure on both sides. The 1980 match would see Toni Schumacher and Huub Stevens fighting on field, whereas René van de Kerkhof would go on to punch Bernd Schuster in the eye.

The pressure was tremendous. The popular press was blowing up the old rivalry. We knew that on the pitch the Dutch were ready and waiting for us. We had to stay focused. I think it's a true shame and pity that they regard football (sic) as an outlet for their hatred from the Second World War.[5]

— Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (b. 1955), German striker on the 1978 FIFA World Cup match

Before the game we knew that it was going to be tense. We had sworn to win, because that victory was so important to our sense of pride. To them, beating us is the best thing there is. They hate us so much more than we hate them.[5]

— Karl-Heinz Förster (b. 1958), German midfielder on the UEFA Euro 1980 match

During the semi-final of UEFA Euro 1988, the Dutch defeated Germany (the host country) 2–1 with a goal by Marco van Basten in the last minute. After the game Ronald Koeman of the Dutch team pretended to wipe his backside with Olaf Thon's jersey, creating outrage in Germany.

The Dutch proceeded to win the final against the Soviet Union. When the team returned to the Netherlands and celebrated in the capital Amsterdam, Head coach Rinus Michels stood in front of the Dutch Royal Palace and said to the crowd: "We won the tournament, but we all know that the semi-final was the real final". The Netherlands exploded into a mass celebration. As the Dutch team returned home they were paraded through the canals of Amsterdam as people jumped in the water and swam towards the players to congratulate them.

I had been waiting for that moment for fourteen years. Before the game I remembered my feelings watching TV as a teenager, and that boosted up my anger. I am happy to have been able to give this gift to the older generation, the ones that lived through the War.[5]

— Hans van Breukelen (b. 1956), Dutch goalkeeper on the UEFA Euro 1988 match

We gave joy to the older generation. I saw their emotions, their tears.[5]

— Ruud Gullit (b. 1962), Dutch striker on the UEFA Euro 1988 match

Following the 1988 match, anti-German sentiment became much less prominent among the Dutch, as defeating the Germans and going on to win the cup, in Germany itself, was to many the closest they would ever come to repaying Germany. It also marked a new phase in the rivalry because with the war-related sentiment lessened on the Dutch side, the Germans now as a consequence also became far more vocal about the football rivalry, which they had avoided previously. The rivalry continued, but the tone (though still highly competitive) became less aggressive.[6]

1988–2012

In 1990 both teams met again during the second round of the World Cup. This match is seen as the main catalyst for the modern rivalry, in which both Germany and the Netherlands enthusiastically participate. The teams had also met in the qualification round for this World Cup: 0–0 in Germany and 1–1 in The Netherlands.

Before kick-off, the Dutch supporters shouted down the Deutschlandlied with boos and the Germans replied by chanting "Deutschland! Deutschland!" during the playing of Het Wilhelmus. The game that followed was notable for its many fouls and other incidents. After Rudi Völler had been hacked down by Frank Rijkaard, who was subsequently booked, Rijkaard spat in Völler's hair. After the following free kick, Völler and the Dutch keeper Van Breukelen had contact, both trying to get the ball, and Van Breukelen and Rijkaard shouted at Völler and Rijkaard pulled Völler's hair. The referee sent both Rijkaard and Völler off, and Rijkaard spat in Völler's hair a second time when both players left the pitch. Germany won the match 2–1 and went on to win the tournament and become World Champions.[7]

In 1992 the Dutch beat Germany 3–1 during the group stage of the European Championship. However, both teams progressed. The Netherlands would go on to lose the semi-finals against Denmark, who then defeated Germany in the final.

The next competitive match between the two nations came at UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal. The result was a 1–1 draw, with the Netherlands progressing to the knockout stages and Germany failing to do so.

Their next competitive fixture was in the group stages of UEFA Euro 2012. The match assumed greater significance after the results of the first tranche of group matches were completed (Denmark defeating the Dutch and Germany defeating Portugal both by 1-0), since it was possible that a German win could eliminate the Dutch from the tournament, depending on the result of the other subsequent game in Group B (between Denmark and Portugal); although Portugal defeated Denmark 3-2 to keep both them and the Dutch alive, Germany vs Netherlands ended in a 2–1 victory to Germany, putting the Netherlands' progression from the group stage into significant doubt.[8] The Dutch were eliminated with no points after losing to Portugal in their last match; Germany lost in the semi-finals. After a friendly in Amsterdam in November 2012, the teams would not meet again for almost six years.

2018–present

The stage was set for another chapter in the rivalry during the 2018–19 and the 2019–20 seasons, as the Netherlands and Germany were drawn together in a group for both the inaugural UEFA Nations League and the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers. The first of the two Nations League matches, in October 2018, was won 3–0 by the Dutch despite the Germans having the upper hand.[9] In the return match in November 2018, two late goals from Quincy Promes and Virgil van Dijk got the Netherlands a 2–2 draw, as a consequence securing the group win for the Dutch and relegation for the Germans (though that was later reversed due to an overhaul of the Nations League rules).[10] In the Euro 2020 fixtures in March 2019, Germany bounced back by winning 2–3 in Amsterdam through a 90th minute goal from Nico Schulz; in September 2019, the Netherlands won convincingly by 2–4 in Hamburg, the first Dutch away win since 2002.[11]

Overall balance and friendlies

Overall, the matches between both countries have been quite balanced in the past decades, including the latest friendlies. Since 1996 the friendly matches in The Netherlands resulted in one Dutch victory (2–1 in 2000), two draws (2–2 in 2005; 0–0 in 2012) and one defeat (0–1 in 1996). The friendly matches in Germany resulted in one Germany victory (3–0 in 2011), one draw (1–1 in 1998) and one Dutch victory (1–3 in 2002).

The teams were scheduled to play on 17 November 2015 in Hannover, but serious threats with connections to the Paris terror attacks which occurred during a Germany-France match, led German authorities to cancel the friendly. German authorities had evidence of a planned attack outside the stadium as well as in the Hannover Hauptbahnhof. The HDI-Arena was evacuated 2 hours before the match was scheduled to begin.

Discover more about History related topics

Anti-German sentiment

Anti-German sentiment

Anti-German sentiment is opposition to or fear of Germany, its inhabitants, its culture, or its language. Its opposite is Germanophilia.

Midfielder

Midfielder

A midfielder is an outfield position in association football. Midfielders may play an exclusively right back role, breaking up attacks, and are in that case known as defensive midfielders. As central midfielders often go across boundaries, with mobility and passing ability, they are often referred to as deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box midfielders, or holding midfielders. There are also attacking midfielders with limited defensive assignments.

1974 FIFA World Cup

1974 FIFA World Cup

The 1974 FIFA World Cup was the tenth FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in West Germany between 13 June and 7 July. The tournament marked the first time that the current trophy, the FIFA World Cup Trophy, created by the Italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga, was awarded. The previous trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, had been won for the third time by Brazil in 1970 and awarded permanently to the Brazilians. This was the first out of three World Cups to feature two rounds of group stages.

National trauma

National trauma

National trauma is a concept in psychology and social psychology. A national trauma is one in which the effects of a trauma apply generally to the members of a collective group such as a country or other well-defined group of people. Trauma is an injury that has the potential to severely negatively affect an individual, whether physically or psychologically. Psychological trauma is a shattering of the fundamental assumptions that a person has about themselves and the world. An adverse experience that is unexpected, painful, extraordinary, and shocking results in interruptions in ongoing processes or relationships and may also create maladaptive responses. Such experiences can affect not only an individual but can also be collectively experienced by an entire group of people. Tragic experiences can collectively wound or threaten the national identity, that sense of belonging shared by a nation as a whole represented by tradition culture, language, and politics.

Dutch language

Dutch language

Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language. It is the third most widely spoken Germanic language, after its close relatives German and English. Afrikaans is a separate but somewhat mutually intelligible daughter language spoken, to some degree, by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia, evolving from the Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa. The dialects used in Belgium and in Suriname, meanwhile, are all guided by the Dutch Language Union.

Nederlandse Omroep Stichting

Nederlandse Omroep Stichting

The Nederlandse Omroep Stichting is one of the broadcasting organisations making up the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system. It has a special statutory obligation to make news and sports programmes for the three Dutch public television channels and the Dutch public radio services. It is funded by the Dutch government.

1978 FIFA World Cup

1978 FIFA World Cup

The 1978 FIFA World Cup was the 11th edition of the FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial international football world championship tournament among the men's senior national teams. It was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June.

UEFA Euro 1980

UEFA Euro 1980

The 1980 UEFA European Football Championship finals tournament was held in Italy. This was the sixth UEFA European Championship, which is held every four years and endorsed by UEFA. It was the first European Championship to feature eight teams in the finals, which took place between 11 and 22 June 1980. West Germany won the final 2–1 against Belgium for their second title. This was the last European Championship with a third place play-off.

Huub Stevens

Huub Stevens

Hubertus Jozef Margaretha "Huub" Stevens is a Dutch former professional football manager and player.

René van de Kerkhof

René van de Kerkhof

Reinier Lambertus van de Kerkhof is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a right winger for FC Twente, PSV Eindhoven and the Netherlands national team.

Bernd Schuster

Bernd Schuster

Bernd Schuster is a German former professional footballer of the late 1970s through early 1990s, who won club titles playing for the Spanish sides FC Barcelona (1980–1987) and Real Madrid (1988–1990). He played as a midfielder and was nicknamed "der Blonde Engel". After retiring as a player, he managed a number of European clubs, including Real Madrid, taking them to the league title in the 2007–08 season.

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

Karl-Heinz "Kalle" Rummenigge is a German football executive and former professional player. He was the longtime Chairman of Executive Board of FC Bayern München AG, a daughter company of German Bundesliga team Bayern Munich.

Major tournament matches

1974 FIFA World Cup
Final
Netherlands 1–2 West Germany
Neeskens 2' (pen.) Report Breitner 25' (pen.)
Müller 43'
Attendance: 78,200
Referee: Jack Taylor (England)
1978 FIFA World Cup
Second round
West Germany 2–2 Netherlands
Abramczik 3'
D. Müller 70'		 Report Haan 27'
R. van de Kerkhof 84'
Attendance: 40,750
UEFA Euro 1980
Group stage
West Germany 3–2 Netherlands
Allofs 20', 60', 65' Report Rep 79' (pen.)
W. van de Kerkhof 85'
Attendance: 26,546
Referee: Robert Wurtz (France)
UEFA Euro 1988
Semi-finals
West Germany 1–2 Netherlands
Matthäus 55' (pen.) Report R. Koeman 74' (pen.)
Van Basten 88'
Attendance: 61,330
Referee: Ioan Igna (Romania)
1990 FIFA World Cup
Round of 16
West Germany 2–1 Netherlands
Klinsmann 51'
Brehme 82'		 Report R. Koeman 89' (pen.)
Attendance: 74,559
UEFA Euro 1992
Group stage
Netherlands 3–1 Germany
Rijkaard 4'
Witschge 15'
Bergkamp 72'		 Report Klinsmann 53'
Attendance: 37,725
UEFA Euro 2004
Group stage
Germany 1–1 Netherlands
Frings 30' Report Van Nistelrooy 81'
Attendance: 48,197
Referee: Anders Frisk (Sweden)
UEFA Euro 2012
Group stage
Netherlands 1–2 Germany
Van Persie 73' Report Gómez 24', 38'
Attendance: 37,750

Other competitive matches

1990 FIFA World Cup qualification
Group stage
West Germany 0–0 Netherlands
Report
Attendance: 73,000
Referee: Pietro D'Elia (Italy)
Group stage
Netherlands 1–1 West Germany
Van Basten 88' Report Riedle 68'
Attendance: 50,500
2018–19 UEFA Nations League
Group A1
Netherlands 3–0 Germany
Van Dijk 30'
Depay 87'
Wijnaldum 90+3'		 Report
Attendance: 52,536
Germany 2–2 Netherlands
 Report
UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying
Group C
Netherlands 2–3 Germany
 Report
Attendance: 51,694
Group C
Germany 2–4 Netherlands
 Report
Attendance: 51,299

Discover more about Major tournament matches related topics

1974 FIFA World Cup

1974 FIFA World Cup

The 1974 FIFA World Cup was the tenth FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in West Germany between 13 June and 7 July. The tournament marked the first time that the current trophy, the FIFA World Cup Trophy, created by the Italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga, was awarded. The previous trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, had been won for the third time by Brazil in 1970 and awarded permanently to the Brazilians. This was the first out of three World Cups to feature two rounds of group stages.

Central European Time

Central European Time

Central European Time (CET) is a standard time of Central- and parts of Western Europe which is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The time offset from UTC can be written as UTC+01:00. It is used in most parts of Europe and in a few North African countries. CET is also known as Middle European Time and by colloquial names such as Amsterdam Time, Berlin Time, Brussels Time, Madrid Time, Paris Time, Rome Time, Warsaw Time or even Romance Standard Time (RST).

Netherlands national football team

Netherlands national football team

The Netherlands national football team has represented the Netherlands in international men's football matches since 1905. The men's national team is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB), the governing body for football in the Netherlands, which is a part of UEFA, under the jurisdiction of FIFA. They were sometimes regarded as the greatest national team of the respective generations. Most of the Netherlands home matches are played at the Johan Cruyff Arena, De Kuip, Philips Stadion and De Grolsch Veste.

Germany national football team

Germany national football team

The Germany national football team represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association, founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany, the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East Germany team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.

Johan Neeskens

Johan Neeskens

Johannes Jacobus Neeskens is a Dutch football manager and former player. A midfielder, he was an important member of the Netherlands national team that finished as runners-up in the 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cups and is considered one of the greatest midfielders of all time. In 2004, he was named one of the 125 Greatest Living Footballers at a FIFA Awards Ceremony, while in 2017 he has been included in the FourFourTwo list of the 100 all-time greatest players, at the 64th position.

Penalty kick (association football)

Penalty kick (association football)

A penalty kick is a method of restarting play in association football, in which a player is allowed to take a single shot at the goal while it is defended only by the opposing team's goalkeeper. It is awarded when an offence punishable by a direct free kick is committed by a player in their own penalty area. The shot is taken from the penalty mark, which is 11 m from the goal line and centred between the touch lines.

Paul Breitner

Paul Breitner

Paul Breitner is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder and left-back. Considered one of the best players of his era, Breitner was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Time Team and in 2004, he was named one of the Top 125 greatest living footballers as part of FIFA's 100th anniversary celebration.

Gerd Müller

Gerd Müller

Gerhard "Gerd" Müller was a German professional footballer. A striker renowned for his clinical finishing, especially in and around the six-yard box, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest goalscorers in the history of the sport. With success at club and international level, he is one of nine players to have won the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or.

Olympiastadion (Munich)

Olympiastadion (Munich)

Olympiastadion is a stadium located in Munich, Germany. Situated at the heart of the Olympiapark München in northern Munich, the stadium was the main venue for the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Munich

Munich

Munich is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people. Straddling the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany with 4,500 people per km2. Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.

Jack Taylor (referee)

Jack Taylor (referee)

John Keith Taylor was an English football referee. Later described by the Football League as "perhaps the finest English referee of all time", Taylor was famous for officiating in the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final during which he awarded two penalties in the first 30 minutes. The first of these penalty kicks, awarded after just a minute of play, was the first penalty kick ever awarded in a World Cup final.

1978 FIFA World Cup

1978 FIFA World Cup

The 1978 FIFA World Cup was the 11th edition of the FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial international football world championship tournament among the men's senior national teams. It was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June.

List of matches

Number Date Venue Competition Team 1 Result Team 2
1 24 April 1910 Netherlands Arnhem Friendly Netherlands  4–2  Germany
2 16 October 1910 Germany Kleve Germany  1–2  Netherlands
3 24 March 1912 Netherlands Zwolle Netherlands  5–5  Germany
4 17 November 1912 Germany Leipzig Germany  2–3  Netherlands
5 5 April 1914 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  4–4  Germany
6 10 May 1923 Germany Hamburg Germany  0–0  Netherlands
7 21 April 1924 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  0–1  Germany
8 29 March 1925 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  2–1  Germany
9 18 April 1926 Germany Düsseldorf Germany  4–2  Netherlands
10 31 October 1926 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  2–3  Germany
11 20 November 1927 Germany Cologne Germany  2–2  Netherlands
12 26 April 1931 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  1–1  Germany
13 4 December 1932 Germany Düsseldorf Germany  0–2  Netherlands
14 17 February 1935 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  2–3  Germany
15 31 January 1937 Germany Düsseldorf Germany  2–2  Netherlands
16 14 March 1956 West Germany Düsseldorf West Germany  1–2  Netherlands
17 3 April 1957 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  1–2  West Germany
18 21 October 1959 West Germany Cologne West Germany  7–0  Netherlands
19 23 March 1966 Netherlands Rotterdam Netherlands  2–4  West Germany
20 7 July 1974 West Germany Munich 1974 FIFA World Cup Final West Germany  2–1  Netherlands
21 17 May 1975 West Germany Frankfurt Friendly West Germany  1–1  Netherlands
22 18 June 1978 Argentina Córdoba 1978 FIFA World Cup Netherlands  2–2  West Germany
23 20 December 1978 West Germany Düsseldorf Friendly West Germany  3–1  Netherlands
24 14 June 1980 Italy Naples UEFA Euro 1980 West Germany  3–2  Netherlands
25 11 October 1980 Netherlands Eindhoven Friendly Netherlands  1–1  West Germany
26 14 May 1986 West Germany Dortmund West Germany  3–1  Netherlands
27 21 June 1988 West Germany Hamburg UEFA Euro 1988 West Germany  1–2  Netherlands
28 19 October 1988 West Germany Munich 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification West Germany  0–0  Netherlands
29 26 April 1989 Netherlands Rotterdam Netherlands  1–1  West Germany
30 24 June 1990 Italy Milan 1990 FIFA World Cup West Germany  2–1  Netherlands
31 18 June 1992 Sweden Gothenburg UEFA Euro 1992 Germany  1–3  Netherlands
32 24 April 1996 Netherlands Rotterdam Friendly Netherlands  0–1  Germany
33 18 November 1998 Germany Gelsenkirchen Germany  1–1  Netherlands
34 23 February 2000 Netherlands Amsterdam Netherlands  2–1  Germany
35 20 November 2002 Germany Gelsenkirchen Germany  1–3  Netherlands
36 15 June 2004 Portugal Porto UEFA Euro 2004 Germany  1–1  Netherlands
37 17 August 2005 Netherlands Rotterdam Friendly Netherlands  2–2  Germany
38 15 November 2011 Germany Hamburg Germany  3–0  Netherlands
39 13 June 2012 Ukraine Kharkiv UEFA Euro 2012 Netherlands  1–2  Germany
40 14 November 2012 Netherlands Amsterdam Friendly Netherlands  0–0  Germany
41 13 October 2018 Netherlands Amsterdam 2018–19 UEFA Nations League A Netherlands  3–0  Germany
42 19 November 2018 Germany Gelsenkirchen Germany  2–2  Netherlands
43 24 March 2019 Netherlands Amsterdam UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying Netherlands  2–3  Germany
44 6 September 2019 Germany Hamburg Germany  2–4  Netherlands
45 29 March 2022 Netherlands Amsterdam Friendly Netherlands  1–1  Germany

Discover more about List of matches related topics

Netherlands

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east, and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany and Belgium in the North Sea. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean territories.

Arnhem

Arnhem

Arnhem is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland, located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of 163,972 on 1 December 2021, which made it one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area, which has a combined number of 774,506 inhabitants on 31 January 2022.

Exhibition game

Exhibition game

An exhibition game is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are often used to help coaches and managers select and condition players for the competitive matches of a league season or tournament. If the players usually play in different teams in other leagues, exhibition games offer an opportunity for the players to learn to work with each other. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team.

Netherlands national football team

Netherlands national football team

The Netherlands national football team has represented the Netherlands in international men's football matches since 1905. The men's national team is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB), the governing body for football in the Netherlands, which is a part of UEFA, under the jurisdiction of FIFA. They were sometimes regarded as the greatest national team of the respective generations. Most of the Netherlands home matches are played at the Johan Cruyff Arena, De Kuip, Philips Stadion and De Grolsch Veste.

Germany national football team

Germany national football team

The Germany national football team represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association, founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany, the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East Germany team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.

Germany

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; it covers an area of 357,022 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi), with a population of over 84 million within its 16 constituent states. Germany borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.

Kleve

Kleve

Kleve is a town in the Lower Rhine region of northwestern Germany near the Dutch border and the River Rhine. From the 11th century onwards, Cleves was capital of a county and later a duchy. Today, Cleves is the capital of the district of Cleves in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The city is home to one of the campuses of the Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences.

Zwolle

Zwolle

Zwolle is a city and municipality in the Northeastern Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Overijssel and the province's second-largest municipality after Enschede with a population of 130,592 as of 1 December 2021. Zwolle borders on the province of Gelderland and is east of the river IJssel.

Leipzig

Leipzig

Leipzig is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 624,689 inhabitants as of 2022 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as well as the second most populous city in the area of the former East Germany after (East) Berlin. Together with Halle (Saale), the city forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle Conurbation. Between the two cities lies Leipzig/Halle Airport.

Amsterdam

Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 921,402 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the urban area and 2,480,394 in the metropolitan area. Located in the Dutch province of North Holland, Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the "Venice of the North", for its large number of canals, now designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Statistics

Overall record

Includes matches involving former West Germany

Overall

Matches Wins Draws Goals
Germany Netherlands Germany Netherlands
FIFA World Cup 5 2 0 3 7 5
UEFA European Championship 7 3 3 1 13 15
UEFA Nations League 2 0 1 1 2 5
All competitions 14 5 4 5 22 25
Friendly 31 11 8 12 63 51
All matches 45 16 12 17 85 76

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Germany national football team

Germany national football team

The Germany national football team represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association, founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany, the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East Germany team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.

Netherlands national football team

Netherlands national football team

The Netherlands national football team has represented the Netherlands in international men's football matches since 1905. The men's national team is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB), the governing body for football in the Netherlands, which is a part of UEFA, under the jurisdiction of FIFA. They were sometimes regarded as the greatest national team of the respective generations. Most of the Netherlands home matches are played at the Johan Cruyff Arena, De Kuip, Philips Stadion and De Grolsch Veste.

FIFA World Cup

FIFA World Cup

The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested among the senior men's national teams of the 211 members by the sport's global governing body - Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The tournament has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current reigning champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 2022 tournament.

UEFA European Championship

UEFA European Championship

The UEFA European Football Championship, less formally the European Championship and informally the Euro, is the primary association football tournament organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). The competition is contested by UEFA members' senior men's national teams, determining the continental champion of Europe. It is the second-most watched football tournament in the world after the FIFA World Cup. The Euro 2012 final was watched by a global audience of around 300 million. The competition has been held every four years since 1960, except for 2020, when it was postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, but kept the name Euro 2020. Scheduled to be in the even-numbered year between FIFA World Cup tournaments, it was originally called the European Nations' Cup, changing to the current name in 1968. Since 1996, the individual events have been branded as "UEFA Euro [year]".

UEFA Nations League

UEFA Nations League

The UEFA Nations League is a biennial international football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the member associations of UEFA, the sport's European governing body.

In popular culture

Newspapers

After the German national team were eliminated from the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the German tabloid Bild suggested that Germans should now support the Dutch team (which they referred to as "Bundesrepublik Holland") because a number of Dutch players played for German clubs, mainly FC Bayern Munich. The article was subsequently picked up by several Dutch newspapers and was met with disdain and ridicule, De Telegraaf opening with "When lacking own talent ..." when discussing the Bild article.[13]

Museums

The Dutch Voetbal Experience museum in Roosendaal has one of its 18 permanent exhibitions dedicated to the German-Dutch football rivalry, with tours available in Dutch, German and English. A Dutch poem on the 1974 defeat called 'De moeder aller nederlagen' can be found on the museum wall. The last line reads `Wij waren de beste, maar zij waren beter´ ('We were the best, but they were better').

Television

In the 2006 World Cup documentary Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen, the early elimination of the Dutch team is illustrated by showing an Autobahn sign "Netherlands, exit right". In an episode of the Dutch history series Andere Tijden on the 1988 European Championship, which the Dutch won, a shot can be seen of an overpass near the Dutch-German border which reads, in German, "You are now entering the country of the European Champions". In a 2010 episode of Voetbal Inside, a Dutch football show, a clip is shown in which people are being interviewed on the streets and asked what they think the Dutch team should do in order to win the 2010 FIFA World Cup. After a while a (Dutch) man is shown who happily declares his "complete support" for the German national team, after which the clip stops and the presenters of the show are shown laughing uncontrollably.[14]

Advertisements

During the 1990s and 2000s a lot of adverts appeared, at first on Dutch television later also on German networks, which referenced the Dutch-German football rivalry, including:

  • A Sport Select ad, in which a Dutch couple in a caravan overtakes an elderly German woman, after which both cars start ramming each other.[15]
  • A Heineken ad, in which a mock press conference is given by a German official who presents earplugs as the 'ultimate weapon' against a string of Dutch fan noisemakers.[16]
  • A NUON ad, in which a Dutch fan accidentally spills his drink on a German fan, ruining his T-shirt. The Dutch fan then offers his own (black) shirt to the German as a compensation, which the German fan accepts. During the match the German is cheering violently, turning his shirt (being sensitive to body heat) orange.[17]
  • A Histor (Dutch paint brand) ad, in which a British 'wall whisperer' (Barrie Hall) concludes that the walls in the South African 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums (all painted orange) are 'happy'. As he leaves it is revealed the room painted belongs to the German National Team.[18]
  • A Sportwetten (German betting site) ad, in which a German and a Dutch fan walk past each other and the German fan spits in the Dutchmans hair.[19] This was based on the notorious attack on Rudi Völler by Frank Rijkaard at the 1990 World Cup.
  • In 2000, a Dutch TV commercial, in reference to the infamous spitting incident, shows Völler and Rijkaard both wearing bathrobes, having breakfast together, suggesting the taste of butter is so good it gets the world's most bitter rivals together. Rijkaard later declared in an interview that both he and Völler decided to be part of the commercial considering 10 years had passed since the incident and it was time to bury the hatchet.
  • A Bosch ad, in which a German couple is overtaken by a car full of Dutch fans who mock him. The German keeps up with the Dutch car, but then suddenly breaks off. The Dutch fans celebrate only to be caught in a speed trap.[20]
  • A 2006 EA Games ad for a football computer game, in which (animated) Dutch players and fans are celebrating victory, followed by a dramatic voice from the off claiming: "Holland will win the World Cup... Only you can stop them!" After that, the German team is shown scoring against the Dutch.[21]
  • Also in 2006, in the wake of the World Cup being hosted by Germany, a commercial showed Oliver Kahn and Michael Ballack decorating a dressing room for the Brazil national team (poking fun at Germany's previous loss to Brazil in the final of the 2002 World Cup). At the end of the commercial, Ballack is seen holding a bouquet of orange tulips, reminding Kahn that they have yet to prepare the dressing room of the Dutch national team.[22] The commercial added a more friendly perspective on the football rivalry between both teams.

Music

A number of novelty songs have also been written, these include:

  • "Wir sind die Holländer" by De Toppers. A 2006 song, sung partly in mock German.[23]
  • "Orange trägt nur die Müllabfuhr" by Mickie Krause. A 2008 song, the title of which means "only the garbage collector wears orange" in German, orange being the Dutch national colour. Waste collectors in the largest cities of Germany (such as Berlin,[24] Hamburg[25] and Frankfurt)[26] do typically wear fluorescent orange overalls. However the insult is largely lost in translation as in the Netherlands garbage men wear yellow. The song is based on the melody of the Song Go West.
  • "Holland" by Joint Venture. A 2002 song, about a singer who likes the Netherlands, the Dutch, and Dutch culture except when it comes to football.
  • "Ohne Holland fahr'n wir zur WM" by the German band Orange Buh. A 2002 song about the Netherlands not passing World-Cup qualification. The title means "We're driving to the World Cup without Holland".
  • "Schade, Deutschland, alles ist vorbei," meaning "Pity, Germany, it's all over," sung by Dutch fans after the Dutch team had reached the quarterfinals at the expense of the Germans at Euro 2004. The song has also been sung by the fans of other national teams – for example, by Danish fans during their 2–0 defeat of Germany in the UEFA Euro 1992 Final.

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2010 FIFA World Cup

2010 FIFA World Cup

The 2010 FIFA World Cup, also branded as South Africa 2010, was the 19th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national football teams. It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010. The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations. In 2004, the international football federation, FIFA, selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals.

Bild

Bild

Bild is a German tabloid newspaper published by Axel Springer SE. The paper is published from Monday to Saturday; on Sundays, its sister paper Bild am Sonntag is published instead, which has a different style and its own editors. Bild is tabloid in style but broadsheet in size. It is the best-selling European newspaper and has the sixteenth-largest circulation worldwide. Bild has been described as "notorious for its mix of gossip, inflammatory language, and sensationalism" and as having a huge influence on German politicians. Its nearest English-language stylistic and journalistic equivalent is often considered to be the British national newspaper The Sun, the second-highest-selling European tabloid newspaper.

FC Bayern Munich

FC Bayern Munich

Fußball-Club Bayern München e. V., also known as FC Bayern, Bayern Munich, or simply Bayern, is a German professional sports club based in Munich, Bavaria. It is best known for its professional men's football team, which plays in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system. Bayern is the most successful club in German football history, having won a record 32 national titles, including 10 consecutively since 2013, and 20 national cups, along with numerous European honours.

De Telegraaf

De Telegraaf

De Telegraaf is the largest Dutch daily morning newspaper. Paul Jansen has been the editor-in-chief since August 2015. De Telegraaf is based in Amsterdam. The paper is owned by Mediahuis.

Roosendaal

Roosendaal

Roosendaal is both a city and a municipality in the southern Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant.

Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen

Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen

Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen is a 2006 documentary film written, filmed and directed by Sönke Wortmann. The film records the Germany national football team's World Cup 2006 journey, from their boot camp in Sardinia to the third-place play-off with Portugal. The title refers ironically to Heinrich Heine's poem Germany. A Winter's Tale. In contrast to Heine's melancholic view on Germany, Ein Sommermärchen illustrates the sanguine and optimistic atmosphere during the 2006 World Cup.

Autobahn

Autobahn

The Autobahn is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official German term is Bundesautobahn, which translates as 'federal motorway'. The literal meaning of the word Bundesautobahn is 'Federal Auto(mobile) Track'.

Overpass

Overpass

An overpass is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure that crosses over another road or railway. An overpass and underpass together form a grade separation. Stack interchanges are made up of several overpasses.

Heineken

Heineken

Heineken Lager Beer, or simply Heineken is a pale lager beer with 5% alcohol by volume produced by the Dutch brewing company Heineken N.V. Heineken beer is sold in a green bottle with a red star.

Rudi Völler

Rudi Völler

Rudolf "Rudi" Völler, nicknamed "Tante Käthe", is a German former professional football player and manager who serves as the sporting director for Bayer Leverkusen. He is currently the director of the Germany national team.

Frank Rijkaard

Frank Rijkaard

Franklin Edmundo Rijkaard is a Dutch former footballer and former manager who played as a defensive midfielder. Rijkaard played for Ajax, Real Zaragoza and AC Milan and represented the Netherlands national team side 73 times, scoring 10 goals. In his managerial career, he was at the helm of the Netherlands national team, Sparta Rotterdam, Barcelona, Galatasaray and the Saudi Arabia national team.

Robert Bosch GmbH

Robert Bosch GmbH

Robert Bosch GmbH, commonly known as Bosch and stylized as BOSCH, is a German multinational engineering and technology company headquartered in Gerlingen, Germany. The company was founded by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart in 1886. Bosch is 94% owned by Robert Bosch Stiftung, a charitable institution. Although the charity is funded by owning the vast majority of shares, it has no voting rights and is involved in health and social causes unrelated to Bosch’s business.

Source: "Germany–Netherlands football rivalry", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 21st), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany–Netherlands_football_rivalry.

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Further Reading

1990 FIFA World Cup

Rudi Völler

UEFA Euro 2000

UEFA Euro 1992

UEFA Euro 1988

Frank Rijkaard

Israel women's national football team

UEFA Euro 2016

Netherlands national football team

Denmark–Sweden football rivalry

1974 FIFA World Cup final

UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-offs

UEFA Euro 2020

Hungary–Romania football rivalry

Italy–Spain football rivalry

Croatia–Serbia football rivalry
See also
Bibliography
  • Hesse-Lichtenberger, Ulrich (Ulrich Hesse-Lichtenberger) (2003). Tor! The Story of German Football. WSC Books. ISBN 0-9540134-5-X.
  • Schiweck, Ingo (2006). Kicken beim Feind? – Der ganz alltägliche Friede hinter dem deutsch-niederländischen Fußballkrieg. Düsseldorf: MaveriX. ISBN 978-3-9810957-4-6.
  • Winner, David. Brilliant Orange.
  • Houtum, Henk van; Frank van Dam (2002). "Topophilia or Topoporno? Patriotic Place Attachment in International Football Derbies". International Social Science Review. 3 (2): 231–248.
References
  1. ^ Andrew Jordan. "10 Best Rivalries in International Football". Bleacher Report.
  2. ^ Willem van Hanegem, M.Verkamman, ISBN 90-71359-03-4
  3. ^ "1974: Nederland verliest WK-finale". nos.nl.
  4. ^ Vermaat, Adri (21 November 2008). "'Zijn we er tóch ingetuind'". Trouw.
  5. ^ a b c d "ajax-usa.com". Archived from the original on January 16, 2016.
  6. ^ Schiweck, Ingo (2006). Kicken beim Feind? – Der ganz alltägliche Friede hinter dem deutsch-niederländischen Fußballkrieg. Düsseldorf: MaveriX. ISBN 978-3-9810957-4-6.
  7. ^ "Cheeseheads vs Krauts": 30 Years of Enmity Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ajax-USA.com, 14 June 2004
  8. ^ Euro 2012: Mario Gomez goal gives Germany victory over Portugal, The Guardian, 9 June 2012
  9. ^ "Netherlands vs Germany 3:0 13/10/2018". rowdie.co.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Nations League: Germany escape relegation as UEFA reshuffle tournament". Deutsche Welle. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Germany vs Netherlands 2:4 06/09/2019". rowdie.co.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  12. ^ "Netherlands national football team: record v Germany". 11v11. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  13. ^ Telegraaf, 8 July 2010
  14. ^ YouTube. youtube.com.
  15. ^ Germany vs. Holland. YouTube. 22 April 2006. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  16. ^ Heineken reclame WK 2010 – Persbericht Duitsland – nederland germany holland. YouTube. 12 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  17. ^ wk 2010 – nuon reclame commercial http://wk2010.us. YouTube. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help)
  18. ^ wk 2010 – Histor reclame commercial http://wk2010.us. YouTube. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help)
  19. ^ Deutschland vs Holland. YouTube. 20 January 2006. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  20. ^ Holland vs. Deutschland. YouTube. 4 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  21. ^ "Jung von Matt will Holland stoppen". HORIZONT.
  22. ^ Wm Spot... Oli and Ballack!. YouTube. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  23. ^ Toppers - Wir Sind Die Holländer. YouTube. 1 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  24. ^ "Auch der Müll sah im Osten anders aus (Even the garbage in the east look different, too)" (in German). Morgenpost (Berlin).
  25. ^ "Newsletter 2009–21". stadtreinigung-hh.de.
  26. ^ "Frankfurter Müll is am teuersten (The Frankfurt garbage is the most expensive)" (in German). Frankfurter Rundschau.
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