Get Our Extension
Select Wikiz in another Language
DeutschEspañolFrançaisItaliano
Settings
A
A
Text Highlights
Notes/Citations
Edit on Wikipedia

Share This Article

About Wikiz About Us Cookies Policy Terms & Services Privacy Policy Contact Contact us Enjoying Wikipedia Content? DONATE TO WIKIPEDIA
Enjoying Wikipedia Content? DONATE TO WIKIPEDIA

Dumbo, Brooklyn

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Dumbo
Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass
Neighborhood of Brooklyn
View of Dumbo from One World Trade Center in 2016, framed by the Brooklyn Bridge (bottom right) and Manhattan Bridge (center left)
View of Dumbo from One World Trade Center in 2016, framed by the Brooklyn Bridge (bottom right) and Manhattan Bridge (center left)
Map
Location in New York City
Dumbo is located in New York City
Dumbo
Dumbo
Location
Dumbo is located in New York
Dumbo
Dumbo
Dumbo (New York)
Dumbo is located in the United States
Dumbo
Dumbo
Dumbo (the United States)
Coordinates: 40°42′11″N 73°59′24″W / 40.703°N 73.990°W / 40.703; -73.990Coordinates: 40°42′11″N 73°59′24″W / 40.703°N 73.990°W / 40.703; -73.990
Country United States
State New York
City New York City
Borough Brooklyn
Area
 • Total0.050 sq mi (0.13 km2)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total1,139
 • Density23,000/sq mi (8,800/km2)
ZIP Codes
11201
Area code(s)718, 347, 929, and 917
DUMBO Industrial District
Plymouth Street 2008 jeh.jpg
Plymouth Street, DUMBO Industrial District, March 2008
Dumbo, Brooklyn is located in New York City
Dumbo, Brooklyn
Dumbo, Brooklyn is located in New York
Dumbo, Brooklyn
Dumbo, Brooklyn is located in the United States
Dumbo, Brooklyn
LocationRoughly bounded by Main and Washington Sts, East River, John St., Bridge and Jay Sts., and Front and York Sts., Brooklyn, New York
Coordinates40°42′11″N 73°59′17″W / 40.70306°N 73.98806°W / 40.70306; -73.98806
Area48 acres (19 ha)
Built1883
Architectmultiple
Architectural styleGreek Revival, Italianate, et al.
NRHP reference No.00001151[1]
Added to NRHPSeptember 22, 2000
"DUMBO" redirects here. For other uses, see Dumbo (disambiguation).

Dumbo (or DUMBO,[2][3] short for Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass) is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The area known as Dumbo used to be known as Gairville.[4] It encompasses two sections: one located between the Manhattan and Brooklyn Bridges, which connect Brooklyn to Manhattan across the East River, and another that continues east from the Manhattan Bridge to the Vinegar Hill area. The neighborhood is bounded by Brooklyn Bridge Park to the north, the Brooklyn Bridge to the west, Brooklyn Heights to the south and Vinegar Hill to the east. Dumbo is part of Brooklyn Community Board 2.

The area was originally a ferry landing, characterized by 19th- and early 20th-century industrial and warehouse buildings, Belgian block streets, and its location on the East River by the imposing anchorage of the Manhattan Bridge. The entirety of Dumbo was bought by developer David Walentas and his company Two Trees Management in the late 20th century, and remade into an upscale residential and commercial community—first becoming a haven for art galleries, and currently a center for technology startups.

The large community of tech startups earned Dumbo the nickname of "the center of the Brooklyn Tech Triangle". In that time, Dumbo had become Brooklyn's most expensive neighborhood, as well as New York City's fourth-richest community overall; this is owing in part to its large concentration of technology startups, its close proximity to Manhattan, and its large number of former industrial buildings that have been converted into spacious luxury residential lofts.[5] The neighborhood is the corporate headquarters for e-commerce retailer Etsy and home furnishing stores company West Elm.

Discover more about Dumbo, Brooklyn related topics

Brooklyn

Brooklyn

Brooklyn is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, behind New York County (Manhattan). Brooklyn is also New York City's most populous borough, with 2,736,074 residents in 2020.

Manhattan Bridge

Manhattan Bridge

The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan at Canal Street with Downtown Brooklyn at the Flatbush Avenue Extension. The main span is 1,480 ft (451 m) long, with the suspension cables being 3,224 ft (983 m) long. The bridge's total length is 6,855 ft (2,089 m). It is one of four toll-free vehicular bridges connecting Manhattan Island to Long Island; the nearby Brooklyn Bridge is just slightly further downtown, while the Queensboro and Williamsburg bridges are to the north.

Brooklyn Bridge

Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River. It was also the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time of its opening, with a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m) and a deck 127 ft (38.7 m) above mean high water. The span was originally called the New York and Brooklyn Bridge or the East River Bridge but was officially renamed the Brooklyn Bridge in 1915.

Manhattan

Manhattan

Manhattan is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Located near the southern tip of New York State, Manhattan is based in the Eastern Time Zone and constitutes both the geographical and demographic center of the Northeast megalopolis and the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. Over 58 million people live within 250 miles of Manhattan, which serves as New York City’s economic and administrative center, cultural identifier, and the city’s historical birthplace. Residents of the outer boroughs of New York City often refer to Manhattan as "the city". Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world, and hosts the United Nations headquarters. Manhattan also serves as the headquarters of the global art market, with numerous art galleries and auction houses collectively hosting half of the world’s art auctions.

East River

East River

The East River is a saltwater tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, also on Long Island.

Brooklyn Bridge Park

Brooklyn Bridge Park

Brooklyn Bridge Park is an 85-acre (34 ha) park on the Brooklyn side of the East River in New York City. Designed by landscape architecture firm Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, the park is located on a 1.3-mile (2.1 km) plot of land from Atlantic Avenue in the south, under the Brooklyn Heights Promenade and past the Brooklyn Bridge, to Jay Street north of the Manhattan Bridge. From north to south, the park includes the preexisting Empire–Fulton Ferry and Main Street Parks; the historic Fulton Ferry Landing; and Piers 1–6, which contain various playgrounds and residential developments. The park also includes Empire Stores and the Tobacco Warehouse, two 19th-century structures, and is a part of the Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway, a series of parks and bike paths around Brooklyn.

Brooklyn Heights

Brooklyn Heights

Brooklyn Heights is a residential neighborhood within the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Old Fulton Street near the Brooklyn Bridge on the north, Cadman Plaza West on the east, Atlantic Avenue on the south, and the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway or the East River on the west. Adjacent neighborhoods are Dumbo to the north, Downtown Brooklyn to the east, and Cobble Hill and Boerum Hill to the south.

Brooklyn Community Board 2

Brooklyn Community Board 2

Brooklyn Community Board 2 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Downtown Brooklyn, Brooklyn Heights, DUMBO, Vinegar Hill, Fulton Mall, Boerum Hill, Fort Greene, Brooklyn Navy Yard, Fulton Ferry, and Clinton Hill. It is delimited by the East River on the west and the north, by Kent and Classon Avenues on the east, and by Atlantic Avenue, Pacific Street, Fourth Avenue, Warren, and Court Streets on the south.

Ferry

Ferry

A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi.

David Walentas

David Walentas

David Walentas is an American billionaire real estate developer.

Art museum

Art museum

An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, usually from the museum's own collection. It might be in public or private ownership and may be accessible to all or have restrictions in place. Although primarily concerned with visual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and artistic activities, such as lectures, performance arts, music concerts, or poetry readings. Art museums also frequently host themed temporary exhibitions, which often include items on loan from other collections.

Etsy

Etsy

Etsy, Inc. is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies. These items fall under a wide range of categories, including jewelry, bags, clothing, home décor and furniture, toys, art, as well as craft supplies and tools. Items described as vintage must be at least 20 years old. The site follows in the tradition of open craft fairs, giving sellers personal storefronts where they list their goods for a fee of US$0.20 per item.

History

A street fair under the Manhattan Bridge overpass in July 2017
A street fair under the Manhattan Bridge overpass in July 2017
The Manhattan Bridge, framing the Empire State Building beneath, as seen from Washington Street
The Manhattan Bridge, framing the Empire State Building beneath, as seen from Washington Street

The name is an acronym of "Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass". The area has been known variously as Rapailie, Olympia, and Walentasville;[6] the developer who began its current gentrification is Two Trees Management, led at the time by David Walentas.[4] The "Olympia" name came from Comfort and Joshua Sands, who bought the land in 1787[7] and were planning to develop the land as a summer place for New Yorkers.[8] Through the 18th and 19th centuries, the area now known as Dumbo was considered part of Vinegar Hill.[9]

In the 1890s, the western portion of the neighborhood was known as Fulton Landing, after the ferry stop that connected it to Manhattan before the Brooklyn Bridge opened. At that time, it was primarily a manufacturing district, with warehouses and factories that made machinery, paper boxes, spices and Brillo soap pads. The cardboard box was invented in the Robert Gair building on Washington Street by Robert Gair, a Scottish emigrant; because of Gair's fame, the area was known as Gairsville for a long time.[6] The Gair building is now home to Etsy.[10]

The Jay Street Connecting Railroad ran through Dumbo's waterfront from circa 1904–1906 through 1957. It ran from rail yards beneath the Manhattan and Brooklyn Bridges to buildings near the waterfront in Dumbo and Vinegar Hill. At the height of operations, it had spurs into several buildings, a car float bridge on Bridge Street, and a yard with capacity of 120 cars.[11][12] The tracks were abandoned in 1959,[13] though the railroad's tracks are still visible on streets in Dumbo.[12]

John Street Park in DUMBO Brooklyn
John Street Park in DUMBO Brooklyn

With the deindustrialization of New York City, Dumbo began to become primarily residential; artists and other young homesteaders seeking relatively large and inexpensive loft apartment spaces for studios and homes began moving there in the late 1970s.[3] The acronym "Dumbo" arose in 1978, when new residents coined it in the belief such an unattractive name would help deter developers.[3]

Near the end of the 20th century, as property became more and more expensive in Manhattan, Dumbo became increasingly gentrified. Even so, the acronym 'Dumbo' was largely unknown as late as 1997, and the area itself was very inclusive, serving mainly as an enclave for artists located along the East River and under the Manhattan Bridge. At this stage there were still many air conditioner repair shops, auto shops, and "seedy back alleys and wharves"; and, because the neighborhood was still gentrifying from its industrial past, it lacked even a bookstore, coffee shop, or laundromat.[14] The efforts of Joy Glidden, the Founding Director of the Dumbo Arts Center (DAC) and co-founder of the Dumbo Art Under the Bridge Festival, achieved successful development in Dumbo, which is now a model for similar waterfront developments around the world.[15] Glidden stated of Dumbo's gentrification, "It may be one of the last of what could be considered a true arts community in New York."[14]

The DUMBO Historic District, a historic industrial complex and national historic district in Dumbo, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.[1] It consists of 95 contributing buildings; the manufacturing concerns located in this district included Benjamin Moore & Co. (paint), Arbuckle Brothers (coffee and sugar), J.W. Masury & Son (paint), Robert Gair (paper boxes), E.W. Bliss (machinery), and Brillo (soap pads). The district includes the earliest large-scale reinforced concrete factory buildings in America.[16] On December 18, 2007, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted unanimously to designate Dumbo as the city's 90th historic district. The Dumbo historic district consists of properties bound by John Street to the north, York Street to the south, Main Street to the west, and Bridge Street to the east.[17]

Discover more about History related topics

Manhattan Bridge

Manhattan Bridge

The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan at Canal Street with Downtown Brooklyn at the Flatbush Avenue Extension. The main span is 1,480 ft (451 m) long, with the suspension cables being 3,224 ft (983 m) long. The bridge's total length is 6,855 ft (2,089 m). It is one of four toll-free vehicular bridges connecting Manhattan Island to Long Island; the nearby Brooklyn Bridge is just slightly further downtown, while the Queensboro and Williamsburg bridges are to the north.

Empire State Building

Empire State Building

The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the state of New York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including its antenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the first tower of the World Trade Center was topped out in 1970; following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Empire State Building was New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012. As of 2022, the building is the seventh-tallest building in New York City, the ninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, the 54th-tallest in the world, and the sixth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas.

Acronym

Acronym

An acronym is a word or name consisting of parts of the full name's words. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in NATO, but sometimes use syllables, as in Benelux, NAPOCOR, and TRANSCO. They can also be a mixture, as in radar and MIDAS.

Comfort Sands

Comfort Sands

Comfort Sands was an American merchant, banker and politician.

Joshua Sands (politician)

Joshua Sands (politician)

Joshua Sands was an American merchant and politician. He was a U.S. Representative from New York.

Ferry

Ferry

A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi.

Brooklyn Bridge

Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River. It was also the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time of its opening, with a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m) and a deck 127 ft (38.7 m) above mean high water. The span was originally called the New York and Brooklyn Bridge or the East River Bridge but was officially renamed the Brooklyn Bridge in 1915.

Cardboard box

Cardboard box

Cardboard boxes are industrially prefabricated boxes, primarily used for packaging goods and materials. Specialists in industry seldom use the term cardboard because it does not denote a specific material. The term cardboard may refer to a variety of heavy paper-like materials, including card stock, corrugated fiberboard, and paperboard. Cardboard boxes can be readily recycled.

Etsy

Etsy

Etsy, Inc. is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies. These items fall under a wide range of categories, including jewelry, bags, clothing, home décor and furniture, toys, art, as well as craft supplies and tools. Items described as vintage must be at least 20 years old. The site follows in the tradition of open craft fairs, giving sellers personal storefronts where they list their goods for a fee of US$0.20 per item.

Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization is a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

Gentrification

Gentrification

Gentrification is the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses. It is a common and controversial topic in urban politics and planning. Gentrification often increases the economic value of a neighborhood, but the resulting demographic displacement may itself become a major social issue. Gentrification often sees a shift in a neighborhood's racial or ethnic composition and average household income as housing and businesses become more expensive and resources that had not been previously accessible are extended and improved.

East River

East River

The East River is a saltwater tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, also on Long Island.

Land use

Art, business, and leisure

The area has emerged as one of New York City's premier arts districts, with a cluster of for-profit art galleries such as the Klompching Gallery, and such not-for-profit institutions as the St. Ann's Warehouse and the A.I.R. Gallery.

Chef Jacques Torres opened a chocolate factory in Dumbo in December 2000.[18] Other culinary businesses in the area include Grimaldi's,[19] Ample Hills Creamery,[20] Almondine Bakery,[21] and the River Café,[22] all clustered in Fulton Landing, also home to Bargemusic, a floating venue for classical music.[23] John Fluevog, a Canadian shoe designer, opened a store on Main Street in November 2017. Celebrity fans of his art-deco inspired shoes include Kit Harington, Woody Harrelson, and Beyoncé.[24]

The first public space in the neighborhood was Fulton Ferry,[25] followed by Empire-Fulton Ferry State Park.[26][27] The first six acres of Brooklyn Bridge Park, a joint state/city venture under development, were opened in March 2010.[28] The Cliffs at DUMBO is a 7,800 square foot outdoor climbing gym located in the Main Street section of Brooklyn Bridge Park, and is the largest outdoor bouldering gym in North America.[29][30]

John Fluevog store display in DUMBO
John Fluevog store display in DUMBO

The building at 200 Water Street, which the Brillo Manufacturing Co. once occupied, is being renovated as a high-end condo building.[31]

The DUMBO Archway is a popular location for film shoots, art exhibitions, live music, large-scale events, and watch parties for events like the World Cup.[32][33] The trailer for Joker, the 2019 film by Todd Phillips, features actor Joaquin Phoenix as the Joker running through the archway.[34] The Archway also hosts the Brooklyn Flea every Sunday from April to October.[35] The outdoor market features 80 vendors, and the products range from secondhand goods to custom-made jewelry.

Gleason's Gym, located on Water Street, is the oldest boxing gym in New York. Many champions have trained there, including Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson.[36][37] The gym has been located in DUMBO since the 1980s. It moved from 77 Front Street to its current location at 130 Water Street in 2016.[38] The legendary boxing coach Hector Roca still teaches at the Water Street location. In addition to boxing champions, Roca has trained many actors, including Wesley Snipes, Hilary Swank, Jennifer Lopez, and John Leguizamo.[39]

The renovation of Empire Stores on Water Street was completed in 2017. Previously, it had been a Civil War era coffee warehouse.[40] It was converted to mixed-use retail and office space, and it includes West Elm's global flagship store.[41] Other retailers in Empire Stores include Detroit-based watchmaker Shinola and the café and accessories store, FEED Projects. In May 2017, the Brooklyn Historical Society (BHS) opened a new branch in Empire Stores (its main location is in Brooklyn Heights). BHS features exhibits and artifacts relating to DUMBO's industrial past.[42] In May 2019, Time Out Market opened in Empire Stores. The food hall features 21 local vendors, including the Breads Bakery[43] and DUMBO's renowned pizzeria, Juliana's.[44][45]

  • Women's World Cup screening in DUMBO 2019 (USA vs. France)

    Women's World Cup screening in DUMBO 2019 (USA vs. France)

  • Empire Stores lobby (FEED store on the left)

    Empire Stores lobby (FEED store on the left)

  • Vendor display under the DUMBO Archway at Brooklyn Flea

    Vendor display under the DUMBO Archway at Brooklyn Flea

  • DUMBO Archway 10th Anniversary Celebration

    DUMBO Archway 10th Anniversary Celebration

  • Time Out Market in Empire Stores

    Time Out Market in Empire Stores

Tech hub

See also: New York Digital District

Dumbo has New York City's highest concentration of technology firms by neighborhood.[10] Dumbo is home to 25 percent of New York City-based tech firms. Within a 10-block radius are 500 tech and creative firms that employ over 10,000 people.[10] It also contains the corporate headquarters for e-commerce retailer Etsy[46] and home furnishing stores company West Elm.[47]

Pearl Street pocket park in Dumbo, 2019
Pearl Street pocket park in Dumbo, 2019

The City of New York, in conjunction with New York University, installed an incubator in Dumbo to support development of tech start-ups.[10] Dumbo's average office rent of $25 per square foot made it (as of 2013) more attractive to start-ups than Manhattan, where rents averaged $40 per square foot in 2013.[10] The area has been compared to the Silicon Roundabout area in Shoreditch, East London, as well as to Manhattan's Silicon Alley.

Transportation

New York City Subway stations are located at York Street (F and ​ trains) on the IND Sixth Avenue Line, and High Street (A and ​C trains) on the IND Eighth Avenue Line.[48] New York City Bus service is provided by the B25, B67, B69.[49]

Ramps and staircases connect the Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan Bridge walkways to Dumbo.

In June 2011, NY Waterway started service to points along the East River.[50] On May 1, 2017, that route became part of the NYC Ferry's East River route, which runs between Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattan's Financial District and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing in Murray Hill, Manhattan, with five intermediate stops in Brooklyn and Queens.[51][52] One of the East River Ferry's stops is at Fulton Ferry in Dumbo.[53]

Housing

The neighborhood contains the Farragut Houses, a group of ten towers managed by the New York City Housing Authority.[54]

Discover more about Land use related topics

A.I.R. Gallery

A.I.R. Gallery

A.I.R. Gallery is the first all female artists cooperative gallery in the United States. It was founded in 1972 with the objective of providing a professional and permanent exhibition space for women artists during a time in which the works shown at commercial galleries in New York City were almost exclusively by male artists. A.I.R. is a not-for-profit, self-underwritten arts organization, with a board of directors made up of its New York based artists. The gallery was originally located in SoHo at 97 Wooster Street, and was located on 111 Front Street in the DUMBO neighborhood of Brooklyn until 2015. In May 2015, A.I.R. Gallery moved to its current location at 155 Plymouth St, Brooklyn, NY 11201.

Jacques Torres

Jacques Torres

Jacques Torres is a French pastry chef and chocolatier based in New York. Torres is a member of the International Culinary Center community as Dean of Pastry Arts, as well as holding pastry demonstrations. He appears on the show Nailed It!.

Bargemusic

Bargemusic

Bargemusic, formally known as Bargemusic, Ltd. is a classical music venue and cultural icon in Brooklyn. Founded in 1977, it is housed on a converted coffee barge moored at Fulton Ferry Landing on the East River near the Brooklyn Bridge.

John Fluevog

John Fluevog

John Fluevog is a Canadian shoe designer and businessperson. In 1970, he and a co-worker Peter Fox began their own shoe store in Vancouver. The shoes are described as "progressive, art deco" inspired. The company claims that the shoes are designed in Vancouver, and manufactured in Portugal, Mexico, Peru, China and Vietnam according to the company's website. The shoes often include messages engraved into the soles, the most famous being from The 7th Heaven Family, whose Angel Soles read: Resists alkali, water, acid, fatigue and Satan.

Beyoncé

Beyoncé

Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter is an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Given the nickname "Queen Bey", and noted for her boundary-pushing artistry and vocal ability, critics regard Beyoncé as a cultural icon.

Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn

Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn

Fulton Ferry is a small area adjacent to Dumbo in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is named for the Fulton Ferry, a prominent ferry line that crossed the East River between Manhattan and Brooklyn, and is also the name of the ferry slip on the Brooklyn side. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 2.

Brooklyn Bridge Park

Brooklyn Bridge Park

Brooklyn Bridge Park is an 85-acre (34 ha) park on the Brooklyn side of the East River in New York City. Designed by landscape architecture firm Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, the park is located on a 1.3-mile (2.1 km) plot of land from Atlantic Avenue in the south, under the Brooklyn Heights Promenade and past the Brooklyn Bridge, to Jay Street north of the Manhattan Bridge. From north to south, the park includes the preexisting Empire–Fulton Ferry and Main Street Parks; the historic Fulton Ferry Landing; and Piers 1–6, which contain various playgrounds and residential developments. The park also includes Empire Stores and the Tobacco Warehouse, two 19th-century structures, and is a part of the Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway, a series of parks and bike paths around Brooklyn.

Bouldering

Bouldering

Bouldering is a form of free climbing that is performed on small rock formations or artificial rock walls without the use of ropes or harnesses. While bouldering can be done without any equipment, most climbers use climbing shoes to help secure footholds, chalk to keep their hands dry and to provide a firmer grip, and bouldering mats to prevent injuries from falls. Unlike free solo climbing, which is also performed without ropes, bouldering problems are usually less than six metres (20 ft) tall. Traverses, which are a form of boulder problem, require the climber to climb horizontally from one end to another. Artificial climbing walls allow boulderers to climb indoors in areas without natural boulders. In addition, bouldering competitions take place in both indoor and outdoor settings.

FIFA World Cup

FIFA World Cup

The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested among the senior men's national teams of the 211 members by the sport's global governing body - Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The tournament has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The reigning champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 2022 tournament.

Joker (2019 film)

Joker (2019 film)

Joker is a 2019 American psychological thriller film directed by Todd Phillips, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Scott Silver. The film, based on DC Comics characters, stars Joaquin Phoenix as the Joker and serves as a standalone origin story for the character. Set in 1981, it follows Arthur Fleck, a failed clown and aspiring stand-up comic whose descent into mental illness and nihilism inspires a violent countercultural revolution against the prosperous in a decaying Gotham City. Robert De Niro, Zazie Beetz and Frances Conroy appear in supporting roles. Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, Joker was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures and DC Films in association with Village Roadshow Pictures, Bron Creative and Joint Effort.

Joaquin Phoenix

Joaquin Phoenix

Joaquin Rafael Phoenix is an American actor. He is known for playing dark and unconventional characters in independent films. He has received various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, a Grammy Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. In 2020, The New York Times named him one of the greatest actors of the 21st century.

Joker (character)

Joker (character)

The Joker is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson, and first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book Batman on April 25, 1940. Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's design while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman.

In popular culture

Kortunefookie at Art Under The Bridge in Dumbo
Kortunefookie at Art Under The Bridge in Dumbo
  • Jerry Seinfeld referred to Dumbo during an appearance on Late Show with David Letterman, joking that it stands for "Down Under Manhattan Bridge", but that New Yorkers added the "O" at the end because they did not want to live in a neighborhood called "Dumb".[55]
  • The neighborhood is parodied in Grand Theft Auto IV as BOABO ("Beneath the Off-ramp of the Algonquin Bridge Overpass").[56]
  • It is featured as a filming location in the films Killer's Kiss (1955), The French Connection (1971), and Vanilla Sky (2001). It is also featured in Big Bang's music video Blue (2012), the music video for "Cruel Summer" by Bananarama (1983) and the opening credits of Rescue Me (2004).
  • It is the residence of the Humphrey family in the television series Gossip Girl. The view from Washington Street appears very often to inform the viewer of the scenario change from Manhattan to Brooklyn.
  • Dumbo is featured prominently in the Sergio Leone drama film Once Upon a Time in America as the location for one of its scenes.[57]
  • Dumbo appears in several episodes of Gotham Season 2.[58]
  • Dumbo appears in the show Orange Is the New Black in the episode "Toast Can't Never Be Bread Again", the fourth season's finale, as part of a flashback sequence of Poussey Washington's past, in which she is separated from her friends and meets some drag artists who take her to a party in a club in Dumbo.
  • Dumbo is referenced on the Jay-Z track The Story of O.J. on the album 4:44, as Shawn Carter raps about a missed opportunity when he was younger to purchase a now valuable building in the neighborhood.[59][60]

Discover more about In popular culture related topics

Kortunefookie

Kortunefookie

Kortunefookie is an interactive public art project, a large scale 4-foot (1 m) high fortune cookie made of red cedar, which grants users a printed fortune with a simple touch of a button; Kortunefookie's social network creates the fortunes via the project's Web site. Inspired by the idea of the fortune cookie, the project was created to permit different users to share their thoughts and create a new kind of social ties. It is an interactive kiosk that issues short texts written by anonymous users on the Kortunefookie website that resemble the messages found in the fortune cookies, but each fortune from the Kortunefookie is different, unlike mass-produced fortunes in regular fortune cookies. Kortunefookie's Web site suggest users to send an innermost secret, a smarmiest wisecrack, a private prayer, or an outlandish prediction.

Jerry Seinfeld

Jerry Seinfeld

Jerome Allen Seinfeld is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and producer. He is best known for playing a semi-fictionalized version of himself in the sitcom Seinfeld (1989–1998), which he created and wrote with Larry David. The show aired on NBC from 1989 until 1998, becoming one of the most acclaimed and popular sitcoms of all time. As a stand-up comedian, Seinfeld specializes in observational comedy. In 2004, Comedy Central named him the 12th-greatest stand-up comedian of all time.

Late Show with David Letterman

Late Show with David Letterman

The Late Show with David Letterman is an American late-night talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS, the first iteration of the Late Show franchise. The show debuted on August 30, 1993, and was produced by Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants Incorporated, and CBS Television Studios. The show's music director and leader of the house band, the CBS Orchestra, was Paul Shaffer. The head writer was Matt Roberts and the announcer was originally Bill Wendell, then Alan Kalter. In most U.S. markets the show aired from 11:35 p.m. to 12:35 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time, and recorded Monday to Wednesdays at 4:30 p.m., and Thursdays at 3:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The second Thursday episode usually aired on Friday of that week.

Grand Theft Auto IV

Grand Theft Auto IV

Grand Theft Auto IV is a 2008 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is the sixth main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series, following 2004's Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, and the eleventh instalment overall. Set within the fictional Liberty City, based on New York City, the single-player story follows Eastern European war veteran Niko Bellic and his attempts to escape his past while under pressure from high-profile criminals. The open world design lets players freely roam Liberty City, consisting of three main islands, and the neighbouring state of Alderney, which is based on New Jersey.

Killer's Kiss

Killer's Kiss

Killer's Kiss is a 1955 American crime film noir directed by Stanley Kubrick and written by Kubrick and Howard Sackler. It is the second feature film directed by Kubrick, following his 1953 debut feature Fear and Desire. The film stars Jamie Smith, Irene Kane, and Frank Silvera.

Bananarama

Bananarama

Bananarama are an English pop trio from London, formed as a trio in 1980 by friends Sara Dallin, Siobhan Fahey, and Keren Woodward. Fahey left the group in 1988 and was replaced by Jacquie O'Sullivan until 1991, when the trio became a duo. Their success on both pop and dance charts saw them listed in the Guinness World Records for achieving the world's highest number of chart entries by an all-female group. Between 1982 and 2009, they had 30 singles reach the Top 50 of the UK Singles Chart.

Gossip Girl

Gossip Girl

Gossip Girl is an American teen drama television series based on the novel series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar. The series, developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, ran on The CW network for six seasons from September 19, 2007, to December 17, 2012.

Once Upon a Time in America

Once Upon a Time in America

Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 epic crime film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. The film is an Italian–American venture produced by The Ladd Company, Embassy International Pictures, PSO Enterprises, and Rafran Cinematografica, and distributed by Warner Bros. Based on Harry Grey's novel The Hoods, it chronicles the lives of best friends David "Noodles" Aaronson and Maximilian "Max" Bercovicz as they lead a group of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence as Jewish gangsters in New York City's world of organized crime. The film explores themes of childhood friendships, love, lust, greed, betrayal, loss, broken relationships, together with the rise of mobsters in American society.

Gotham (season 2)

Gotham (season 2)

The second season of the American television series Gotham, based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James "Jim" Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, John Stephens, and Ken Woodruff serving as executive producers.

Orange Is the New Black

Orange Is the New Black

Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama streaming television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. Produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television, Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on July 11, 2013. Its seventh and final season was released on July 26, 2019.

Jay-Z

Jay-Z

Shawn Corey Carter, known professionally as Jay-Z, is an American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, and founder of Manhattan-based conglomerate talent and entertainment agency Roc Nation. Often regarded as the greatest rapper of all time, he was the CEO of Def Jam Recordings and has been central to the creative and commercial success of artists including Kanye West, Rihanna, and J. Cole.

Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore

Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore

Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore is a 2022 fantasy film directed by David Yates from a screenplay by J. K. Rowling and Steve Kloves, based on a screenplay by Rowling. The sequel to Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018), it is the third instalment in the Fantastic Beasts film series and the eleventh overall in the Wizarding World franchise. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Eddie Redmayne, Jude Law, Ezra Miller, Dan Fogler, Alison Sudol, Callum Turner, Jessica Williams, Katherine Waterston, and Mads Mikkelsen. Set several years after the events of its predecessor, the film sees Albus Dumbledore tasking Newt Scamander and his allies with a mission that takes them into the heart of dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald's army.

Gallery

Discover more about Gallery related topics

Manhattan Bridge

Manhattan Bridge

The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan at Canal Street with Downtown Brooklyn at the Flatbush Avenue Extension. The main span is 1,480 ft (451 m) long, with the suspension cables being 3,224 ft (983 m) long. The bridge's total length is 6,855 ft (2,089 m). It is one of four toll-free vehicular bridges connecting Manhattan Island to Long Island; the nearby Brooklyn Bridge is just slightly further downtown, while the Queensboro and Williamsburg bridges are to the north.

St. Ann's Warehouse

St. Ann's Warehouse

St. Ann's Warehouse is a performing arts institution in Brooklyn, New York City. Formerly the Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity on Montague Street, in 1980 the site was converted into a venue for classical music. Initially known as Arts at St. Ann's, proceeds from the stage's performances were used to aid in renovating the building.

Melville House Publishing

Melville House Publishing

Melville House Publishing is an American independent publisher of literary fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. The company was founded in 2001 and is run by the husband-and-wife team of Dennis Loy Johnson and Valerie Merians in Hoboken, New Jersey. The company is named after the author Herman Melville. It has a reputation as an "activist press" and publisher of left-leaning books.

PowerHouse Books

PowerHouse Books

powerHouse Books is an independent publisher of art and photography books founded in 1995 by Daniel Power, based near the Brooklyn waterfront of DUMBO in The powerHouse Arena.

Gleason's Gym

Gleason's Gym

Gleason's is a boxing gym located on the Brooklyn waterfront. The gym was founded by Peter Gagliardi, a former bantamweight, who changed his name to Bobby Gleason. It moved to Manhattan and then to Brooklyn. Gleason's is now owned by Bruce Silverglade.

Source: "Dumbo, Brooklyn", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 27th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo,_Brooklyn.

Enjoying Wikiz?

Enjoying Wikiz?

Get our FREE extension now!

Download Extension

Further Reading

Brooklyn

List of Brooklyn neighborhoods

South Street Seaport

Brooklyn Heights

Flatbush Avenue

Fulton Street (Brooklyn)

Downtown Brooklyn

Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn

Vinegar Hill, Brooklyn

South Street (Manhattan)

Brooklyn Bridge Park

B25 (New York City bus)

South Ferry, Brooklyn

Fulton Ferry (ferry)

Jane's Carousel

Brooklyn Ice Cream Factory

Broadway (Brooklyn)

Empire Stores
References
  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ Dolkart, Andrew S.; et al. (December 18, 2007). DUMBO Historic District Designation Report (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Barnard, Anne (December 25, 2007). "Dumbo Journal: District Trying to Forge a New Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  4. ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (October 25, 1998). "SoHo, TriBeCa And Now Dumbo?". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  5. ^ Nonko, Emily (January 27, 2015). "The 8 Most Expensive Neighborhoods in New York City". New York.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  6. ^ a b "About Dumbo". Dumbo NYC, Brooklyn. DumboNYC.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  7. ^ The Olympia Settlement in Early Brooklyn. New York. 1929.
  8. ^ Johnson, Allen (1964). Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. pp. 341–342.
  9. ^ "Historical Districts". Real Property, Probate and Trust Journal. 1 (3): 204–211. 1966. JSTOR 20780654.
  10. ^ a b c d e Graham, Jefferson. (May 7, 2013). It's hip to be tech in Brooklyn's Dumbo. USA TODAY, p 5B.
  11. ^ "Jay Street Terminal / Jay Street Connecting Railroad". TrainWeb.org. November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  12. ^ a b Bryk, William (April 22, 2003). "The Jay Street Connecting Railroad". NY Press.
  13. ^ "RAIL LINE TO END ITS BROOKLYN RUN; Jay Street Connecting Road Allowed to Discontinue Operations in Harbor". The New York Times. April 16, 1959. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  14. ^ a b Marks, Peter (October 10, 1997). "As It Turns Artistic, A Noirish Enclave Steps Into the Light". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  15. ^ "Dumbo". Soul of Brooklyn. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014. The DUMBO Arts Center was founded by Joy Glidden and under her direction from 1997-2006 has helped to establish a successful model for waterfront development that has been referred to and used internationally
  16. ^ Howe, Kathy (June 2000). "National Register of Historic Places Registration:DUMBO Industrial District". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2011. See also: "Accompanying 20 photos". Archived from the original on October 19, 2012.
  17. ^ "Landmarks Preservation Commission Designates Dumbo as New York City's 90th Historic District" (PDF) (Press release). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 18, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
  18. ^ Moore, Peter (February 18, 2004). "'Mr Chocolate' blazed a sweet trail for retailers - Jacques Torres Chocolates". Real Estate Weekly. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
  19. ^ Shaw, Joanna (November 29, 2011). "Pizza Madness: Grimaldi Taking Over Grimaldi's When Grimaldi Moves Next Door". Nona Brooklyn. Archived from the original on December 9, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  20. ^ "Ample Hills Creamery to replace the Brooklyn Ice Cream Factory in Brooklyn Bridge Park". Brooklyn Eagle. December 5, 2018. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  21. ^ Marks, Aaron (March 6, 2013). "Almondine Bakery In DUMBO Reopens For First Time Since Hurricane Sandy". Gothamist. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  22. ^ "The River Café Restaurant - Brooklyn, New York - Established 1977". The River Café. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  23. ^ Kozinn, Allan (August 20, 1991). "Music in Review". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  24. ^ Dyett, Linda (July 5, 2018). "John Fluevog is Cool Again. Maybe He Always Was". The New York Times.
  25. ^ "New York Water Taxi Begins Service From Fulton Ferry". NY1. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
  26. ^ "Empire Fulton Ferry". Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  27. ^ Calder, Rich (December 17, 2009). "Brooklyn Bridge Park finally set to open". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  28. ^ "Governor Paterson and Mayor Bloomberg Open First Section of Brooklyn Bridge Park" (Press release). New York State. March 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  29. ^ "Cliffs at DUMBO". dumbo.is. April 14, 2016. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019.
  30. ^ Picht, Jennifer (May 7, 2018). "The largest outdoor climbing gym in the country is returning to Brooklyn Bridge Park". Time Out New York.
  31. ^ Barbanel, Josh (December 9, 2015). "In Dumbo, a Study in Industrial Chic". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  32. ^ Cohen, Michelle (June 18, 2019). "Dumbo celebration marks the 10th anniversary of the iconic Archway's public life". 6sqft.
  33. ^ "Women's World Cup Brings Hundreds of Fans Together at Brooklyn Watch Party". CBS New York. June 28, 2019.
  34. ^ Yakas, Ben (September 25, 2018). "Photos: DUMBO Transformed into Gritty Gotham City for Joaquin Phoenix Joker Movie". Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  35. ^ Wong, Pamela (April 3, 2018). "Brooklyn Flea Celebrates 10th Anniversary with New Year-Round Outpost in Industry City". Bklyner.
  36. ^ "Historic New York boxing gym opens its doors to Veterans". VA News. April 24, 2018.
  37. ^ Earl, Jennifer (June 4, 2016). "Gleason's Gym recalls Muhammad Ali training more than 50 years ago". CBS News.
  38. ^ Vadukul, Alex (November 18, 2016). "At Gleason's Gym, Years of Sweat and Grime". The New York Times.
  39. ^ Yuan, Jada (January 31, 2005). "Q&A with Boxing Coach Hector Roca". New York Magazine.
  40. ^ Heins, Scott (December 2, 2016). "Inside Empire Stores, the Newly-Renovated Civil War-Era Warehouse in Brooklyn". Gothamist. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  41. ^ Rosenberg, Zoe (August 19, 2016). "Empire Stores redevelopment passes a major milestone". Curbed NY.
  42. ^ Plitt, Amy (May 19, 2017). "Brooklyn Historical Society embraces Dumbo's maritime past at Empire Stores". Curbed NY.
  43. ^ "Breads Bakery | New York Magazine | The Thousand Best". New York Magazine. February 20, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  44. ^ Wong, Pamela (May 31, 2019). "Time Out Market New York Now Open in DUMBO". Bklyner.
  45. ^ Lynch, Scott (May 30, 2019). "Enormous Time Out Market Opens in DUMBO with a Stellar Line up of Restaurants". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  46. ^ Goodman, Wendy (August 14, 2014). "See Inside Etsy's Seriously Fun Brooklyn Office". New York. Retrieved September 27, 2016. The other day, I took a tour of Etsy's Dumbo offices and was pleased to find them as original, wacky, and one-of-a-kind as a workplace can get.
  47. ^ Gurfein, Laura (January 13, 2015). "Here's the First Look at West Elm's New Dumbo Home". Racked.com. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  48. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  49. ^ "Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  50. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M.; Quinlan, Adriane (June 13, 2011). "East River Ferry Service Begins". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  51. ^ "NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 1, 2017. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  52. ^ Levine, Alexandra S.; Wolfe, Jonathan (May 1, 2017). "New York Today: Our City's New Ferry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  53. ^ "Routes and Schedules: East River". NYC Ferry.
  54. ^ The Editors (April 17, 2013). "Welcome to the Gilded City of New York". The Nation. Retrieved April 18, 2013. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  55. ^ Jerry Seinfeld episode from 2001. The reference to Dumbo can be heard at the 0:26 mark in the video.
  56. ^ "BOABO". WikiGTA - The Complete Grand Theft Auto Walkthrough. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  57. ^ "Filming Locations for Sergio Leone's epic Once Upon a Time in America (1983), in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Quebec, Paris and Venice". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  58. ^ "Exploring the Shadows of Gotham | Keith Adams, LMGI". Location Managers Guild International. October 8, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  59. ^ Caramanica, Jon (July 2, 2017). "Jay-Z Revels in the Catharsis of Confession on '4:44'". The New York Times. When he laments not investing in the now-redeveloped Brooklyn neighborhood Dumbo on "The Story of O. J.," it's not clever, just a gripe. And one delivered without much flair.
  60. ^ Connley, Courtney (June 30, 2017). "3 money lessons from Jay-Z's '4:44'". CNBC. On this track, the rapper bemoans rising real estate values in his home city
  61. ^ "Live at the Archway".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dumbo, Brooklyn.
Categories

The content of this page is based on the Wikipedia article written by contributors..
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization & is not affiliated to WikiZ.com.