Extremadura
Extremadura | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: "Himno de Extremadura" "Anthem of Extremadura" | |
 Location of Extremadura within Spain | |
| Coordinates: 39°N 6°W / 39°N 6°WCoordinates: 39°N 6°W / 39°N 6°W | |
| Country |  Spain |
| Largest city | Badajoz |
| Capital | Mérida |
| Provinces | Cáceres, and Badajoz |
| Government | |
| • Type | Devolved government in a constitutional monarchy |
| • Body | Junta de Extremadura |
| • President | Guillermo Fernández Vara (PSOE) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 41,634.16 km2 (16,075.04 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 5th |
| Population (2016) | |
| • Total | 1,087,778 |
| • Rank | 12th |
| • Density | 26/km2 (68/sq mi) |
| Demonyms | Extremaduran, Extremenian extremeño (m), extremeña (f) |
| ISO 3166 code | ES-EX |
| Statute of Autonomy | February 26, 1983 |
| Official languages | Spanish |
| Other languages | Extremaduran, Fala, Portuguese |
| Parliament | Assembly of Extremadura |
| Congress | 10 deputies (out of 350) |
| Senate | 10 senators (out of 265) |
| HDI (2018) | 0.853[1] very high · 17th |
| Website | www |
 | This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (March 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Extremadura (Spanish: [e(ɣ)stɾemaˈðuɾa]; Extremaduran: Estremaúra; Portuguese: Estremadura; Fala: Extremaúra) is a landlocked autonomous community of Spain. Its capital city is Mérida, and its largest city is Badajoz. Located in the central-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, it is crossed from east to west by the Tagus and Guadiana rivers. The autonomous community is formed by the two largest provinces of Spain: Cáceres and Badajoz. Extremadura is bordered by Portugal to the west and by the autonomous communities of Castile and León (north), Castilla–La Mancha (east) and Andalusia (south).
It is an important area for wildlife, particularly with the major reserve at Monfragüe, which was designated a National Park in 2007, and the International Tagus River Natural Park (Parque Natural Tajo Internacional). The regional executive body, led by the President of Extremadura, is called Junta de Extremadura.
The Day of Extremadura is celebrated on 8 September. [2] It coincides with the Catholic festivity of Our Lady of Guadalupe.[2]
The region, featuring a huge energy surplus and hosting deposits of lithium, is at the forefront of Spain's plans for energy transition and a decarbonisation.
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Geography
Physical environment
Extremadura is contained between 37° 57′ and 40° 29′ N latitude, and 4° 39′ and 7° 33′ W longitude.
The area of Extremadura is 41,633 km2 (16,075 sq mi), making it the fifth largest of the Spanish autonomous communities. It is located in the Southern Plateau (a subdivision of the Spanish Central Plateau).
The region is crossed from West to East by two large rivers, the Tagus and the Guadiana, lining up three basic areas from North to South by combining mountain ranges and rivers: the territory spanning from the Sistema Central to the Tagus, the so-called Mesopotamia extremeña in between the Tagus and the Guadiana and the territory from the Guadiana to Sierra Morena.[3] Besides the catchment basins of the Tagus and the Guadiana covering most of the territory by far, fringe areas of the region are drained by the Douro (north) and the Guadalquivir (south). Notable Tagus tributaries include the Tiétar and the Alagón (rightbank) and the Almonte, Ibor, Salor and the Sever (leftbank). Regarding the Guadiana, important leftbank tributaries include Guadarranque and Ruecas and rightbank tributaries include the Zújar River and the Matachel.
The highest point in Extremadura, the 2,401 m (7,877 ft) high Calvitero (or El Torreón),[4] is located in the Sistema Central, in the northeastern end of the region, bordering with Castile and León. The main subranges of the Sistema Central in Extremadura are the Sierra de Gata and Sierra de Béjar.
The modest heights of Sierra de las Villuercas (topping at 1,603 m (5,259 ft) on the Pico de las Villuercas) rise in the Mesopotamia extremeña. Other notable ranges include the Sierra de Montánchez and the Sierra de San Pedro, part of the larger Montes de Toledo system.[5]
The Sierra Morena—the limit between Extremadura and Andalusia—and the Sierra de Tentudía (topping at 1,104 m (3,622 ft) on the Pico Tentudía) rise in the south.
There are four different hydrographic basins:
- The basin of the Tagus (Spanish: Tajo), with two principal tributaries: on the right, the Tiétar and the Alagón; and on the left, the Almonte, Ibor, Salor and the Sever. The tributaries on the right edge carry a large quantity of water, which feed the gorges of the Sistema Central where the rainfall is abundant and the winter brings a great quantity of snow.
- The basin of the Guadiana, which has principal tributaries:
- The basin of the Guadalquivir with only 1,411 km2 (545 sq mi) in Extremadura (2.45% of total).
- The basin of the Douro (Spanish: Duero) with only 35 km2 (14 sq mi) in Extremadura (0.04% of its basin).
Climate
The climate of Extremadura is hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). Extremadura generally presents average annual temperatures somewhat warmer than most of the Iberian Peninsula, featuring nonetheless a north–south gradient.[6] Annual thermal amplitude generally ranges from 16 to 19ºC.[6] Average annual precipitation stands at around 600 mm.[7] Parts of the Sistema Central presents more than 1,500 mm while it barely rains 400 mm in parts of the province of Badajoz.[7] Summers are very hot and dry, with the rain concentrated in the cold months instead, leading to a high degree of water stress during the summer months.[8]
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History
Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current day Portugal (except for the northern area today known as Norte Region) and a central western portion of the current day Spain, covered in those times today's Autonomous Community of Extremadura. Mérida (now capital of Extremadura) became the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania, and one of the most important cities in the Roman Empire.
Just like the bulk of the Iberian Peninsula, the territory was conquered by the Umayyads in the early 8th century. As part of the Emirate and later Caliphate of Córdoba, it largely constituted a territorial subdivision (kūra) of the former polities centered on Mérida. Following the collapse of the Caliphate in the early 11th century during the so-called Fitna of al-Andalus and its ensuing fragmentation into ephemeral statelets (taifas), the bulk of the territory of current day Extremadura became part of the (First) Taifa of Badajoz (Baṭalyaws), centered around the namesake city and founded by Sapur, a Ṣaqāliba previously freed by Al-Hakam II.[9]
Conversely, the kingdoms of León, Castile and Portugal (most notably the first one) made advances in the 11th and 12th centuries across the territory (with for example the successive Leonese conquests of Coria in 1079[10] and 1142,[11] the Portuguese attempts at expanding across the Guadiana basin in the second half of the 12th century,[12] or the Castilian founding of Plasencia in 1186)[13] not free from setbacks either caused by the Almoravid and Almohad impetus, which also entailed the demise of the first and second taifa of Badajoz in 1094 and 1150,[14] respectively. In the Almohad case, their 1174 offensive removed Leonese control from every fortress south of the Tagus (including Cáceres).[15] After the Almohad disaster at the 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, the remaining part of current-day Extremadura under Muslim control fell to the troops led by Alfonso IX of León—Alcántara (1214),[16] Cáceres (1227–1229),[17] Mérida (1230),[18] Badajoz (1230)[19]— and later to the military orders of Santiago and Alcántara—Trujillo (1232),[20] Medellín (1234)[21]—on behalf of Ferdinand III of Castile. The last fortresses in the Lower Extremadura were conquered by Christians by 1248.[22]
By the late Middle Ages, the territory of the current-day region consisted of mayorazgos of the military orders of Santiago and Alcántara (about half the territory), nobiliary lordships (about a quarter of the territory) and royal demesne towns (the other quarter of the territory).[23]
In between the 15th and 16th centuries, the concept of the Leonese and Castilian extremaduras diluted and the name eventually came to refer to the territory of the current-day region.[24] The territory lacked nonetheless shared government and administration institutions.[25]
In between 1570 and 1572, in the context of the deportation of Granadans that ensued with the repression of the Alpujarras revolt, the Crown forcibly relocated about 11,000 moriscos in the territory of the current-day region.[26] The distribution was somewhat chaotic although some places with an already "threatening" population of old moriscos such as Hornachos, Magacela and Benquerencia were avoided as resettlement locations for the Granadan moriscos.[27] The expulsion of the moriscos from the region began in 1609, starting with the moriscos of Hornachos, the first in the Crown of Castile.[28] By September 1610 about two thirds of the moriscos of Extremadura had been already expelled and by 1611 the number amounted to 12,776.[29] Those who avoided the early orders of expulsion abided to reports of being 'good Christians' or claimed a status as 'old moriscos'.[30] At the height of 1612, there were reports of remaining moriscos in Trujillo, Mérida and Plasencia.[31]
Located in the most able path from the Meseta Central to Portugal, the territory suffered greatly due to warfare from the 1640–1668 Portuguese Restoration War,[32] characterised not by the movement of large armies but for pillage, skirmishes, raids, and destruction of economic resources and settlements across both sides of the Raya.[33] The growing role of the fortified place of Badajoz—halfway Lisbon and Madrid—in the wake of the installment of the Captaincy General of Extremadura consolidated the clout of the military in the region.[34]
By the late 18th century, the Extremaduran countryside languished, experiencing a deep crisis.[35] There was a diminishing share of land dedicated to crops.[36] The growing cattle sector induced the creation of yet more pastures,[36] adding up to the structural problem stemmed from the extraordinary degree of concentration of land ownership.[35] By the end of the Ancien Régime, the clergy, municipal councils and the royal army mattered more than the lesser role of the entitled nobility.[34]
Railway developed in the second half of the 19th century. In September 1863, a passenger train arrived to Badajoz from Elvas, Portugal—the first train in the region and the first international service in the Iberian Peninsula—.[37][38] In 1866, the Badajoz–Ciudad Real line was completed, enabling the link with Madrid.[39] The Madrid−Valencia de Alcántara line, a new connection passing through the province of Cáceres, was fully completed in 1881.[40]
In the context of the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War, the quick advance of the Rebel faction, the so-called Columna Madrid, across the province of Badajoz in August 1936 left merciless repression and mass casualties behind.[41] In the context of the war and the immediate Post-War period, Badajoz was the Spanish province where the Francoist repression comparatively took the highest relative toll of victims: around 12,000 executions in the province (out of the 14,000 in the whole region), compared to around 1,600 victims of the Republican repression.[42]
In the mid 20th century, the Francoist dictatorship pursued a policy of colonization and agrarian reform in the region to foster the economy, transforming thousands of hectares of dryland crops into irrigated lands, also favouring the erection of 63 new settlements by the Instituto Nacional de Colonización (INC).[43] The second half of the 20th century saw a massive rural flight out of the region, both to the industrialised areas of Spain (already started in 1955) as well as to richer European countries (such as Germany, France and Switzerland), both of which notably intensified after 1961, in the wake of the 1959 Stabilization Plan (and in the second case also after bilateral agreements reached with destination countries).[44] The region henceforth was handed a demographic blow in the ensuing years, with the effective expulsion of nearly a 40% of the population, particularly young people.[45]
In the context of the development of the Spanish autonomous communities, the pre-autonomous government entity in Extremadura (the "Junta Regional de Extremadura") with jurisdiction over the provinces of Badajoz and Cáceres was created by means of a 1978 law.[46] The draft of the regional Statute of Autonomy began in 1980.[47] The text passed its final hurdle as it was enshrined as Organic Law in 1982.[46] The first election to the Assembly of Extremadura took place in May 1983.
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Government and administration
Autonomous
The Statute of Autonomy of Extremadura (enacted in 1983) is the fundamental organic law regulating the autonomous government, and it establishes the institutions through which the autonomous community exerts its powers:[48]
- Assembly of Extremadura. The following are some of the functions conferred to the legislature: exerting legislative power in the autonomous community, the promotion and control of the Junta of Extremadura, the passing of the regional budget, the designation of senators correspondent to the autonomous community or the control of the media dependent on the regional government.[48] Its members (currently 65) are directly elected through the means of proportional representation and close party lists with an electoral threshold of 5% (the most benign between the total voting percentage and the voting percentage in a particular electoral district) in two electoral districts: Badajoz and Cáceres, corresponding to the two provinces of the region.
- Junta of Extremadura. It is the collegiate body comprised by the regional president, the vice-president and the ministers (consejeros) exerting the executive and administrative functions of the regional government.[48]
- President of the Junta of Extremadura. The officeholder is charged with directing and coordinating the action of the Junta of Extremadura, being the highest representative of Extremadura while also holding the ordinary representation of the State in the region. The regional president is elected by the legislature from among its members, needing to command an absolute majority of votes in the first round of investiture or a simple majority of positive votes in successive rounds. The president personally selects the ministers of the Junta.[48]
Provincial
The government body for each of the provinces is the deputation (diputación): the Provincial Deputation of Badajoz and the Provincial Deputation of Cáceres. The members of the plenary of the deputation are indirectly elected from among the municipal councillors based on the results of the municipal elections. In turn, the plenary elects the president of the deputation from among its members.
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Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 20.0 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 20,100 euros or 67% of the EU27 average in the same year. Extremadura was the community with the second lowest GDP per capita in Spain before Melilla.[49]
Export goods (mostly consisting of food and semimanufactures) are primarily sent to the European market, but there has been a growing share of non-EU export destinations throughout the 2010s.[50] Balance of trade is generally positive.[50]
The unemployment rate stood at 26.2% in 2017 and was one of the highest in the European Union.[51]
Agriculture
Wild Black Iberian pigs roam in the area and consume acorns from oak groves. These pigs are caught and used for the cured ham dish jamón ibérico. The higher the percentage of acorns eaten by the pigs, the more valuable the ham. For example, jamón ibérico from pigs whose diet consists of 90% acorns or more can be sold for more than twice as much as ham whose pigs ate on average less than 70% acorns. In the US, jamón ibérico directly from Extremadura, with bone, was illegal until around 2005. At that time, enough US restaurants were in demand for the delicacy that Spain decided to export it as boneless, which the US Department of Agriculture's health codes would approve (and continue to do).
85 Extremaduran municipalities constitute the jurisdiction of the "Dehesa de Extremadura" Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), which protects jamones and paletas (hind and front pig legs) originated from Iberian pigs and mixed Iberian/Duroc-Jersey pigs.[52]
As of 2021, Extremadura produces about 98% of the tobacco produced in Spain, also being the leading European producing region.[53] Tobacco production concentrates in La Vera and Campo Arañuelo.[53]
Tomato production (2,122,000 tonnes in 2017) primarily concentrates in the riverbanks of the Guadiana and the Alagón-Árrago.[54]
A large part of the region falls within the scope of the Ribera del Guadiana PDO, which is further divided in the Ribera Alta, Tierra de Barros, Matanegra, Ribera Baja, Montánchez, and Cañamero wine subregions.[55] The PDO protects the wines made of several varieties of black and white grapes..[56]
As of 2021, Extremadura is the second largest rice producing region in Spain, after Andalusia.[57] However, due to drought and high water demands from rice fields, non-irrigated rice fields have been favoured since the late 2010s.[58][57] Together with Murcia, Extremadura is a major producer of paprika, primarily destined to the Spanish market.[59] Peppers are grown in the "Pimentón de la Vera" PDO, consisting of the comarcas of La Vera, Campo Arañuelo, Valle del Ambroz and Valle del Alagón.[59] The PDO produced 3,860 tonnes in 2020.[59]
Energy
About half the value of the regional industrial production belongs to the energy sector.[60] Extremadura presents a huge energy surplus, producing about four times the energy it consumes.[60] This situation has led to the characterization of Extremadura as a potential "colony" of the private electricity companies, which are not taxed in the region and employ a relatively low share of the industrial workforce.[60] The Tagus is dammed in the reservoirs of Alcántara, Torrejón and Valdecañas whereas the Guadiana is dammed in the reservoirs of Cíjara, Puerto Peña, Orellana and Zújar.[61] Due to the orographic conditions, the Tagus is better suited for hydroelectric use than the Guadiana.[61] As of 2021, the region has around 2,193.84 MW of installed hydroelectric power, primarily controlled by Endesa and Iberdrola, with a lesser role of Grupo Pitarch.[60]
The two reactors of the Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant (which were put in operation in 1981 and 1983, respectively) are jointly operated by Endesa, Iberdrola and Naturgy.[60] They generate a power of 1,048.43 MW and 1,044.45 MW.[62]
The region is at the forefront of Spain's plans for energy transition and a decarbonisation, thanks to the installation of large solar power plants and the granting of lithium mining licenses.[63] However, such prospects have sparked criticism and concern regarding how to avoid a "third energy colonisation" after those of the construction of reservoirs for hydroelectric use and the building of nuclear power plants.[63] Two of the largest photovoltaic power plants in Europe are located in the region: Francisco Pizarro (590 MW) in Torrecillas de la Tiesa and Núñez de Balboa (500 MW) in Usagre; both are operated by Iberdrola, which is developing another 6 photovoltaic plants collectively amounting to 1,300 MW.[62] The first solar thermal power plant in the region, Alvarado I, (50 MW) opened in 2009.[64]
A project to build a lithium-ion battery factory participated by Envision in Navalmoral de la Mata was announced in June 2022.[65]
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Population
As of January 1, 2012, the population of Extremadura is 1,109,367 inhabitants, representing 2.36% of the Spanish population (46,745,807).
The population density is very low—25/km2 (65/sq mi)—compared to Spain as a whole.
The urban network is dominated by three municipalities between 50,000 and 200,000 inhabitants (Badajoz, Cáceres and Mérida), followed by Plasencia, the Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena conurbation and Almendralejo.[50] Other municipalities with a population above 10,000 inhabitants include Zafra, Montijo, Villafranca de los Barros, Navalmoral de la Mata and Coria.[50]
The most populous province is that of Badajoz, with a population of 691,715 and a population density of 31.78/km2 (82.3/sq mi). With an area of 21,766 km2 (8,404 sq mi), it is the largest province in Spain. 413,766 people live in the province of Cáceres at a density of 20.83/km2 (53.9/sq mi), having an area of 19,868 km2 (7,671 sq mi), making it the largest province in Spain after Badajoz.
| Rank | Province | Pop. | Rank | Province | Pop. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Badajoz .jpg){kind=small} Cáceres |
1 | Badajoz | Badajoz | 150,984 | 11 | Villafranca de los Barros | Badajoz | 12,673 | .jpg) Mérida  Plasencia |
| 2 | Cáceres | Cáceres | 96,255 | 12 | Coria | Cáceres | 12,366 | ||
| 3 | Mérida | Badajoz | 59,548 | 13 | Olivenza | Badajoz | 11,912 | ||
| 4 | Plasencia | Cáceres | 39,860 | 14 | Miajadas | Cáceres | 9,527 | ||
| 5 | Don Benito | Badajoz | 37,284 | 15 | Jerez de los Caballeros | Badajoz | 9,196 | ||
| 6 | Almendralejo | Badajoz | 33,855 | 16 | Trujillo | Cáceres | 8,912 | ||
| 7 | Villanueva de la Serena | Badajoz | 25,752 | 17 | Los Santos de Maimona | Badajoz | 8,075 | ||
| 8 | Navalmoral de la Mata | Cáceres | 17,163 | 18 | Azuaga | Badajoz | 7,747 | ||
| 9 | Zafra | Badajoz | 16,810 | 19 | Talayuela | Cáceres | 7,395 | ||
| 10 | Montijo | Badajoz | 15,504 | 20 | Guareña | Badajoz | 6,888 | ||
Foreign population
As of 2020, overall foreign population growth stood at 319% year over year, and the largest foreign community is that of Romanian nationals with 8,173 people, followed by Moroccans with 7,400. Brazilians account for 3,188, Chinese for 1,655 and Colombians make up 1,409. There are 23 Liechtensteiners, 1723 Dutch nationals, and 147 Senegalese. There are also 3,188 Portuguese people living within the region. The region had a foreign population of 34,667.[67]
Historical development
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1877 | 739,403 | — |
| 1887 | 821,301 | +11.1% |
| 1900 | 882,410 | +7.4% |
| 1910 | 991,355 | +12.3% |
| 1920 | 1,064,318 | +7.4% |
| 1930 | 1,153,145 | +8.3% |
| 1940 | 1,258,055 | +9.1% |
| 1950 | 1,366,780 | +8.6% |
| 1960 | 1,406,329 | +2.9% |
| 1970 | 1,169,396 | −16.8% |
| 1981 | 1,064,976 | −8.9% |
| 1991 | 1,061,852 | −0.3% |
| 2001 | 1,058,503 | −0.3% |
| 2011 | 1,104,499 | +4.3% |
| 2021 | 1,061,636 | −3.9% |
| Source: INE | ||
The Extremaduran population, according to the 1591 census of the provinces of the Kingdom of Castile, was around 540,000 people, making up 8% of the total population of Spain. No other census was performed until 1717, when 326,358 people were counted as living in Extremadura.
From this period, the population grew steadily until the 1960s (1,379,072 people in 1960[68]). After 1960, emigration to more prosperous regions of Spain and Europe drained the population.
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Administrative divisions
Extremadura is divided into 383 municipalities, 164 are part of the Province of Badajoz and the other 219 are part of the Province of Cáceres.
There are also traditional comarcas in Extremadura, like Las Villuercas and Las Hurdes, but these do not have much official recognition.
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Languages
The only official language is Spanish (whose local dialects are collectively called Castúo), but other languages and dialects are also spoken. The Fala, a Galician-Portuguese language, is a specially protected language and is spoken in the valley of Jálama. The Extremaduran language, the collective name for a group of vernacular dialects related to Leonese[69] is endangered. Local variants of Portuguese are native to Cedillo and Herrera de Alcántara.[70] Portuguese has also been accounted to be spoken as well by some people (mainly those born before the 1940s[71]) in Olivenza.
Reported phonological distinctive features of the Spanish dialectal variants spoken in the region include instances of seseo (in some areas of the province of Badajoz), loss of intervocalic /d/, j and word-initial h aspiration, r → l substitution, and yeísmo.[72]
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Sports
- In football:
- Extremadura UD
- Extremadura Femenino CF, also known as CF Puebla Extremadura, the women's team
- CF Extremadura, founded in 1924 but folded in 2010
- AD Mérida
- CD Badajoz
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Source: "Extremadura", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 19th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura.
Further Reading
Badajoz
Province of Badajoz
Olivenza
Extremaduran language
Tierra de Badajoz
Extremaduran cuisine
Jesús Delgado Valhondo
Dolmen del prado de Lácara
Sierra de San Pedro
2015 Extremaduran regional election
1983 Extremaduran regional election
Extremaduran Popular Bloc
Medal of Extremadura
Madrid−Valencia de Alcántara railway
Gévora (river)
History of Plasencia
References
- Citations
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- ^ a b Ley 4/1985, de 3 de junio, del Escudo, Himno y Día de Extremadura (in Spanish)
- ^ Ongil Valentín & Sauceda Pizarro 1986, p. 155.
- ^ "Gredos, el techo de Extremadura". El Periódico Extremadura. 27 April 2003.
- ^ Pico la Villuerca Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Pulido et al. 2007, p. 103.
- ^ a b Pulido et al. 2007, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Pulido et al. 2007, pp. 104.
- ^ Domené Sánchez 2009, p. 102.
- ^ García Fitz 2002, p. 47.
- ^ Clemente Ramos & Montaña Conchiña 2000, p. 14.
- ^ Clemente Ramos & Montaña Conchiña 2000, p. 18.
- ^ Clemente Ramos & Montaña Conchiña 2000, p. 20.
- ^ Domené Sánchez 2009, p. 103.
- ^ Clemente Ramos & Montaña Conchiña 2000, p. 19.
- ^ Villarroel Escalante 2008, p. 1257.
- ^ Bullón de Mendoza 2001, p. 46.
- ^ Porrinas González 2018, p. 651.
- ^ Domené Sánchez 2009, p. 101.
- ^ Pino García 1985, p. 381.
- ^ Díaz Gil 2010, p. 211.
- ^ Clemente Ramos & Montaña Conchiña 2000, p. 27.
- ^ Ladero Quesada 1992, p. 238.
- ^ Ladero Quesada 1992, p. 230.
- ^ Ladero Quesada 1992, p. 239.
- ^ Hernández Bermejo, Sánchez Rubio & Testón Núñez 1995, p. 89.
- ^ Hernández Bermejo, Sánchez Rubio & Testón Núñez 1995, p. 93.
- ^ Hernández Bermejo, Sánchez Rubio & Testón Núñez 1995, p. 114.
- ^ Hernández Bermejo, Sánchez Rubio & Testón Núñez 1995, p. 117.
- ^ Hernández Bermejo, Sánchez Rubio & Testón Núñez 1995, p. 116.
- ^ Hernández Bermejo, Sánchez Rubio & Testón Núñez 1995, pp. 117–118.
- ^ García Barriga 2008, p. 31.
- ^ García Barriga 2008, p. 33.
- ^ a b Naranjo Sanguino, Roso Díaz & Ruiz Rodríguez 2013, p. 25.
- ^ a b García Pérez & Sánchez Marroyo 1984, p. 213.
- ^ a b García Pérez & Sánchez Marroyo 1984, p. 214.
- ^ Alonso de la Torre, J.R. (6 July 2020). "La frontera de los récords". Hoy.
- ^ Blanch Sánchez 2013, p. 446.
- ^ Blanch Sánchez 2013, pp. 448–449.
- ^ Blanch Sánchez 2013, pp. 453.
- ^ Chaves Palacios 2007, pp. 205–206.
- ^ Chaves Palacios 2007, p. 205.
- ^ Abujeta, Esther. "Los pueblos de colonización de Extremadura. Evolución y estado, medio siglo después de su construcción" (PDF): 71.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Cayetano Rosado 2007, pp. 1290, 1309.
- ^ Cayetano Rosado 2007, p. 1309.
- ^ a b Chaves Palacios 2002, p. 545.
- ^ Chaves Palacios 2002, p. 544.
- ^ a b c d Jefatura del Estado: "Ley 1/1983, de 25 de febrero, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Extremadura" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (49): 5580–5586. 26 February 1983. ISSN 0212-033X.
- ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
- ^ a b c d "La economía de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura: diagnóstico estratégico" (PDF). Caixabank. 2019. p. 19; 42–44.
- ^ "Regional Unemployment by NUTS2 Region". Eurostat.
- ^ "85 municipios en la D.O. Dehesa de extremadura". Hoy. 31 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Un eslabón imprescindible: Extremadura produce el 98% del tabaco que se cultiva en España". El Economista. 4 September 2021.
- ^ Vinagre, Celestino J. (11 March 2018). "Extremadura logra su mejor campaña de tomate al crecer un 13% en 2017". Hoy.
- ^ Piñero Chacón 1999, pp. 201–202.
- ^ Piñero Chacón 1999, p. 202.
- ^ a b "El sector del arroz en España teme por su futuro pese a los buenos precios". EfeAgro. EFE. 11 May 2021.
- ^ "La sequía meteorológica pasa factura al algodón y los herbáceos del suroeste". EFE. 12 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Marqués Ávila, Ángel (29 April 2021). "El pimentón, algo muy español". qcom.
- ^ a b c d e Viera, Juan (14 April 2021). "La colonización eléctrica de Extremadura". El Salto.
- ^ a b Mateos Dávila & Hernández González 1983, p. 71.
- ^ a b J.L.A. (18 March 2021). "Extremadura, una "colonia" eléctrica: produce mucha energía que no deja ni trabajo, ni riqueza". eldiario.es.
- ^ a b Planelles, Manuel; Fariza, Ignacio (30 May 2021). "Extremadura, la pila verde de España". El País.
- ^ "La primera termosolar de la región funciona en Alvarado con 50 megavatios de potencia". La Crónica de Badajoz. El Periódico Extremadura. 28 July 2009.
- ^ "Ya es oficial: habrá gigafactoría de baterías de litio en Navalmoral de la Mata". 3 June 2022.
- ^ "Datos del Registro de Entidades Locales". Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año". INE. 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ INE. Censo 1960. Tomo III. Volúmenes provinciales.
- ^ Unesco.es
- ^ Maria da Conceição Vilhena. Hablas de Herrera y Cedillo.
- ^ Manuel J. Sánchez Fernández: “Apuntes para la descripción del español hablado en Olivenza”, Revista de Extremadura, 23, 1997, page 110
- ^ González Salgado 2014, p. 1157.
- Bibliography
- Blanch Sánchez, Antonio (2013). "La llegada del ferrocarril a Extremadura: una época de especulación y corrupción" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Extremeños. 69 (1): 437–460. ISSN 0210-2854.
- Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso (2001). "Las Órdenes Militares en la Reconquista de Extremadura" (pdf). Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar (15): 39–52. ISSN 0214-8765.
- Cayetano Rosado, Moisés (2007). "Emigración extremeña durante el desarrollismo español (1961-1975)" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Extremeños. 63 (3): 1275–1310. ISSN 0210-2854.
- Chaves Palacios, Julián (2002). "Desarrollo democrático. Extremadura y su estatuto autonómico (1977-1983)" (PDF). Actas del III Simposio de Historia Actual: Logroño, 26-28 de octubre de 2000. Vol. 2. pp. 531–548. ISBN 84-95747-23-5.
- Chaves Palacios, Julián (2007). "La represión en la guerra civil: últimas aportaciones bibliográficas y movimientos sociales por la memoria" (PDF). Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea. San Vicente del Raspeig: Universidad de Alicante (6): 191–211. doi:10.14198/PASADO2007.6.11.
- Clemente Ramos, Clemente; Montaña Conchiña, Juan Luis de la (2000). "Repoblación y ocupación del espacio en Extremadura (1142-c. 1350)". Actas de las I Jornadas de Historia Medieval de Extremadura. Cáceres. pp. 11–38.
- Díaz Gil, Fernando (2010). "La orden de Alcántara y La Serena (1234-1259)". Studia historica. Historia medieval (28): 207–215. ISSN 0213-2060. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2014-10-10.
- Domené Sánchez, Domingo (2009). "Fueros y privilegios del Badajoz medieval" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Extremeños. LXV (1): 101–142. ISSN 0210-2854.
- García Barriga, Felicísimo (2008). "Sociedad y conflicto bélico en la Edad Moderna: Extremadura ante la guerra con Portugal, 1640-1668" (PDF). Norbes. Revista de Historia. 27: 29–47. ISSN 0213-375X.
- García Fitz, Francisco (2002). Relaciones políticas y guerra: la experiencia castellano-leonesa frente al Islam, siglos XI-XIII. Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 8447207080.
- García Pérez, Juan; Sánchez Marroyo, Fernando (1984). "Extremadura a fines del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX: conflictos campesinos, crisis agrarias y crisis de subsistencias y agobios fiscales" (PDF). Norba. Revista de Historia (5): 213–233. ISSN 0213-375X.
- González Salgado, José Antonio (2014). "La dialectología en la Revista de Estudios Extremeños (1927-2013)" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Extremeños. 70 (2): 1153–1194.
- Hernández Bermejo, Mª Ángeles; Sánchez Rubio, Rocío; Testón Núñez, Isabel (1995). "Los moriscos en Extremadura 1570-1613". Studia Historica. Historia Moderna. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 13: 89–118. ISSN 0213-2079.
- Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel (1992). "Las regiones históricas y su articulación política en la Corona de Castilla durante la Baja Edad Media". En la España medieval. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense. 15 (15): 213–248. ISSN 0214-3038.
- Mateos Dávila, Juan Luis; Hernández González, Juan Manuel (1983). "La energía en Extremadura". Revista de Estudios Económicos y Empresariales. 3: 65–96. ISSN 0212-7237.
- Naranjo Sanguino, Miguel Ángel; Roso Díaz, Manuel; Ruiz Rodríguez, Juan Ángel (2013). "La propiedad de la tierra en la Extremadura del siglo XIX: Estado de la cuestión" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Extremeños. 69 (1): 23–94.
- Ongil Valentín, María Isabel; Sauceda Pizarro, María Isabel (1986). "Vías naturales de comunicación y asentamiento en el Sur de la provincia de Cáceres durante la prehistoria" (PDF). Norba: Revista de historia (7): 155. ISSN 0213-375X.
- Pino García, José Luis del (1985). "Génesis y evolución de las ciudades realengas y señoriales en la Extremadura medieval" (PDF). En la España Medieval (6): 379–402. ISSN 0214-3038. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Piñero Chacón, Yolanda (1999). "La denominación de origen de vinos "Ribera del Guadiana"" (PDF). La agricultura y ganadería extremeñas. Caja de Ahorros de Badajoz. pp. 199–225.
- Porrinas González, David (2018). "La conquista cristiana de Mérida en 1230 Contextos, textos y protagonistas". In López Díaz, Juan Carlos; Jiménez Ávila, Javier; Palma García, Félix (eds.). Historia de Mérida. Vol. I. Mérida: Consorcio de la Ciudad Monumental Histórico-Artística y Arqueológica de Mérida. pp. 649–688. ISBN 978-84-09-06775-6.
- Pulido, Fernando; Sanz, Rubén; Abel, Daniel; Ezquerra, Francisco Javier; Gil, Alberto; González, Guillermo; Hernández, Ana; Moreno, Gerardo; Pérez, Juan José; Vázquez, Francisco (2007). "Síntesis de la distribución actual". Los bosques de Extremadura (PDF). Consejería de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Medio Ambiente y Energía. Junta de Extremadura. ISBN 978-84-8107-064-4.
- Villarroel Escalante, Juan J. (2008). "La fortaleza de Alcántara: El tesoro ignorado" (PDF). Revista de Estudios Extremeños. 64 (3): 1251–1302. ISSN 0210-2854.
External links
- Extremadura, Spain - Google Maps
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 801–802.
- Spanish regions: Extremadura traditional clothing
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