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Father of the Nation

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Mahatma Gandhi, India's Father of the Nation, is a figure celebrated in numerous nations and by international organisations, a departure from most titleholders.
Mahatma Gandhi, India's Father of the Nation, is a figure celebrated in numerous nations and by international organisations, a departure from most titleholders.

The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a person considered the driving force behind the establishment of a country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch is often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the divine right of kings espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law.

In Spain, the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and any person who expresses disrespect toward the reigning monarch faces severe criminal penalties.

Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation".[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" barely failed in September 2007.[6]

Discover more about Father of the Nation related topics

Honorific

Honorific

An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs.

Country

Country

A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while the country of Wales is a component of a multi-part sovereign state, the United Kingdom. A country may be a historically sovereign area, a currently sovereign territory with a unified government, or a non-sovereign geographic region associated with certain distinct political, ethnic, or cultural characteristics.

Monarch

Monarch

A monarch is a head of state for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Usually a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may proclaim themself monarch, which may be backed and legitimated through acclamation, right of conquest or a combination of means.

Divine right of kings

Divine right of kings

In European Christianity, the divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandation is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy. It stems from a specific metaphysical framework in which a monarch is, before birth, pre-ordained to inherit the crown, chosen by God and in the image of God. According to this theory of political legitimacy, the subjects of the crown have actively turned over the metaphysical selection of the king's soul – which will inhabit the body and rule them – to God. In this way, the "divine right" originates as a metaphysical act of humility and/or submission towards God. Divine right has been a key element of the legitimisation of many absolute monarchies.

Dictator

Dictator

A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency.

Gnassingbé Eyadéma

Gnassingbé Eyadéma

Gnassingbé Eyadéma was a Togolese military officer and politician who was the president of Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005, after which he was immediately succeeded by his son, Faure Gnassingbé.

Mobutu Sese Seko

Mobutu Sese Seko

Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga, commonly known as Mobutu Sese Seko or just Mobutu, was a Congolese politician and military officer who was the president of Zaire from 1965 to 1997. He also served as Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity from 1967 to 1968. During the Congo Crisis, Mobutu, serving as Chief of Staff of the Army and supported by Belgium and the United States, deposed the democratically elected government of left-wing nationalist Patrice Lumumba in 1960. Mobutu installed a government that arranged for Lumumba's execution in 1961, and continued to lead the country's armed forces until he took power directly in a second coup in 1965.

Africa

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both aspects. At about 30.3 million km2 including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita and second-least wealthy by total wealth, behind Oceania. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including geography, climate, tribalism, colonialism, the Cold War, neocolonialism, lack of democracy, and corruption. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context.

Legitimacy (political)

Legitimacy (political)

In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime. Whereas authority denotes a specific position in an established government, the term legitimacy denotes a system of government—wherein government denotes "sphere of influence". An authority viewed as legitimate often has the right and justification to exercise power. Political legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing, without which a government will suffer legislative deadlock(s) and collapse. In political systems where this is not the case, unpopular regimes survive because they are considered legitimate by a small, influential elite. In Chinese political philosophy, since the historical period of the Zhou Dynasty, the political legitimacy of a ruler and government was derived from the Mandate of Heaven, and unjust rulers who lost said mandate therefore lost the right to rule the people.

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a revolutionary in the Russian Empire and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by 1928. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism.

Constitution of Bangladesh

Constitution of Bangladesh

The Constitution of Bangladesh, officially the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the supreme law of Bangladesh. The document provides the framework that demarcates the Bangladeshi republic with a unitary, parliamentary democracy, that enshrines fundamental human rights and freedoms, an independent judiciary, democratic local government and a national bureaucracy.

Andrej Hlinka

Andrej Hlinka

Andrej Hlinka was a Slovak Catholic priest, journalist, banker, politician, and one of the most important Slovakian public activists in Czechoslovakia before the Second World War. He was the leader of the Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, papal chamberlain, inducted papal protonotary, member of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia, and chairman of the St. Vojtech Fellowship.

List

The following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations. Highlighted names indicate people who are still living.

Name Nation Title (native) Title (translation) Notes
Ahmad Shah Durrani  Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Baba Ahmad Shah the Father[7][8][9] Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.
Skanderbeg  Albania Ati i Kombit Father of the Nation Led a two decade long Skanderbeg's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire
V. C. Bird  Antigua and Barbuda Father of the Nation First prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda.
José de San Martín  Argentina
Peru Peru 		Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[10] 		Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru 		Primary leader of the Argentine War of Independence and the Spanish American wars of independence in southern South America.
Hayk (Հայկ)  Armenia Nahapet (Նահապետ) Head of the Family
Patriarch 		Legendary founder of the Armenian nation.
Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG  Australia Father of Federation Gave the Tenterfield Oration, which is believed to be pivotal in the process of the Federation of Australia.
Sir Lynden Pindling  The Bahamas Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1973.[11]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman  Bangladesh Jatir Janak (জাতির জনক)
Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু) 		Father of the Nation
Friend of Bengal 		Founder of Bangladesh, leader during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Errol Barrow  Barbados Father of Independence The 3rd and last premier of Barbados (1961–1966) who lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the first prime minister and served three terms (1966–76, 1986–87) dying in office during his third.
George Cadle Price  Belize Father of the Nation Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[12][13]
Ugyen Wangchuck  Bhutan First king of modern Bhutan.
Simón Bolívar Bolivia Bolivia
ColombiaColombia
Ecuador Ecuador
Panama Panama
Peru Peru
Venezuela Venezuela 		Libertador Liberator Primary leader of the Spanish American wars of independence in northern South America.
Seretse Khama  Botswana Father of Independence Leader of the independence movement and first President of Botswana. Creator of democracy in Botswana
Dom Pedro I, Maria Leopoldina of Austria and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva  Brazil Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822) during the independence of Brazil. Maria Leopoldina was the first Empress of Brazil. Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III  Brunei Architect of Modern Brunei Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence 28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (1914–1986).
Asparuh  Bulgaria Kanasubigi (Кан) Founder and first ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Norodom Sihanouk  Cambodia សម្តេចឪ (Sâmdéch Âu) King Father Secured independence from France.
John A. Macdonald and the other fathers of Confederation  Canada Father of Confederation Father of Confederation The 36 Canadian politicians who negotiated Canadian Confederation
Bernardo O'Higgins  Chile Padre de la patria Father of the fatherland Principal leader of the Chilean War of Independence.
Sun Yat-sen  Republic of China simplified Chinese: 国父; traditional Chinese: 國父 (Guófù) Father of the Nation Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940.[14] Sun is more widely known in the People's Republic of China as the "Forerunner of the Revolution".[15]
José María Castro Madriz  Costa Rica Fundador de la República Founder of the Republic First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.[16]
Ante Starčević  Croatia Otac domovine Father of the Homeland His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[17]
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes  Cuba Padre de la Patria Father of the Fatherland[18] Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Archbishop Makarios III  Cyprus Εθνάρχης Leader of the Nation First and longest President of Cyprus, leader of Greek Cypriot nationalist movement during Cypriot intercommunal violence
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor  Czech Republic Otec vlasti Father of the Homeland King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.[19]
František Palacký Otec národa Father of the Nation Politician and historian, influential in Czech National Revival movement.[19] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.[20]
Tomáš Masaryk Tatíček /
Prezident Osvoboditel 		Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator First President of Czechoslovakia, helped negotiate establishment of Czechoslovakia with the Allies of World War I.[19][21]
Juan Pablo Duarte  Dominican Republic Padre de la patria Father of the Fatherland Defeated Haiti during Dominican War of Independence.
Ilia Chavchavadze  Georgia უგვირგვინო მეფე / ერის მამა The Crownless King / Father of the Nation
Members of the Parlamentarischer Rat  Germany Väter und Mütter des Grundgesetzes Fathers and mothers of the Basic Law Drafted the Basic Law, the constitution of (then West) Germany
Kwame Nkrumah  Ghana Osagyefo Father of the nation First president and prime minister of Ghana during decolonization, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Alexander the Great  Greece Πατέρας των Ελλήνων Father of the Greeks Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.
Cheddi Jagan  Guyana Father of the Nation President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines  Haiti Père de la patrie Father of the Fatherland Primary leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Dionisio de Herrera  Honduras First Head of State of Honduras within the Federal Republic of Central America
Árpád  Hungary Honalapító Founder of the Homeland Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.
Mahatma Gandhi (de facto)  India राष्ट्रपिता (Father of the Nation) "Bapuji" (Father) Father of the Nation;[22] Leader of the Indian independence movement from British Raj Article 18 of the Indian Constitution prohibits conferring titles other than military and academic distinctions by the State.
Sukarno  Indonesia Bapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/Proklamator Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator First President of Indonesia, primary leader of the Indonesian National Revolution
Cyrus the Great  Iran (Persia) Shahanshah King of Kings The founder of the first Persian Empire
Camillo Benso
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Mazzini
Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia 		 Italy Padre della Patria Father of the Fatherland Authors of Italian unification[23][24][25]
Emperor Jimmu  Japan 神武天皇 (Jinmu Ten-noh) Legendary first Emperor of Japan
Alikhan Bukeikhanov  Kazakhstan Prime Minister of the Alash Autonomy Leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement during the Russian Revolution
Jomo Kenyatta  Kenya Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Ibrahim Rugova  Kosovo[a] Babai i Kombit Father of the Nation First president of the First Republic of Kosovo. President of Serbian Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metochia under UN after the Kosovo War.
Jonas Basanavičius  Lithuania Tautos patriarchas Patriarch of the Nation Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.[26]
Krste Misirkov  North Macedonia Татко на нацијата Father of the Nation Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Tunku Abdul Rahman  Malaysia Bapa Kemerdekaan

Bapa Malaysia

Father of Independence

Father of Malaysia

The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British Empire in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Muhammad Fareed Didi  Maldives Founder of modern Maldives and last sultan of Maldives.
Dom Mintoff  Malta Missier Malta Hielsa Father of Free Malta A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1955 to 1958, and from 1974 to 1984) as the Leader of the Labour Party, a position he held from 1949 to 1984. In 1974, with him as Prime Minister, Malta negotiated a series of constitutional reforms leading to the establishment of the Maltese Republic and the removal of the British monarch as head of state. In 1979, the last Royal Navy ships left Malta, marking the country's transformation into a fully independent nation. Mintoff is also credited with the establishment of the Maltese welfare state and the socialist-style nationalisation and collectivisation of various key industries.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam  Mauritius Father of the Nation[27] First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla  Mexico Padre de la patria mexicana[28] Father of the Mexican Nation[29] First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Genghis Khan  Mongolia Монголчуудын эцэг Father of the Mongols, Founding Father of Mongolia[30] After unifying the many nomadic tribes of northeastern Asian steppe peoples, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and became the first Great Khan and Emperor. He eventually led a conquest of the majority of Eurasia, and his unified homeland would become Mongolia.
Aung San  Myanmar Father of Nations, Father of Independence, Father of Tatmadaw 5th Prime Minister of Burma in British Era from 1946 to 1947 Assassinated on 19 July 1947, before the independence of Burma.
Sam Nujoma  Namibia Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Primary leader of SWAPO during the South African Border War and first President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[31]
Prithvi Narayan Shah    Nepal श्री ५ बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वी नारायण शाह Father of the Nation King of Nepal during the Unification of Nepal.
William the Silent  Netherlands Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Fatherland Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Empire, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.[32]
Diriangén[33]  Nicaragua Padre de la Patria Nicaragüense Father of the Nicaraguan Fatherland Native Nicaraguan tribal leader
Nnamdi Azikiwe  Nigeria Father of Nigerian Nationalism First president of Nigeria when it became a republic on October 1, 1963, and was the last governor general of Nigeria.
Einar Gerhardsen  Norway Landsfaderen Father of the Nation First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.[34]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah  Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam & Baba-e-Quam[35][36] Father of the Nation/Great Leader Founder of Pakistan, leader of the Muslim League and first Governor-General of Pakistan.
Sir Michael Somare  Papua New Guinea Papa Blo Kantri[37] Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[38]
Emilio Aguinaldo  Philippines Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas First President of the Philippines Military Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the First President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. His birthday, March 22, 1869, is celebrated as Emilio Aguinaldo Day.
Andrés Bonifacio Amá ng Himagsikan Father of the Revolution Political Leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, November 30, 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal Pambansáng Bayani National Hero Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his December 30, 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[39]
D. Afonso Henriques  Portugal Fundador da Nação Father of the Nation
a.k.a. The Conqueror 		Founder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Peter I of Russia  Russia Отец Отечества (Otets Otechestva) Father of the Fatherland Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[40]
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed  Western Sahara Father of the Nation Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan and Mauritanian armies in the Western Sahara conflict.
Sir John Compton  Saint Lucia Father of the Nation Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[41]
Saint Marinus  San Marino Founder of a chapel and monastery in central Italy, in 301 (traditional date: September 3). From this initial community the state of San Marino later grew.[42]
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia  Saudi Arabia والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)/ المؤسس (Al-Moa'sis) Father of the Nation/ The Founder Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He descended from the noble House of Saud, the dynasty which had ruled most of Arabia in the 18th century. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Dobrica Ćosić  Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Отац нације[43][44] Father of the Nation Yugoslav Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
Donald Dewar  Scotland Father of the Nation First First Minister of Scotland following the reconvening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.[45]
Saint Sava  Serbia Отац отаџбине[46] Father of the Fatherland Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Karađorđe and Miloš the Great Отац нације[47][48] Father of the Nation Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising during the Serbian Revolution.
Lee Kuan Yew  Singapore Father of Singapore First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Milan Rastislav Štefánik  Slovakia Father of the Nation Politician, diplomat, aviator, astronomer, and one of the leading members of the Czechoslovak National Council. He contributed decisively to the cause of Czechoslovakian sovereignty. In 2019, Štefánik was selected as the "Greatest Slovak". The Milan Rastislav Štefánik Merit Act passed the parliament in the year 2000.[49][50]
Primož Trubar  Slovenia Oče naroda Father of the Nation A consolidator of Slovene and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan  Somalia Father of the fatherland The emir of Dervish and Diiriye Guure.[51]
Nelson Mandela  South Africa Tata wethu Father of the Nation Primary leader of internal resistance to apartheid as chairman of the African National Congress, and President of post-apartheid South Africa.[52]
Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella)  Spain Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake  Sri Lanka ජාතියේ පියා (Jathiyay Piya) Father of the Nation First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[53]
Johan Ferrier  Suriname Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Nation First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).
Gustav I of Sweden  Sweden Landsfader Father of the Nation Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.
Per Albin Hansson Landsfader Father of the Nation Prime Minister 1932–1946 and founder of The People's Home.
Julius Nyerere Tanzania Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation First President of Tanzania.[54]
Henry Alcazar, Victor Bryan, Tubal Uriah Butler, Rudranath Capildeo, Simbhoonath Capildeo, Arthur Andrew Cipriani, Albert Gomes, Solomon Hochoy, A. P. T. James, Audrey Jeffers, Ranjit Kumar, Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, Chanka Maharaj, Bhadase Sagan Maraj, Quintin O'Connor, Michael Pocock, Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine), Alfred Richards, Harold Robinson, Timothy Roodal, Lionel Seukeran, Ashford Sinanan, Mitra Sinanan, Sarran Teelucksingh, Louis de Verteuil, Gerald Wight, Eric Williams, Hugh Wooding[55]  Trinidad and Tobago Moulders of the Nation[55] They helped shape the country's future as an independent nation and laid the foundation of democracy.[55]
Eric Williams Father of the Nation First and three-term Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to his death in 1981, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 1966, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to 1961, founder of the People's National Movement (PNM) and was instrumental in writing the Trinidad and Tobago constitution and gaining the country independence and republicanism from British rule.[56][57]
Habib Bourguiba  Tunisia المجاهد الاكبر(Al mujehed al akbar) The Supreme Warrior Father of the independence of Tunisia and first President of Tunisia. He led the Tunisian national movement against the French colonial empire. After Tunisian independence, he founded a modern state, built schools and hospitals and gave the Tunisian women rights that are still unique in the Arab World today.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk  Turkey Atatürk Father of the Turks (always used as a last name and not a title proper) Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[58]
Bohdan Khmelnytsky  Ukraine Father of the Nation Leader of the Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and founder of the Cossack Hetmanate, the first independent Ukrainian state.
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan  United Arab Emirates والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah) Father of the Nation President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).[59][60]
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers  United States Founding Fathers[61][62] The Signers signed the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.
George Washington Father of his country[63][64] George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[63][64] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas  Uruguay Padre de la independencia uruguaya, Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales[65] Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people[66] Fought against the Spanish Royalists for independence in the Río de la Plata.
Ho Chi Minh  Vietnam Người cha già của dân tộc Father of the people Leader of the Viet Minh, who fought for independence from France in the First Indochina War and decisively defeated them at the bloody Battle of Dien Bien Phu, resulting in the establishment of an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north of the country in 1954. Vietnam would eventually be united under Communist Party of Vietnam rule after his death with the Fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.
Kenneth Kaunda  Zambia Tata Father of the nation First president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He founded the Zambian African National Congress (ANC), later becoming the head of the United National Independence Party (UNIP which led to attaining independence.

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Ahmad Shah Durrani

Ahmad Shah Durrani

Ahmad Shāh Durrānī, also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern Afghanistan. In July 1747, Ahmad Shah was appointed as King of the Afghans by a loya jirga in Kandahar, where he set up his capital. Primarily with the support of the Pashtun tribes, Ahmad Shah pushed east towards the Mughal and Maratha Empires of India, west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Iran, and north towards the Khanate of Bukhara of Turkestan. Within a few years, he extended his control from Khorasan in the west to North India in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometres (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital. As of 2021, Afghanistan's population is 40.2 million, composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others.

Durrani Empire

Durrani Empire

The Durrani Empire or the Afghan Empire, also known as the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire that was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, that spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent. At its peak, it ruled over the present-day Afghanistan, most of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India. Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most significant Islamic Empire of the 18th century.

Albania

Albania

Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is situated in the Balkans, and is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south. The country displays varied climatic, geological, hydrological, and morphological conditions, in an area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi). The landscape ranges from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus, and Ceraunian Mountains, to the hot and sunny coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas along the Mediterranean. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda is a sovereign island country in the West Indies. It lies at the conjuncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, at 17.060816°N latitude and -61.796429°W.

José de San Martín

José de San Martín

José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras, known simply as José de San Martín or the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru, was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru. Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, in modern-day Argentina, he left the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the early age of seven to study in Málaga, Spain.

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica.

Argentine War of Independence

Argentine War of Independence

The Argentine War of Independence was a secessionist civil war fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. On July 9, 1816, an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucumán, declaring independence with provisions for a national constitution.

Hayk

Hayk

Hayk, also known as Hayk Nahapet, is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene and in the Primary History traditionally attributed to Sebeos. Fragments of the legend of Hayk are also preserved in the works of other authors, as well as in Armenian folk tradition.

Armenia

Armenia

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and financial center.

Armenians

Armenians

Armenians are an ethnic group native to the Armenian highlands of Western Asia. Armenians constitute the main population of the Republic of Armenia and the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around five million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Germany, Ukraine, Lebanon, Brazil, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian genocide.

Henry Parkes

Henry Parkes

Sir Henry Parkes, was a colonial Australian politician and longest non-consecutive Premier of the Colony of New South Wales, the present-day state of New South Wales in the Commonwealth of Australia. He has been referred to as the "Father of Federation" due to his early promotion for the federation of the six colonies of Australia, as an early critic of British convict transportation and as a proponent for the expansion of the Australian continental rail network.

Source: "Father of the Nation", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 28th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation.

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Further Reading

Czechoslovakia

List of national independence days

Quetta

Tomáš Masaryk

Jan Masaryk

Dennis Quaid

Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan

Éamon Zayed

Pittsburgh Agreement

Monarchies in the Americas

Hayatullah Khan Durrani

Edvard Beneš

Czechoslovak declaration of independence

Martin Declaration

List of heads of state of Afghanistan
Notes
a.   ^ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 (52.3%) UN member states (with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition), while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory.
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