Get Our Extension

Gamer Network

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Gamer Network Limited
FormerlyEurogamer Network Limited (1999–2013)
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryMass media
Founded1999; 24 years ago (1999)
Founders
  • Rupert Loman
  • Nick Loman
Headquarters,
England
Key people
Simon Maxwell (MD)
ParentReedPop (2018–present)
Websitegamer-network.net

Gamer Network Limited (formerly Eurogamer Network Limited) is a British mass media company based in Brighton. Founded in 1999 by Rupert and Nick Loman, it owns brands—primarily editorial websites—relating to video game journalism and other video game businesses. Its flagship website, Eurogamer, was launched alongside the company. In February 2018, Gamer Network was acquired by ReedPop.

Gamer Network also organises the EGX trade fair.[1]

Discover more about Gamer Network related topics

History

Gamer Network was founded under the name Eurogamer Network in 1999 by brothers Rupert and Nick Loman.[2] It was formed alongside the opening of its flagship website, Eurogamer, which itself launched on 4 September 1999.[2][3] Nick Loman left the business in 2004 to pursue a career in medicine and "competitive BBQ".[4]

In February 2011, Eurogamer Network acquired American publishing house Hammersuit, alongside its IndustryGamers.com and Modojo.com websites.[5] On 1 March 2013, in line with the international expansion, Eurogamer Network announced that it had changed its name to Gamer Network.[6] As part of the rebranding, Eurogamer Events was renamed Gamer Events, while Hammersuit also adopted the Gamer Network name.[6] In October, Simon Maxwell was promoted from group publishing director to chief operating officer.[7]

On 26 February 2018, it was announced that ReedPop, the division of Reed Exhibitions that organises video game exhibitions like PAX, had acquired Gamer Network.[2] While Rupert Loman remained Gamer Network's chief executive officer, Maxwell became the company's managing director and a vice-president for ReedPop's UK operations.[2][8] Loman left the company in February 2020.[9]

ReedPop implemented a number of layoffs across many of the Gamer Network sites in September 2020. In November 2020, the remaining USgamer staff, which had been reduced from nine to four after the earlier layoffs, reported that ReedPop was shuttering the site by the end of the year.[10]

Discover more about History related topics

Eurogamer

Eurogamer

Eurogamer is a British video game journalism website launched in 1999 and owned by alongside formed company Gamer Network.

Chief operating officer

Chief operating officer

A chief operating officer or chief operations officer, also called a COO, is one of the highest-ranking executive positions in an organization, composing part of the "C-suite". The COO is usually the second-in-command at the firm, especially if the highest-ranking executive is the chairperson and CEO. The COO is responsible for the daily operation of the company and its office building and routinely reports to the highest-ranking executive—usually the chief executive officer (CEO).

Division (business)

Division (business)

A division, sometimes called a business sector or business unit (segment), is one of the parts into which a business, organization or company is divided.

PAX (event)

PAX (event)

PAX is a series of gaming culture festivals involving tabletop, arcade, and video gaming. PAX is held annually in Seattle, Boston and Philadelphia in the United States; and Melbourne in Australia. PAX was previously held annually in San Antonio in the United States.

Chief executive officer

Chief executive officer

A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a central executive officer, chief administrator officer (CAO) or just chief executive (CE), is one of a number of corporate executives charged with the management of an organization – especially an independent legal entity such as a company or nonprofit institution. CEOs find roles in a range of organizations, including public and private corporations, non-profit organizations and even some government organizations. The CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to the board of directors and is charged with maximizing the value of the business, which may include maximizing the share price, market share, revenues or another element. In the non-profit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by legislation. CEOs are also frequently assigned the role of main manager of the organization and the highest-ranking officer in the C-suite.

Owned brands

Editorial websites

  • Dicebreaker – A board game-centric website and YouTube channel launched by Gamer Network in August 2019.[11] Its editor-in-chief is Matt Jarvis.[12]
  • Eurogamer – Gamer Network's flagship website for video game news; launched in 1999 alongside the company.[2] The Eurogamer brand is licensed to 8 regional sub-outlets, which report in their region's language. Its editor-in-chief is Martin Robinson.[13]
  • GamesIndustry.biz – A website focused on the business aspects of the video game industry; launched under Eurogamer Network in 2002.[14] Its editor-in-chief is James Batchelor.[15]
  • Outside Xbox – A YouTube channel focusing on Xbox game news; launched in 2012 by Eurogamer Network and Andy Farrant, Mike Channell and Jane Douglas, three editors of other Xbox-focused outlets.[16]
  • Outside Xtra - A YouTube channel focusing on multi-platform (non-Xbox) news such as PlayStation, Nintendo, VR and PC; launched in 2016 by Outside Xbox and Ellen Rose and Luke Westaway, Writer and Presenter of Xbox On and Senior Editor at CNET respectively.[17]
  • Rock Paper Shotgun – A website focused on personal computer game news launched in 2007 by Kieron Gillen, Alec Meer, John Walker and Jim Rossignol; partnered with Eurogamer Network in 2010 and acquired by it in 2017.[18][19] Its editor-in-chief is Katharine Castle.[20]
  • VG247 – A video game news site formed in 2008 in a partnership between Eurogamer Network and Patrick Garratt.[21] Its editor-in-chief is Tom Orry.[22]

Other

  • Jelly Deals – A website highlighting sales for video games; launched in 2016.[23]

Former

  • Gamer Creative – Gamer Network's in-house creative agency; founded and headed by Josh Heaton.[24]
  • Gamer's Edition – A project that produces merchandise and special edition releases for video games; launched in 2013, its first projects were special editions for Papers, Please and a compilation of Hotline Miami and Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number.[25][26]
  • Metabomb – A video game news website with emphasis on esports; launched under Gamer Network in 2013.[27]
  • USgamer (USG) – A sister site to Eurogamer helmed by American staff; launched in 2013[28] and shut down in 2020.[29] After closure, the website's content was migrated to VG247.

Discover more about Owned brands related topics

Board game

Board game

Board games are tabletop games that typically use pieces. These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well.

Editor-in-chief

Editor-in-chief

An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies.

Eurogamer

Eurogamer

Eurogamer is a British video game journalism website launched in 1999 and owned by alongside formed company Gamer Network.

Video game industry

Video game industry

The video game industry encompasses the development, marketing, and monetization of video games. The industry encompasses dozens of job disciplines and thousands of jobs worldwide.

OutsideXbox

OutsideXbox

OutsideXbox, or Oxbox, is a British YouTube channel and group consisting of Jane Douglas, Andy Farrant, and Mike Channell. The group also has a sister channel, Outside Xtra, or Oxtra, consisting of Luke Westaway and Ellen Rose. The group is best known for video games commentary, journalism, and gameplay. The channel also hosts the Oxventure, a tabletop role-playing game (TTRPG) Dungeons & Dragons and Blades in the Dark series featuring fellow YouTuber Johnny Chiodini. The group has a combined 3.49 million subscribers and 1.49 billion views as of May 2021.

PlayStation

PlayStation

PlayStation is a video gaming brand that consists of five home video game consoles, two handhelds, a media center, and a smartphone, as well as an online service and multiple magazines. The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment, a division of Sony; the first PlayStation console was released in Japan in December 1994, and worldwide the following year.

Nintendo

Nintendo

Nintendo Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto. It develops and releases both video games and video game consoles.

Virtual reality

Virtual reality

Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that employs pose tracking and 3D near-eye displays to give the user an immersive feel of a virtual world. Applications of virtual reality include entertainment, education and business. Other distinct types of VR-style technology include augmented reality and mixed reality, sometimes referred to as extended reality or XR, although definitions are currently changing due to the nascence of the industry.

Personal computer

Personal computer

A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose microcomputer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Unlike large, costly minicomputers and mainframes, time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. Primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s, the term home computer was also used.

Rock Paper Shotgun

Rock Paper Shotgun

Rock Paper Shotgun is a UK-based website for reporting on video games, primarily for PC. Originally launched on 13 July 2007 as an independent site, Rock Paper Shotgun was acquired and brought into the Gamer Network, a network of sites led by Eurogamer in May 2017. Its editor-in-chief is Katharine Castle, and its deputy editor is Alice Bell.

VG247

VG247

VG247 is a video game blog published in the United Kingdom, founded in February 2008 by industry veteran Patrick Garratt. In 2009, CNET ranked it as the third best gaming blog in the world.

Special edition

Special edition

The terms special edition, limited edition, and variants such as deluxe edition, or collector's edition, are used as a marketing incentive for various kinds of products, originally published products related to the arts, such as books, prints, recorded music and films, and videogames, but now including clothing, cars, fine wine, and whisky, among other products. A limited edition is restricted in the number of copies produced, although in fact the number may be very low or very high. Suzuki (2008) defines limited edition products as those “sold in a state that makes them difficult to obtain because of companies limiting their availability to a certain period, quantity, region, or channel". A special edition implies there is extra material of some kind included. The term is frequently used on DVD film releases, often when the so-called "special" edition is actually the only version released.

Partnered websites

Editorial websites

  • Nintendo Life – A website focused on news and reviews of Nintendo products, including video games and software, owned and operated by Hookshot Media (formerly Nlife Media).[30] It has sections covering the Nintendo Switch, Wii U, Wii, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DSi, WiiWare, DSiWare and classic titles re-released through Nintendo's Virtual Console games. It was founded in late 2005,[31][32] acquired the sites WiiWare World and Virtual Console Reviews in April 2009,[32] and partnered with Gamer Network (then Eurogamer Network) in 2011.[33][34][35] In 2015 the site expanded its YouTube channel to receive regular content.[36]
  • Push Square – A website focused in PlayStation game news; launched in 2012 by Nintendo Life and Sammy Barker.[37]
  • Pure Xbox – A website focused in Xbox game news; relaunched in 2020 by Nlife Media.[38][39][40]
  • Road to VR – A video game news website with emphasis on virtual reality; launched by Ben Lang in 2011 and partnered with Gamer Network in 2017.[41][42]
  • Time Extension – A website focused on retrogaming; launched in 2022 by Hookshot Media.[43]
  • Video Games Chronicle (VGC) – A spiritual successor to magazine Computer and Video Games; launched in partnership with Gamer Network in 2019 by a team led by Andy Robinson.[44]

Other

Discover more about Partnered websites related topics

Nintendo

Nintendo

Nintendo Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto. It develops and releases both video games and video game consoles.

Nintendo Switch

Nintendo Switch

The Nintendo Switch is a hybrid video game console developed by Nintendo and released worldwide in most regions on March 3, 2017. The console itself is a tablet that can either be docked for use as a home console or used as a portable device, making it a hybrid console. Its wireless Joy-Con controllers, with standard buttons and directional analog sticks for user input, motion sensing, and tactile feedback, can attach to both sides of the console to support handheld-style play. They can also connect to a grip accessory to provide a traditional home console gamepad form, or be used individually in the hand like the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, supporting local multiplayer modes. The Nintendo Switch's software supports online gaming through Internet connectivity, as well as local wireless ad hoc connectivity with other consoles. Nintendo Switch games and software are available on both physical flash-based ROM cartridges and digital distribution via Nintendo eShop; the system has no region lockout. A handheld-focused revision of the system, called the Nintendo Switch Lite, was released on September 20, 2019. A revised higher-end version of the original system, featuring an OLED screen, was released on October 8, 2021.

Wii

Wii

The Wii is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo. It was released on November 19, 2006, in North America and in December 2006 for most other regions of the world. It is Nintendo's fifth major home game console, following the GameCube and is a seventh-generation console alongside Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3.

Nintendo 3DS

Nintendo 3DS

The Nintendo 3DS is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo. It was announced in March 2010 and unveiled at E3 2010 as the successor to the Nintendo DS. The system features backward compatibility with Nintendo DS video games. As an eighth-generation console, its primary competitor was Sony's PlayStation Vita.

Nintendo DSi

Nintendo DSi

The Nintendo DSi is a dual-screen handheld game console released by Nintendo. The console launched in Japan on November 1, 2008, and worldwide beginning in April 2009. It is the third iteration of the Nintendo DS, and its primary market rival is Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP). The fourth iteration, entitled Nintendo DSi XL, is a larger model that launched in Japan on November 21, 2009, and worldwide beginning in March 2010. Development of the DSi began in late 2006, and the handheld was unveiled during an October 2008 Nintendo conference in Tokyo. Consumer demand convinced Nintendo to produce a slimmer handheld with larger screens than the DS Lite. Consequently, Nintendo removed the Game Boy Advance (GBA) cartridge slot to improve portability without sacrificing durability.

List of DSiWare games and applications

List of DSiWare games and applications

This is a list of games and applications, collectively known as DSiWare, for the Nintendo DSi handheld game console, available for download via the DSi Shop and unplayable on earlier DS models. An update released for the Nintendo 3DS in June 2011 added support for the Nintendo eShop service, which contained the DSi Shop's full library of DSiWare games with the exception of certain games and applications. There were over 200 downloadable games available in North America as of August 2010. DSiWare games and applications typically have animated icons, but some of them, such as Bejeweled Twist, have static icons. Note that blank boxes in some columns represent currently unconfirmed or otherwise unknown information. Release dates are subject to change. The DSi Shop has ceased activity on March 31, 2017. Despite the DSiWare games and apps on the Nintendo eShop were not affected, they became publicly unavailable due to the eShop’s closure on March 27, 2023. The last DSiWare software title was Crazy Train which was released in the United States on January 28, 2016.

Virtual Console

Virtual Console

The Virtual Console was a line of downloadable video games for Nintendo's Wii and Wii U home video game consoles and the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console.

PlayStation

PlayStation

PlayStation is a video gaming brand that consists of five home video game consoles, two handhelds, a media center, and a smartphone, as well as an online service and multiple magazines. The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment, a division of Sony; the first PlayStation console was released in Japan in December 1994, and worldwide the following year.

Virtual reality

Virtual reality

Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that employs pose tracking and 3D near-eye displays to give the user an immersive feel of a virtual world. Applications of virtual reality include entertainment, education and business. Other distinct types of VR-style technology include augmented reality and mixed reality, sometimes referred to as extended reality or XR, although definitions are currently changing due to the nascence of the industry.

Spiritual successor

Spiritual successor

A spiritual successor is a product or fictional work that is similar to, or directly inspired by, another previous work, but does not explicitly continue the product line or media franchise of its predecessor, and is thus only a successor "in spirit". Spiritual successors often have similar themes and styles to their source material, but are generally a distinct intellectual property.

Computer and Video Games

Computer and Video Games

Computer and Video Games was a UK-based video game magazine, published in its original form between 1981 and 2004. Its offshoot website was launched in 1999 and closed in February 2015. CVG was the longest-running video game media brand in the world.

Mod DB

Mod DB

Mod DB is a website that focuses on general video game modding. It was founded in 2002 by Scott "INtense!" Reismanis. As of September 2015, the Mod DB site has received over 604 million views, has more than 12,500 modifications registered, and has hosted more than 108 million downloads. A spin-off website, Indie DB, was launched in 2010 and focuses on indie games and news.

Source: "Gamer Network", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2022, December 29th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_Network.

Enjoying Wikiz?

Enjoying Wikiz?

Get our FREE extension now!

References
  1. ^ Jarvis, Matthew (9 October 2014). "Games Media Profile: Gamer Network". MCV/Develop. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Frank, Allegra (26 February 2018). "PAX organizer acquires USgamer, Eurogamer and more". Polygon. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  3. ^ "EuroGamer opens!". Eurogamer. 4 September 1999. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  4. ^ "History – About". Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Eurogamer acquires Hammersuit". MCV/Develop. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  6. ^ a b Parfitt, Ben. "Eurogamer Network is no more as it rebrands to Gamer Network". MCV/Develop. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013.
  7. ^ "Simon Maxwell becomes Gamer Network COO". MCV/Develop. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  8. ^ Dring, Christopher (26 February 2018). "PAX organiser ReedPop acquires Gamer Network". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  9. ^ Martin, Matt (26 February 2020). "Rupert Loman leaves Gamer Network and ReedPop after 20 years". VG247. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  10. ^ Sinclair, Brendan (16 November 2020). "USgamer staff laid off". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  11. ^ Chiodini, Johnny (22 August 2019). "Introducing Dicebreaker, a new hub for tabletop gaming". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  12. ^ "About Us". Dicebreaker. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  13. ^ "Authors". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  14. ^ Fahey, Rob (9 June 2017). "Launching GamesIndustry.biz: 15 years ago". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  15. ^ "Articles by James Batchelor". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  16. ^ Weber, Rachel (15 August 2012). "Eurogamer launches new dedicated Xbox website". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  17. ^ "Outside Xbox launches multi-platform channel, expands team". GamesIndustry.biz. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  18. ^ Martin, Matt (1 June 2010). "Eurogamer strikes Rock, Paper, Shotgun partnership". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  19. ^ Pearson, Dan (3 May 2017). "Gamer Network acquires Rock Paper Shotgun". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  20. ^ Smith, Graham (2 July 2021). "I'm not editor-in-chief of RPS anymore, here's who is". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  21. ^ Garratt, Patrick (1 February 2011). "It's our third birthday – welcome to the new VG247". VG247. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  22. ^ "Staff". VG247. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  23. ^ Wallace, Jamie (9 July 2016). "Introducing a weekly deals roundup from Jelly Deals". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  24. ^ "MCV's 30 Under 30 2017". MCV/Develop. 24 November 2017. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  25. ^ "Gamer Network moves into physical games publishing". MCV/Develop. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  26. ^ Purslow, Matt (9 March 2015). "Gamer Network is crowdfunding collector's editions of Hotline Miami and Papers, Please". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  27. ^ Bedford, John (17 May 2013). "Welcome to Metabomb!". Metabomb. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  28. ^ Owen, Dave (16 December 2013). "Gamer Network websites record 20 million unique visitors in November 2013". VG247. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  29. ^ Bailey, Kat (29 December 2022). "Press Start to Continue". VG247. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  30. ^ "Publishers of Nintendo Life & Push Square". Nlife Media. 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  31. ^ Dickens, Anthony (7 November 2005). "Our Nintendo Life Begins..." Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  32. ^ a b "About Nintendo Life". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  33. ^ Cullen, Johnny (9 September 2011). "Eurogamer partners with Nintendo Life in ad deal". VG247. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  34. ^ Pearson, Dan (9 September 2011). "Eurogamer partners with Nintendo Life in ad deal". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  35. ^ Dickens, Anthony (9 September 2011). "Site News: A Better Nintendo Life". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  36. ^ Calvert, Darren (18 September 2015). "Site News: Nintendo Life's Alex Olney Revealed As YouTuber Finalist For Games Media Awards 2015". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  37. ^ Newton, James (2 February 2012). "Push Square is Open for Business!". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  38. ^ McFerran, Damien (17 March 2020). "Site News: Say Hello To Our Resurrected Sister Site, Pure Xbox". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  39. ^ Barker, Sammy (17 March 2020). "Site News: Don't Forget to Visit Our Sister Site Pure Xbox". Push Square. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  40. ^ "Site News: Pure Xbox Is Back!". Pure Xbox. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  41. ^ Lang, Ben (13 October 2011). "Following the Road to Virtual Reality". Road to VR. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  42. ^ James, Paul (31 May 2017). "Road to VR Partners with Eurogamer Parent Company Gamer Network". Road to VR. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  43. ^ "Say Hello To Time Extension, The Newest Member Of Our Network". Nintendo Life. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  44. ^ Dealessandri, Marie (5 April 2019). "CVG veterans form games news website Video Games Chronicle". MCV/Develop. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  45. ^ a b "Mod DB and Indie DB join Eurogamer parent Gamer Network". MCV/Develop. 21 July 2005. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  46. ^ Helps, Rachel (30 July 2012). "ModDB celebrates 10 years of modding". Kill Screen. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  47. ^ Tim (19 June 2010). "ModDB Launches Indie Community Site IndieDB". Indie Games Plus. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
External links

The content of this page is based on the Wikipedia article written by contributors..
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization & is not affiliated to WikiZ.com.