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Canary Islands

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Canary Islands
Canarias (Spanish)
Autonomous community of Spain and outermost region of the European Union
Flag of the Canary Islands
Flag
Canary Islands
Coat of arms
Anthem: Himno de Canarias
"Anthem of the Canaries"
Location of the Canary Islands relative to the Spanish mainland
Location of the Canary Islands relative to the Spanish mainland
Coordinates: 28°N 16°W / 28°N 16°W / 28; -16Coordinates: 28°N 16°W / 28°N 16°W / 28; -16
Country Spain
Largest cityLas Palmas de Gran Canaria
CapitalLas Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife[1]
ProvincesLas Palmas, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Government
 • PresidentÁngel Víctor Torres (PSOE)
Area
 • Total7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi)
 • Rank1.88% of Spain; ranked 13th
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total2,172,944
 • Rank8th
 • Density290/km2 (750/sq mi)
 • Percentage
4.58% of Spain
DemonymsCanarian
canario/-a (Spanish)
Time zoneUTC (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WEST)
ISO 3166 code
Most populated islandTenerife[3]
Official languageSpanish
Statute of Autonomy7 November 2018
ParliamentCanarian Parliament
Congress seats15 (of 350)
Senate seats14 (of 265)
HDI (2018)0.861[4]
very high · 15th
Websitewww.gobcan.es
"Canary Island" redirects here. For the locality in Australia, see Canary Island, Victoria.

The Canary Islands (/kəˈnɛəri/; Spanish: Canarias, pronounced [kaˈnaɾjas]), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and are the most populous special territory of the European Union.[5][6]

The seven main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, and El Hierro. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It also includes a number of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as "the Fortunate Isles".[7] The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and the largest and most populous archipelago of Macaronesia.[8] Because of their location, the Canary Islands have historically been considered a link between the four continents of Africa, North America, South America, and Europe.[9]

In 2019, the Canary Islands had a population of 2,153,389,[3] with a density of 287.39 inhabitants per km2, making it the eighth most populous autonomous community of Spain. The population is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands: around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria.

The Canary Islands, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, are a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year. This is due to their beaches, subtropical climate, and important natural attractions, especially Maspalomas in Gran Canaria and Mount Teide (a World Heritage Site) in Tenerife. Mount Teide is the highest peak in Spain and the third tallest volcano in the world, measured from its base on the ocean floor.[10][11] The islands have warm summers and winters warm enough for the climate to be technically tropical at sea level.[12] The amount of precipitation and the level of maritime moderation vary depending on location and elevation. The archipelago includes green areas as well as desert. The islands' high mountains are ideal for astronomical observation, because they lie above the temperature inversion layer. As a result, the archipelago boasts two professional observatories: the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma.[13]

In 1927, the Province of Canary Islands was split into two provinces. In 1982, the autonomous community of the Canary Islands was established. The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are, jointly, the capitals of the islands.[14][15] Those cities are also, respectively, the capitals of the provinces of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, except for a brief period in the 1910s.[16] Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927, Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927, it was ordered by decree that the capital of the Canary Islands would be shared between two cities, and this arrangement persists to the present day.[14][17] The third largest city in the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna (another World Heritage Site) on Tenerife.[18][19][20]

During the Age of Sail, the islands were the main stopover for Spanish galleons during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, which sailed that far south in order to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds.[21][22]

Discover more about Canary Islands related topics

Autonomous communities of Spain

Autonomous communities of Spain

In Spain, an autonomous community is the first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish Constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain.

Archipelago

Archipelago

An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.

Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about 106,460,000 km2 (41,100,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe, and Asia from the "New World" of the Americas in the European perception of the World.

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the North Africa region, and politically part of Spain. It is located 97 km (60 mi) away from the northwestern coast of Africa. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

El Hierro

El Hierro

El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano, is the second-smallest and farthest-south and -west of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,968 (2019). Its capital is Valverde. At 268.51 square kilometres (103.67 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries.

Graciosa, Canary Islands

Graciosa, Canary Islands

Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain, located two kilometres north of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Río. It was formed by the Canary hotspot. The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park. It is administrated by the municipality of Teguise in the neighboring island of Lanzarote. In 2018 La Graciosa officially became the eighth Canary Island with few real effects. Before then, the island had the status of an islet, administratively dependent on the island of Lanzarote. The only two settlements on the island are Caleta de Sebo in the southeastern part of the island and summer-residence Casas de Pedro Barba.

Alegranza

Alegranza

Alegranza is an uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean, located off the coast of Africa and is in the province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is the northernmost point in the Canary Islands, and part of the Chinijo Archipelago. The island is part of the municipality of Teguise on Lanzarote.

Africa

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita and second-least wealthy by total wealth, behind Oceania. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including geography, climate, tribalism, colonialism, the Cold War, neocolonialism, lack of democracy, and corruption. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context.

Europe

Europe

Europe is a continent comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea and the waterways of the Turkish Straits.

1833 territorial division of Spain

1833 territorial division of Spain

The 1833 territorial division of Spain divided the country into provinces, in turn classified into "historic regions". This division was followed by the ensuing creation of provincial deputations, the government institutions for most of the provinces, remaining up to this date. Nearly all of the provinces retain roughly or precisely the 1833 borders. Conversely, many of the historic regions correspond to present-day autonomous communities.

Age of Sail

Age of Sail

The Age of Sail is a period that lasted at the latest from the mid-16th to the mid-19th centuries, in which the dominance of sailing ships in global trade and warfare culminated, particularly marked by the introduction of naval artillery, and ultimately reached its highest extent at the advent of the analogue Age of Steam. Enabled by the advances of the related Age of Navigation, it is identified as a distinctive element of the early modern period and the Age of Discovery. Especially in context of the latter, it refers to a more particular Eurocentric Age of Sail, while generally the Age of Sail is the culminating period of a long intercontinental history of sailing.

Etymology

The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning "Islands of the Dogs", a name that was evidently generalized from the ancient name of one of these islands, Canaria – presumably Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the island Canaria contained "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size".[23]

Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii, though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs.[24] The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands' coat-of-arms. It is thought that the aborigines of Gran Canaria called themselves "Canarios".[25] It is possible that after being conquered, this name was used in plural in Spanish, i.e., as to refer to all of the islands as the Canarii-as.[25]

The name of the islands is not derived from the canary bird; rather, the birds are named after the islands.

Physical geography

Map of the Canary Islands
Map of the Canary Islands
Hacha Grande, a mountain in the south of Lanzarote, viewed from the road to the Playa de Papagayo
Hacha Grande, a mountain in the south of Lanzarote, viewed from the road to the Playa de Papagayo
Panoramic view of Gran Canaria, with Roque Nublo at the left and Roque Bentayga at the center
Panoramic view of Gran Canaria, with Roque Nublo at the left and Roque Bentayga at the center

Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the archipelago. Gran Canaria, with 865,070 inhabitants, is both the Canary Islands' second most populous island, and the third most populous one in Spain after Tenerife (966,354 inhabitants) and Majorca (896,038 inhabitants).[26] The island of Fuerteventura is the second largest in the archipelago and located 100 km (62 mi) from the African coast.

The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.[27] The Canary Islands is the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region.[8] The archipelago consists of seven large and several smaller islands, all of which are volcanic in origin.[28]

According to the position of the islands with respect to the north-east trade winds, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. Several native species form laurisilva forests.

As a consequence, the individual islands in the Canary archipelago tend to have distinct microclimates. Those islands such as El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera lying to the west of the archipelago have a climate which is influenced by the moist Canary Current. They are well vegetated even at low levels and have extensive tracts of sub-tropical laurisilva forest. As one travels east toward the African coast, the influence of the current diminishes, and the islands become increasingly arid. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, the islands which are closest to the African mainland, are effectively desert or semi desert. Gran Canaria is known as a "continent in miniature" for its diverse landscapes like Maspalomas and Roque Nublo. In terms of its climate Tenerife is particularly interesting. The north of the island lies under the influence of the moist Atlantic winds and is well vegetated, while the south of the island around the tourist resorts of Playa de las Américas and Los Cristianos is arid. The island rises to almost 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level, and at altitude, in the cool relatively wet climate, forests of the endemic pine Pinus canariensis thrive. Many of the plant species in the Canary Islands, like the Canary Island pine and the dragon tree, Dracaena draco are endemic, as noted by Sabin Berthelot and Philip Barker Webb in their work, L'Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries (1835–50).[29]

Climate

The climate is warm subtropical and generally semidesertic, moderated by the sea and in summer by the trade winds.[30] There are a number of microclimates and the classifications range mainly from semi-arid to desert. According to Köppen,[31] the majority of the Canary Islands have a hot desert climate (BWh) and a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), caused partly due to the cool Canary Current. There also exists a subtropical humid climate which is very influenced by the ocean in the middle of the islands of La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma, where laurisilva cloud forests grow.[32]

Climate data for Santa Cruz de Tenerife 35m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.6
(76.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.5
(70.7)
Average low °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.4
(65.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 31.5
(1.24) 		35.4
(1.39) 		37.8
(1.49) 		11.6
(0.46) 		3.6
(0.14) 		0.9
(0.04) 		0.1
(0.00) 		2.0
(0.08) 		6.8
(0.27) 		18.7
(0.74) 		34.1
(1.34) 		43.2
(1.70) 		225.7
(8.89)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 7.2 6.9 5.5 2.9 0.9 0.2 0.8 2.7 6.1 8.8 9.4 59.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 178 186 221 237 282 306 337 319 253 222 178 168 2,887
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[33]
Climate data for Gran Canaria Airport 24m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.2
(75.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.2
(70.2)
Average low °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.2
(64.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25
(1.0) 		24
(0.9) 		13
(0.5) 		6
(0.2) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		9
(0.4) 		16
(0.6) 		22
(0.9) 		31
(1.2) 		151
(5.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 5 22
Mean monthly sunshine hours 184 191 229 228 272 284 308 300 241 220 185 179 2,821
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[34] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[35]
Climate data for San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1981–2010) 632 m – Tenerife North Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.5
(68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.8
(62.2)
Average low °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		13.0
(55.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 80
(3.1) 		70
(2.8) 		61
(2.4) 		39
(1.5) 		19
(0.7) 		11
(0.4) 		6
(0.2) 		5
(0.2) 		16
(0.6) 		47
(1.9) 		81
(3.2) 		82
(3.2) 		517
(20.2)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 10 10 10 7 4 3 3 5 10 10 12 95
Mean monthly sunshine hours 150 168 188 203 234 237 262 269 213 194 155 137 2,410
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[36]
Climate data for Tenerife South Airport 64m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		24.8
(76.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.4
(70.5)
Average low °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.9
(64.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 16.6
(0.65) 		19.9
(0.78) 		14.7
(0.58) 		7.4
(0.29) 		1.1
(0.04) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.1
(0.00) 		1.3
(0.05) 		3.6
(0.14) 		11.9
(0.47) 		26.3
(1.04) 		30.3
(1.19) 		133.3
(5.23)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.9 3.5 15.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 193 195 226 219 246 259 295 277 213 214 193 195 2,725
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[35]
Climate data for La Palma Airport 33m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.5
(74.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		23.3
(74.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		22.8
(73.0) 		20.9
(69.6) 		19.3
(66.7) 		20.8
(69.4)
Average low °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.2
(64.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 49
(1.9) 		57
(2.2) 		33
(1.3) 		19
(0.7) 		7
(0.3) 		2
(0.1) 		1
(0.0) 		1
(0.0) 		12
(0.5) 		41
(1.6) 		70
(2.8) 		80
(3.1) 		372
(14.5)
Average rainy days 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 2 5 7 8 40
Mean monthly sunshine hours 141 146 177 174 192 188 222 209 187 175 140 138 2,106
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[37]

Geology

Humid laurel forest in La Gomera
Humid laurel forest in La Gomera
Main article: Geology of the Canary Islands

The seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets were originally volcanic islands, formed by the Canary hotspot.[38] The Canary Islands is the only place in Spain where volcanic eruptions have been recorded during the Modern Era, with some volcanoes still active (El Hierro, 2011).[39] Volcanic islands such as those in the Canary chain often have steep ocean cliffs caused by catastrophic debris avalanches and landslides.[40] The island chain's most recent eruption occurred at Cumbre Vieja, a volcanic ridge on La Palma, in 2021.[41]

The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island.[42] All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years; four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro) have historical records of eruptions since European discovery.[43] The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and continued to the present day. The current islands reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The islands were once considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System division, but are nowadays recognized as being related to a magmatic hot spot.[44]

In the summer of 2011 a series of low-magnitude earthquakes occurred beneath El Hierro. These had a linear trend of northeast–southwest. In October a submarine eruption occurred about 2 km (1+1⁄4 mi) south of Restinga. This eruption produced gases and pumice, but no explosive activity was reported.[45]

The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the islands:

Mount Teide, the highest mountain in Spain at 3,715 metres (12,188 feet), is also one of the most visited National Parks in the world.[46][47][48][49]
Mount Teide, the highest mountain in Spain at 3,715 metres (12,188 feet), is also one of the most visited National Parks in the world.[46][47][48][49]
Mountain Elevation Island
m ft
Teide 3,715 12,188 Tenerife
Roque de los Muchachos 2,426 7,959 La Palma
Pico de las Nieves 1,949 6,394 Gran Canaria
Pico de Malpaso 1,501 4,925 El Hierro
Garajonay 1,487 4,879 La Gomera
Pico de la Zarza 812 2,664 Fuerteventura
Peñas del Chache 670 2,200 Lanzarote
Aguja Grande 266 873 La Graciosa
Caldera de Alegranza 289 948 Alegranza
Caldera de Lobos 126 413 Lobos
La Mariana 256 840 Montaña Clara

Natural symbols

Main article: List of animal and plant symbols of the Canary Islands

The official natural symbols associated with Canary Islands are the bird Serinus canaria (canary) and the Phoenix canariensis palm.[50]

National parks

Caldera de Taburiente National Park (La Palma)
Caldera de Taburiente National Park (La Palma)

Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. Two of these have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the other two are part of Biosphere Reserves. The parks are:[51]

Park Island Area Year of Designation UNESCO Status
Caldera de Taburiente National Park La Palma 46.9 km2 (18.1 sq mi) 1954 Part of the La Palma Biosphere Reserve since 2002
Garajonay National Park La Gomera 39.86 km2 (15.39 sq mi) 1981 World Heritage Site since 1986
Teide National Park Tenerife 189.9 km2 (73.3 sq mi) 1954 World Heritage Site since 2007
Timanfaya National Park Lanzarote 51.07 km2 (19.72 sq mi) 1974 Part of the Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve since 1993

Teide National Park is the oldest and largest national park in the Canary Islands and one of the oldest in Spain. Located in the geographic centre of the island of Tenerife, it is the most visited national park in Spain. In 2010, it became the most visited national park in Europe and second worldwide.[46][47] The park's highlight is the Teide volcano; standing at an altitude of 3,715 metres (12,188 ft),[52] it is the highest elevation of the country and the third largest volcano on Earth from its base. In 2007, the Teide National Park was declared one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

Discover more about Physical geography related topics

Hacha Grande

Hacha Grande

Hacha Grande is a mountain on the Canary Island of Lanzarote, with an elevation of 562 m (1844 ft) above sea level. Its name is Spanish meaning Large Axe.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the North Africa region, and politically part of Spain. It is located 97 km (60 mi) away from the northwestern coast of Africa. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009.

Macaronesia

Macaronesia

Macaronesia is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coasts of Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of Atlantic oceanic islands, which are formed by seamounts on the ocean floor whose peaks have risen above the ocean's surface. Some of the Macaronesian islands belong to Portugal, some belong to Spain, and the rest belong to Cape Verde. Politically, the islands belonging to Portugal and Spain are part of the European Union. Geologically, Macaronesia is part of the African tectonic plate. Some of its islands – the Azores – are situated along the edge of that plate at the point where it abuts the Eurasian and North American plates.

Ecoregion

Ecoregion

An ecoregion or ecozone is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions. In theory, biodiversity or conservation ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water where the probability of encountering different species and communities at any given point remains relatively constant, within an acceptable range of variation.

Azores

Azores

The Azores, officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores, is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal. It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of Lisbon, about 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of Morocco, and about 1,930 km (1,200 mi) southeast of Newfoundland, Canada.

Cape Verde

Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 sq mi). These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres west of Cap-Vert, the westernmost point of continental Africa. The Cape Verde islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.

Microclimate

Microclimate

A microclimate is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often slightly but sometimes substantially. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or smaller or as large as many square kilometers. Because climate is statistical, which implies spatial and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing parameters, within a region there can occur and persist over time sets of statistically distinct conditions, that is, microclimates. Microclimates can be found in most places but are most pronounced in topographically dynamic zones such as mountainous areas, islands, and coastal areas.

El Hierro

El Hierro

El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano, is the second-smallest and farthest-south and -west of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,968 (2019). Its capital is Valverde. At 268.51 square kilometres (103.67 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries.

La Palma

La Palma

La Palma, also known as La isla bonita and officially San Miguel de La Palma, is the most northwesterly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres (273 sq mi) making it the fifth largest of the eight main Canary Islands. The total population at the end of 2020 was 85,840, of which 15,716 lived in the capital, Santa Cruz de La Palma and about 20,467 in Los Llanos de Aridane. Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos, at 2,423 metres (7,949 ft), being second among the peaks of the Canaries after the Teide massif on Tenerife.

La Gomera

La Gomera

La Gomera is one of Spain's Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. With an area of 370.03 km2 (142.87 sq mi), it is the third-smallest of the archipelago's eight main islands. It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. La Gomera is the third least populous of the eight main Canary Islands, with 22,426 inhabitants. Its capital is San Sebastián de La Gomera, where the cabildo insular is located.

Canary Current

Canary Current

The Canary Current is a wind-driven surface current that is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. This eastern boundary current branches south from the North Atlantic Current and flows southwest about as far as Senegal where it turns west and later joins the Atlantic North Equatorial Current. The current is named after the Canary Islands. The archipelago partially blocks the flow of the Canary Current.

Politics

The Province of Las Palmas
The Province of Las Palmas
The Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
The Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Municipalities in the Las Palmas Province
Municipalities in the Las Palmas Province
Municipalities in the Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province
Municipalities in the Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province

Governance

The regional executive body, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, is presided over by Ángel Víctor Torres (PSOE), the current President of the Canary Islands.[53] The latter is invested by the members of the regional legislature, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, that consists of 70 elected legislators. The last regional election took place in May 2019.[54]

The islands have 14 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats are directly elected (3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, and 1 each for Lanzarote (including La Graciosa), Fuerteventura, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro) while the other 3 are appointed by the regional legislature.[55]

Political geography

The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands consists of two provinces (provincias), Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, whose capitals (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) are capitals of the autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an island council named Cabildo Insular. Each island is subdivided into smaller municipalities (municipios); Las Palmas is divided into 34 municipalities, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is divided into 54 municipalities.[56]

The international boundary of the Canaries is one subject of dispute in the Morocco-Spain relations. Moreover, in 2022 the UN has declared the Canary Island's territorial waters as Moroccan coast and Morocco has authorised gas and oil exploration in what the Canary Islands states to be Canarian territorial waters and Western Sahara waters.[57] Morocco's official position is that international laws regarding territorial limits do not authorise Spain to claim seabed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries, since the Canary Islands enjoy a large degree of autonomy. In fact, the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community with equal status to the European ones. Under the Law of the Sea, the only islands not granted territorial waters or an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human habitation or do not have an economic life of their own, which is not the case of the Canary Islands.

Canarian nationalism

Main article: Canarian nationalism

There are some pro-independence political parties, like the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC) and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands, but their popular support is almost insignificant, with no presence in either the autonomous parliament or the cabildos insulares. According to a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, when asked about national identity, the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands (53.8%) consider themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures, followed by 24% who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish. Only 6.1% of the respondents consider themselves only Canarian while 7% consider themselves only Spanish.[58]

Defence

Main article: Military of the Canary Islands

The defence of the territory is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces. As such, various components of the Army, Navy, Air Force and the Civil Guard are based in the territory.

Discover more about Politics related topics

Province of Las Palmas

Province of Las Palmas

The Province of Las Palmas is a province of Spain, consisting of the eastern part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, capital city of this province and of the island of Gran Canaria, is the largest city in the Canary Islands.

Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, also Province of Santa Cruz, is a province of Spain, consisting of the western part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. It consists of about half of the Atlantic archipelago: the islands of Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro, and La Palma. It occupies an area of 3,381 km2 (1,305 sq mi). It also includes a series of adjacent roques.

Parliament of the Canary Islands

Parliament of the Canary Islands

The Parliament of the Canary Islands is the regional legislature of the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. The Parliament has seventy members and members serve on four-year terms. The parliament is based in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, one of the Canaries' two capitals.

President of the Canary Islands

President of the Canary Islands

The president of the Canary Islands is the head of government of the Canary Islands, one of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain, while the monarch Felipe VI remains the head of state as king of Spain.

2019 Canarian regional election

2019 Canarian regional election

The 2019 Canarian regional election was held on Sunday, 26 May 2019, to elect the 10th Parliament of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands. All 70 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in eleven other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain, as well as the 2019 European Parliament election.

Provinces of Spain

Provinces of Spain

A province in Spain is a territorial division defined as a collection of municipalities, although their origin dates back to 1833 with a similar predecessor from 1822 and with roots in the Napoleonic division of Spain into 84 prefectures in 1810. In addition to their political function, provinces are commonly used today as geographical references for example to disambiguate small towns whose names occur frequently throughout Spain. There are many other groupings of municipalities that comprise the local government of Spain.

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz, is a city, the capital of the island of Tenerife, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and capital of the Canary Islands. Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 (2013) within its administrative limits. The urban zone of Santa Cruz extends beyond the city limits with a population of 507,306 and 538,000 within urban area. It is the second largest city in the Canary Islands and the main city on the island of Tenerife, with nearly half of the island's population living in or around it.

Municipalities of Spain

Municipalities of Spain

The municipality is the basic local administrative division in Spain together with the province.

List of municipalities in Las Palmas

List of municipalities in Las Palmas

This is a list of the 34 municipalities in the province of Las Palmas in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands, Spain. There are 21 municipalities on the island of Gran Canaria, 6 on the island of Fuerteventura and 7 on the island of Lanzarote.

List of municipalities in Santa Cruz de Tenerife

List of municipalities in Santa Cruz de Tenerife

This is a list of the 54 municipalities in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands, Spain - 31 on Tenerife Island, 14 on La Palma Island, 6 on La Gomera Island and 3 on El Hierro Island.

Morocco–Spain relations

Morocco–Spain relations

Morocco and Spain maintain extensive diplomatic, commercial, and military ties. Morocco’s foreign policy has focused on Western partners, including neighboring Spain. They have however, been historically intense and conflictive.

Hydrocarbon exploration

Hydrocarbon exploration

Hydrocarbon exploration is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for deposits of hydrocarbons, particularly petroleum and natural gas, in the Earth's crust using petroleum geology.

History

Ancient and pre-Hispanic times

Main article: Canary Islands in pre-colonial times
Guanche mummy of a woman (830 AD). Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre, Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
Guanche mummy of a woman (830 AD). Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre, Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

Before the arrival of humans, the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals; for example, the giant lizard (Gallotia goliath), the Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats,[59] and giant prehistoric tortoises, Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica.

Although the original settlement of what are now called the Canary Islands is not entirely clear, linguistic, genetic, and archaeological analyses indicate that indigenous peoples were living on the Canary Islands at least 2000 years ago but possibly one thousand years or more before, and that they shared a common origin with the Berbers on the nearby North African coast.[60][61][62] Reaching the islands may have taken place using several small boats, landing on the easternmost islands Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. These groups came to be known collectively as the Guanches, although Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife.[63]

A selection of artefacts unearthed from the Lomo de los Gatos site on Gran Canaria
A selection of artefacts unearthed from the Lomo de los Gatos site on Gran Canaria

As José Farrujia describes, 'The indigenous Canarians lived mainly in natural caves, usually near the coast, 300-500m above sea level. These caves were sometimes isolated but more commonly formed settlements, with burial caves nearby'.[64] Archaeological work has uncovered a rich culture visible through artefacts of ceramics, human figures, fishing, hunting and farming tools, plant fibre clothing and vessels, as well as cave paintings. At Lomo de los Gatos on Gran Canaria, a site occupied from 1,600 years ago up until the 1960s, round stone houses, complex burial sites, and associated artefacts have been found.[65] Across the islands are thousands of Libyco-Berber alphabet inscriptions scattered and they have been extensively documented by many linguists.[66][67]

The social structure of indigenous Canarians encompassed 'a system of matrilineal descent in most of the islands, in which inheritance was passed on via the female line. Social status and wealth were hereditary and determined the individual's position in the social pyramid, which consisted of the king, the relatives of the king, the lower nobility, villeins, plebeians, and finally executioners, butchers, embalmers, and prisoners'. Their religion was animist, centring on the sun and moon, as well as natural features such as mountains.[64]

Exploration

The islands may have been visited by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Carthaginians. King Juba II, Caesar Augustus's Numidian protégé, is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world. According to Pliny the Elder, Juba found the islands uninhabited, but found "a small temple of stone" and "some traces of buildings".[68] Juba dispatched a naval contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador in what is now western Morocco in the early first century AD.[69] That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.

The names given by Romans to the individual islands were Ninguaria or Nivaria (Tenerife), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Pluvialia or Invale (Lanzarote), Ombrion (La Palma), Planasia (Fuerteventura), Iunonia or Junonia (El Hierro) and Capraria (La Gomera).[70]

From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from Majorca, Portugal and Genoa. Lancelotto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312. The Majorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350 to 1400.

Reconstruction of a Guanche settlement of Tenerife
Reconstruction of a Guanche settlement of Tenerife

Castilian conquest

Main articles: Conquest of the Canary Islands, Kingdom of the Canary Islands, Crown of Castile, and Kingdom of Portugal

In 1402, the Castilian colonisation of the islands began with the expedition of the French explorers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle, nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile, to Lanzarote. From there, they went on to conquer Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro. These invasions were 'brutal cultural and military clashes between the indigenous population and the Castilians' lasting over a century due to formidable resistance by indigenous Canarians.[61] Professor Mohamed Adhikari has defined the conquest of the islands as a genocide of the Guanches.[71][72]

Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognised King Henry III as his overlord. It was not a simple military enterprise, given the aboriginal resistance on some islands. Neither was it politically, since the particular interests of the nobility (determined to strengthen their economic and political power through the acquisition of the islands) conflicted with those of the states, particularly Castile, which were in the midst of territorial expansion and in a process of strengthening of the Crown against the nobility.[73]

Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured native Guanche kings of Tenerife to the Catholic Monarchs
Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured native Guanche kings of Tenerife to the Catholic Monarchs

Historians distinguish two periods in the conquest of the Canary Islands:

Aristocratic conquest (Conquista señorial). This refers to the early conquests carried out by the nobility, for their own benefit and without the direct participation of the Crown of Castile, which merely granted rights of conquest in exchange for pacts of vassalage between the noble conqueror and the Crown. One can identify within this period an early phase known as the Betancurian or Norman Conquest, carried out by Jean de Bethencourt (who was originally from Normandy) and Gadifer de la Salle between 1402 and 1405, which involved the islands of Lanzarote, El Hierro and Fuerteventura. The subsequent phase is known as the Castilian Conquest, carried out by Castilian nobles who acquired, through purchases, assignments and marriages, the previously conquered islands and also incorporated the island of La Gomera around 1450.

Royal conquest (Conquista realenga). This defines the conquest between 1478 and 1496, carried out directly by the Crown of Castile, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, who armed and partly financed the conquest of those islands which were still unconquered: Gran Canaria, La Palma and Tenerife. This phase of the conquest came to an end in the year 1496, with the dominion of the island of Tenerife, bringing the entire Canarian Archipelago under the control of the Crown of Castile.

Casa de Colón (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), which Christopher Columbus visited during his first trip
Casa de Colón (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), which Christopher Columbus visited during his first trip

Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but it would be many years before the island was fully conquered. The natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448 Maciot de Béthencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator, an action that was accepted by neither the natives nor the Castilians. Despite Pope Nicholas V ruling that the Canary Islands were under Portuguese control, the crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. In 1479, Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which settled disputes between Castile and Portugal over the control of the Atlantic. This treaty recognized Castilian control of the Canary Islands but also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde islands, and gave the Portuguese rights to any further islands or lands in the Atlantic that might be discovered.

The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, they did not achieve complete control until 1496, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. As a result of this 'the native pre-Hispanic population declined quickly due to war, epidemics, and slavery'.[74] The Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.

After the conquest and the introduction of slavery

Maps of the Canary Islands drawn by William Dampier during his voyage to New Holland in 1699
Maps of the Canary Islands drawn by William Dampier during his voyage to New Holland in 1699
Coat of arms of the Castilian and Spanish Realm of Canary Islands
Coat of arms of the Castilian and Spanish Realm of Canary Islands

After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first sugarcane; then wine, an important item of trade with England. Gran Canaria was conquered by the Crown of Castile on 6 March 1480, and Tenerife was conquered in 1496, and each had its own governor. There has been speculation that the abundance of Roccella tinctoria on the Canary Islands offered a profit motive for Jean de Béthencourt during his conquest of the islands. Lichen has been used for centuries to make dyes. This includes royal purple colors derived from roccella tinctoria, also known as orseille.[75]

Slave-driving in order to sell into enforced labour
Slave-driving in order to sell into enforced labour

The objective of the Spanish Crown to convert the islands into a powerhouse of cultivation required a much larger labour force. This was attained through a brutal practice of enslavement, not only of indigenous Canarians but large numbers of Africans who were forcibly taken from North and Sub-Saharan Africa.[76] Whilst the first slave plantations in the Atlantic region were across Madeira, Cape Verde, and the Canary Islands, it was only the Canary Islands which had an indigenous population and were therefore invaded rather than newly occupied.[77]

This agriculture industry was largely based on sugarcane and the Castilians converted large swaths of the landscape for sugarcane production, and the processing and manufacturing of sugar, facilitated by enslaved labourers.[78] The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria became a stopping point for the Spanish traders, as well as conquistadors, and missionaries on their way to the New World. This trade route brought great wealth to the Castilian social sectors of the islands and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over Europe. As the wealth grew, enslaved African workers were also forced into demeaning domestic roles for the rich Castilians on the islands such as servants in their houses.[79] Research on the skeletons of some of these enslaved workers from the burial site of Finca Clavijo on Gran Canaria have showed that 'all of the adults buried in Finca Clavijo undertook extensive physical activity that involved significant stress on the spine and appendicular skeleton' that result from relentless hard labour, akin to the physical abnormalities found with enslaved peoples from other sugarcane plantations around the world.[74] These findings of the physical strain that the enslaved at Finca Clavijo were subjected to in order to provide wealth for the Spanish elite has inspired a poem by British writer Ralph Hoyte, entitled Close to the Bone.[80]

The method of forcibly relocating Africans to the Canary Islands in order to provide intensive labour, the first time this had been attempted, was looked at favourably by other European powers and was the inspiration behind the Transatlantic Slave Trade whereby around 12 million Africans were taken from their homelands in order to enter forced labour as plantation workers and domestic servants in the Americas over a period of 400 years.

As a result of the huge wealth generated by enslaved labour, magnificent palaces and churches were built on La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 16th century. Civilian architecture survives in forms such as Casas de los Sánchez-Ochando or Casa Quintana.

The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers. Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer Kemal Reis ventured into the Canaries in 1501, while Murat Reis the Elder captured Lanzarote in 1585.

The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the Dutch Revolt. A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Pieter van der Does, attacked the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (the city had 3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to Tamaraceite, near the city.

The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. 300 Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas, on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastián on La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew.

In 1618 the Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves.[81] Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July. The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm.

18th to 19th century

Amaro Pargo (1678–1741), corsair and merchant from Tenerife who participated in the Spanish treasure fleet (the Spanish-American trade route)
Amaro Pargo (1678–1741), corsair and merchant from Tenerife who participated in the Spanish treasure fleet (the Spanish-American trade route)

The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's Caribbean colonies. Low sugar prices in the 19th century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, cochineal (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, reinvigorating the islands' economy. During this time the Canarian-American trade was developed, in which Canarian products such as cochineal, sugarcane and rum were sold in American ports such as Veracruz, Campeche, La Guaira and Havana, among others.[82]

By the end of the 18th century, Canary Islanders had already emigrated to Spanish American territories, such as Havana, Veracruz, and Santo Domingo,[83] San Antonio, Texas[84] and St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.[85][86] These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration during the 19th and first half of the 20th century, primarily to the Americas. Between 1840 and 1890 as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela. Also, thousands of Canarians moved to Puerto Rico where the Spanish monarchy felt that Canarians would adapt to island life better than other immigrants from the mainland of Spain. Deeply entrenched traditions, such as the Mascaras Festival in the town of Hatillo, Puerto Rico, are an example of Canarian culture still preserved in Puerto Rico. Similarly, many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of Cuba.[87] During the Spanish–American War of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against a possible American attack, but no such event took place.

Romantic period and scientific expeditions

Coast El Golfo, El Hierro
Coast El Golfo, El Hierro

Sirera and Renn (2004)[88] distinguish two different types of expeditions, or voyages, during the period 1770–1830, which they term "the Romantic period":

First are "expeditions financed by the States, closely related with the official scientific Institutions. characterised by having strict scientific objectives (and inspired by) the spirit of Illustration and progress". In this type of expedition, Sirera and Renn include the following travellers:

  • J. Edens, whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt. Teide influenced many subsequent expeditions.
  • Louis Feuillée (1724), who was sent to measure the meridian of El Hierro and to map the islands.
  • Jean-Charles de Borda (1771, 1776) who more accurately measured the longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide
  • the Baudin-Ledru expedition (1796) which aimed to recover a valuable collection of natural history objects.

The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one that took place starting from more or less private initiatives. Among these, the key exponents were the following:

Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770–1830 as one in which "In a panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with strength and brio Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the islands will increase".

Early 20th century

The port of Las Palmas in 1912
The port of Las Palmas in 1912

At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes.

30 November 1833 the Province of Canary Islands had been created with the capital being declared as Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[89] The rivalry between the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces on 23 September 1927.[90]

During the time of the Second Spanish Republic, Marxist and anarchist workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. However, outside of a few municipalities, these organisations were a minority and fell easily to Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War.

Franco regime

Main article: Francoist Spain

In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the Spanish Civil War. Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on La Gomera. Though there was never a war in the islands, the post-war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries was most severe.[91]

During the Second World War, Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base, in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland.[92][Note 1] The planned operation was known as Operation Pilgrim.[93]

Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organise until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist Party of Spain and the formation of various nationalist, leftist parties.

During the Ifni War, the Franco regime set up concentration camps on the islands to extrajudicially imprison those in Western Sahara suspected of disloyalty to Spain, many of whom were colonial troops recruited on the spot but were later deemed to be potential fifth columnists and deported to the Canary Islands. These camps were characterised by the use of forced labour for infrastructure projects and highly unsanitary conditions resulting in the widespread occurrence of tuberculosis.[94]

Self-governance

Auditorio de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, and an icon of contemporary architecture in the Canary Islands, (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
Auditorio de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, and an icon of contemporary architecture in the Canary Islands, (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions (as of 2018)
Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions (as of 2018)

After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement based in Algeria, the Movement for the Independence and Self-determination of the Canaries Archipelago (MAIAC). In 1968, the Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate African independence movement, and declared the Canary Islands as an African territory still under foreign rule.[95]

After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982, with a newly established autonomous devolved government and parliament. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won. In the 2007 elections, the PSOE gained a plurality of seats, but the nationalist Canarian Coalition and the conservative Partido Popular (PP) formed a ruling coalition government.[96]

Capitals

At present, the Canary Islands is the only autonomous community in Spain that has two capitals: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, since the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands [es] was created in 1982.[14][15]

The political capital of the archipelago did not exist as such until the nineteenth century. The first cities founded by the Europeans at the time of the conquest of the Canary Islands in the 15th century were: Telde (in Gran Canaria), San Marcial del Rubicón (in Lanzarote) and Betancuria (in Fuerteventura). These cities boasted the first European institutions present in the archipelago, including Catholic bishoprics.[97] Although, because the period of splendor of these cities developed before the total conquest of the archipelago and its incorporation into the Crown of Castile never had a political and real control of the entire Canary archipelago.

Overview of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Overview of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
View of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
View of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

The function of a Canarian city with full jurisdiction for the entire archipelago only exists after the conquest of the Canary Islands, although originally de facto, that is, without legal and real meaning and linked to the headquarters of the Canary Islands General Captaincy.

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria was the first city that exercised this function. This is because the residence of the Captain General of the Canary Islands was in this city during part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[98] In May 1661, the Captain General of the Canary Islands, Jerónimo de Benavente y Quiñones, moved the headquarters of the captaincy to the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna on the island of Tenerife.[99] This was due to the fact that this island since the conquest was the most populated, productive and with the highest economic expectations.[100] La Laguna would be considered the de facto capital of the archipelago[101] until the official status of the capital of Canary Islands in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was confirmed in the 19th century, due in part to the constant controversies and rivalries between the bourgeoisies of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for the economic, political and institutional hegemony of the archipelago.[102]

Already in 1723, the Captain General of the Canary Islands Lorenzo Fernandez de Villavicencio had moved the headquarters of the General Captaincy of the Canary Islands from San Cristóbal de La Laguna to Santa Cruz de Tenerife. This decision continued without pleasing the society of the island of Gran Canaria.[103] It would be after the creation of the Province of Canary Islands in November 1833 in which Santa Cruz would become the first fully official capital of the Canary Islands (De jure and not of de facto as happened previously).[14][17] Santa Cruz de Tenerife would be the capital of the Canary archipelago until during the Government of General Primo de Rivera in 1927 the Province of Canary Islands was split in two provinces: Las Palmas with capital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife with capital in the homonymous city.

Finally, with the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands in 1982 and the creation of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, the capital of the archipelago between Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is fixed, which is how it remains today.

Discover more about History related topics

Canary Islands in pre-colonial times

Canary Islands in pre-colonial times

The Canary Islands have been known since antiquity. Until the Spanish colonization between 1402 and 1496, the Canaries were populated by an indigenous population, whose origin was Amazigh from North Africa.

Guanche mummies

Guanche mummies

Guanche mummies are the intentionally desiccated remains of members of the indigenous Berber Guanche people of the Tenerife. The Guanche mummies were made during the eras prior to Spanish settlement of the area in the 15th century. The methods of embalming are similar to those that were used by the Ancient Egyptians, though fewer mummies remain from the Guanche due to looting and desecration.

Gallotia goliath

Gallotia goliath

Gallotia goliath is an extinct giant lizard species from the island of Tenerife of the Canary Islands, Spain. This reptile lived before the arrival of humans and is believed to have grown to at least 0.9 metres (3.0 ft) long. It was described by the German herpetologist Robert Mertens. Fossils of this lizard have been found in volcanic caves, where they often appear with those of other animals, like the Tenerife giant rat.

Gran Canaria giant rat

Gran Canaria giant rat

The Gran Canaria giant rat is an extinct species of rat endemic to the island of Gran Canaria.

Indigenous peoples

Indigenous peoples

Indigenous peoples are the earliest known inhabitants of an area, especially one that has been colonized by a now-dominant group. However, usage of the term and who may qualify as being Indigenous vary depending on nationality and culture. In its modern context, the term Indigenous was first used by Europeans, who used it to differentiate the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the European settlers of the Americas, as well as from the sub-Saharan Africans the settlers enslaved and brought to the Americas by force. The term may have first been used in this context by Sir Thomas Browne in 1646, who stated "and although in many parts thereof there be at present swarms of Negroes serving under the Spaniard, yet were they all transported from Africa, since the discovery of Columbus; and are not indigenous or proper natives of America."

Berbers

Berbers

Berbers, also called by their self-name Amazigh or Imazighen, are an ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb region of North Africa, where they live in scattered communities across parts of Morocco, Algeria, and Libya, and to a lesser extent Tunisia, Mauritania, northern Mali, and northern Niger. Smaller Berber communities are also found in Burkina Faso and Egypt's Siwa Oasis. Historically, Berber nations have spoken Berber languages, which are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

Guanches

Guanches

The Guanches were the indigenous inhabitants of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 kilometres (60 mi) west of Africa.

Ceramic

Ceramic

A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.

Animism

Animism

Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and in some cases words, as animated and alive. Animism is used in anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of many Indigenous peoples, in contrast to the relatively more recent development of organized religions. Animism focuses on the metaphysical universe, with a specific focus on the concept of the immaterial soul.

Greeks

Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world.

Ancient Carthage

Ancient Carthage

Carthage was a settlement in what is now known as modern Tunisia that later became a city-state and then an empire. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC, Carthage reached its height in the fourth century BC as one of the largest metropolises in the world and the centre of the Carthaginian Empire, a major power in the ancient world that dominated the western Mediterranean. Following the Punic Wars, Carthage was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC, who later rebuilt the city lavishly.

Juba II

Juba II

Juba II or Juba of Mauretania was the son of Juba I and client king of Numidia and Mauretania. Aside from his very successful reign, he was a highly respected scholar and author. His first wife was Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Queen Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of the Canary Islands, Canary Islanders, and Spanish immigration to Cuba
Population history[104]
YearPop.±% p.a.
1768 155,763—    
1787 168,928+0.43%
1797 173,865+0.29%
1842 241,266+0.73%
1860 237,036−0.10%
1887 301,983+0.90%
1900 364,408+1.46%
1920 488,483+1.48%
1940 687,937+1.73%
1960 966,177+1.71%
1981 1,367,646+1.67%
1990 1,589,403+1.68%
2000 1,716,276+0.77%
2010 2,118,519+2.13%
2011[105]2,082,655−1.69%
2012 —    
2013 —    
2014[106] 2,104,815—    
2015[107]2,128,647+1.13%
2016 —    
2017 2,154,905—    
2018[108] 2,127,685−1.26%
2019 2,153,387+1.21%
2021 2,172,944+0.45%

The Canary Islands have a population of 2,153,389 inhabitants (2019), making it the eighth most populous of Spain's autonomous communities.[3] The total area of the archipelago is 7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi),[109] resulting in a population density of 287.4 inhabitants per square kilometre.

The population of the islands according to the 2019 data are:[3]

The Canary Islands have become home to many European residents, mainly coming from Italy, Germany and the UK. Because of the vast immigration to Venezuela and Cuba during the second half of the 20th century and the later return to the Canary Islands of these people along with their families, there are many residents whose country of origin was Venezuela (66,593) or Cuba (41,807). Since the 1990s, many illegal migrants have reached the Canary Islands, Melilla and Ceuta, using them as entry points to the EU.[110][111][112]

Population of the Canary Islands 2019
Birthplace Population Percent
Canary Islands 1,553,517 72.1
Rest of Spain 176,302 8.2
Total, Spain 1,735,457 80.6
Foreign-born 417,932 19.4
Americas 201,257 9.3
Venezuela 66,573 –
Cuba 41,792 –
Colombia 31,361 –
Argentina 17,429 –
Uruguay 8,687 –
Rest of Europe 154,511 7.2
Italy 39,469 –
Germany 25,921 –
United Kingdom 25,339 –
Africa 38,768 1.8
Morocco 24,268 –
Asia 23,082 1.1
China 9,848 –
Oceania 314 0.0
Total 2,153,389 100.0
Source[111][113]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Canary Islands
Basilica of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patroness of the Canary Islands) in Candelaria, Tenerife
Basilica of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patroness of the Canary Islands) in Candelaria, Tenerife

The Catholic Church has been the majority religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries, ever since the Conquest of the Canary Islands. There are also several other religious communities.

Roman Catholic Church

The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic (76.7%)[114] with various smaller foreign-born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants.

The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands) was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity. Two Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands: Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur[115] and José de Anchieta.[116] Both born on the island of Tenerife, they were respectively missionaries in Guatemala and Brazil.

The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop:

Other religions

Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of Muslims.[117] Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community.[118] For its part, there is also the Evangelical Council of the Canary Islands in the archipelago.

Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as Hinduism.[117] Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche People which is classified as a neo-pagan native religion.[117] Also present are Buddhism,[117] Judaism,[117] Baháʼí,[117] African religion,[117] and Chinese religions.[117]

According to Statista in 2019, there are 75,662 Muslims in Canary Islands.[119]

Statistics

The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows:[120]

  • Catholic 84.9%
  • Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
  • Other religions 1.7%

Population genetics

Main article: Canarian people § Population genetics

Discover more about Demographics related topics

Demographics of the Canary Islands

Demographics of the Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are an archipelago, or island chain, in the Macaronesia region of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North Africa. They are one of 17 autonomous communities of Spain. The demographics of the Canary Islands are concentrated in the largest islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

Canary Islanders

Canary Islanders

Canary Islanders, or Canarians, are a Romance people and ethnic group. They reside on the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain near the coast of northwest Africa, and descend from a mixture of European settlers and aboriginal Guanche peoples. Genetics shows modern Canarian people to be, on average, a population of mostly European ancestry, with some Northwest African admixture. The distinctive variety of the Spanish language spoken in the region is known as habla canaria or the (dialecto) canario. The Canarians, and their descendants, played a major role during the conquest, colonization, and eventual independence movements of various countries in Latin America. Their ethnic and cultural presence is most palpable in the countries of Uruguay, Venezuela, Cuba and the Dominican Republic as well as the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

Lanzarote

Lanzarote

Lanzarote is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It is located approximately 125 kilometres off the north coast of Africa and 1,000 kilometres from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering 845.94 square kilometres, Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 152,289 inhabitants at the start of 2019, it is the third most populous Canary Island, after Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park, one of its main attractions. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993. The island's capital is Arrecife, which lies on the eastern coastline. It is the smaller main island of the Province of Las Palmas.

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the North Africa region, and politically part of Spain. It is located 97 km (60 mi) away from the northwestern coast of Africa. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009.

La Palma

La Palma

La Palma, also known as La isla bonita and officially San Miguel de La Palma, is the most northwesterly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres (273 sq mi) making it the fifth largest of the eight main Canary Islands. The total population at the end of 2020 was 85,840, of which 15,716 lived in the capital, Santa Cruz de La Palma and about 20,467 in Los Llanos de Aridane. Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos, at 2,423 metres (7,949 ft), being second among the peaks of the Canaries after the Teide massif on Tenerife.

La Gomera

La Gomera

La Gomera is one of Spain's Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. With an area of 370.03 km2 (142.87 sq mi), it is the third-smallest of the archipelago's eight main islands. It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. La Gomera is the third least populous of the eight main Canary Islands, with 22,426 inhabitants. Its capital is San Sebastián de La Gomera, where the cabildo insular is located.

El Hierro

El Hierro

El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano, is the second-smallest and farthest-south and -west of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,968 (2019). Its capital is Valverde. At 268.51 square kilometres (103.67 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries.

Cuba

Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) but a total of 350,730 km2 (135,420 sq mi) including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.

Immigration to Spain

Immigration to Spain

Immigration to Spain increased significantly in the beginning of the 21st century. In 1998, immigrants accounted for 1.6% of the population, and by 2009, that number had jumped to above 12% — one of the highest in Europe at the time. Until 2014, the numbers were decreasing due to the economic crisis, but since then, immigration to Spain has increased again since 2015.

Ceuta

Ceuta

Ceuta is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa.

Americas

Americas

The Americas are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.

Islands

Ordered from west to east, the Canary Islands are El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote. In addition, north of Lanzarote are the islets of La Graciosa, Montaña Clara, Alegranza, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste, belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago, and northeast of Fuerteventura is the islet of Lobos. There are also a series of small adjacent rocks in the Canary Islands: the Roques de Anaga, Garachico and Fasnia in Tenerife, and those of Salmor and Bonanza in El Hierro.

El Hierro

Main article: El Hierro

El Hierro, the westernmost island, covers 268.71 km2 (103.75 sq mi), making it the second smallest of the major islands, and the least populous with 10,798 inhabitants. The whole island was declared Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000. Its capital is Valverde. Also known as Ferro, it was once believed to be the westernmost land in the world.

Fuerteventura

Main article: Fuerteventura
Barranco de Pecenescal – Fuerteventura
Barranco de Pecenescal – Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura, with a surface of 1,660 km2 (640 sq mi), is the second largest island of the archipelago. It has been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. It has a population of 113,275. The oldest of the islands, it is more eroded. Its highest point is the Peak of the Bramble, at a height of 807 metres (2,648 feet). Its capital is Puerto del Rosario.

Gran Canaria

Main article: Gran Canaria
View of Fataga, Gran Canaria
View of Fataga, Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria has 846,717 inhabitants. The capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (377,203 inhabitants), is the most populous city and shares the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km2 (600 sq mi). Roque Nublo 1,813 metres (5,948 feet) and Pico de las Nieves ("Peak of Snow") 1,949 metres (6,394 feet) are located in the center of the island. On the south of the island are the Maspalomas Dunes (Gran Canaria).

La Gomera

Main article: La Gomera

La Gomera has an area of 369.76 km2 (142.77 sq mi) and is the second least populous island with 21,136 inhabitants. Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago. The insular capital is San Sebastian de La Gomera. Garajonay National Park is located on the island.

Lanzarote

Main article: Lanzarote

Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the oldest of the archipelago, and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity. It has a surface of 845.94 km2 (326.62 sq mi), and a population of 149,183 inhabitants, including the adjacent islets of the Chinijo Archipelago. The capital is Arrecife, with 56,834 inhabitants.

Chinijo Archipelago

Main article: Chinijo Archipelago
The Chinijo Archipelago, seen from Lanzarote
The Chinijo Archipelago, seen from Lanzarote

The Chinijo Archipelago includes the islands La Graciosa, Alegranza, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. It has a surface of 40.8 km2 (15.8 sq mi), and only La Graciosa is populated, with 658 inhabitants. With 29 km2 (11 sq mi), La Graciosa, is the largest island of the Chinijo Archipelago but also the smallest inhabited island of the Canaries.

La Palma

Main article: La Palma

La Palma, with 81,863 inhabitants covering an area of 708.32 km2 (273.48 sq mi), is in its entirety a biosphere reserve. For long it showed no signs of volcanic activity, even though the volcano Teneguía entered into eruption last in 1971. On September 19, 2021, the volcanic Cumbre Vieja on the island erupted.[121] It is the second-highest island of the Canaries, with the Roque de los Muchachos at 2,423 metres (7,949 feet) as its highest point. Santa Cruz de La Palma (known to those on the island as simply "Santa Cruz") is its capital.

Tenerife

Main article: Tenerife
San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1880 (Tenerife)
San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1880 (Tenerife)

Tenerife is, with its area of 2,034 km2 (785 sq mi), the most extensive island of the Canary Islands. In addition, with 904,713 inhabitants it is the most populated island of the archipelago and Spain. Two of the islands' principal cities are located on it: the capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna (a World Heritage Site). San Cristóbal de La Laguna, the second city of the island is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands, the University of La Laguna. Teide, with its 3,715 metres (12,188 feet) is the highest peak of Spain and also a World Heritage Site. Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of aviation, in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977.

La Graciosa

Main article: La Graciosa

Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain, located 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the island of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Río. It was formed by the Canary hotspot. The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park (Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo). It is administrated by the municipality of Teguise. In 2018 La Graciosa officially became the eighth Canary Island.[122][123][124] Before then, La Graciosa had the status of an islet, administratively dependent on the island of Lanzarote. It is the smallest and least populated of the main islands, with a population of about 700 people.

Discover more about Islands related topics

El Hierro

El Hierro

El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano, is the second-smallest and farthest-south and -west of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,968 (2019). Its capital is Valverde. At 268.51 square kilometres (103.67 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries.

La Palma

La Palma

La Palma, also known as La isla bonita and officially San Miguel de La Palma, is the most northwesterly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres (273 sq mi) making it the fifth largest of the eight main Canary Islands. The total population at the end of 2020 was 85,840, of which 15,716 lived in the capital, Santa Cruz de La Palma and about 20,467 in Los Llanos de Aridane. Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos, at 2,423 metres (7,949 ft), being second among the peaks of the Canaries after the Teide massif on Tenerife.

La Gomera

La Gomera

La Gomera is one of Spain's Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. With an area of 370.03 km2 (142.87 sq mi), it is the third-smallest of the archipelago's eight main islands. It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. La Gomera is the third least populous of the eight main Canary Islands, with 22,426 inhabitants. Its capital is San Sebastián de La Gomera, where the cabildo insular is located.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the North Africa region, and politically part of Spain. It is located 97 km (60 mi) away from the northwestern coast of Africa. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009.

Lanzarote

Lanzarote

Lanzarote is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It is located approximately 125 kilometres off the north coast of Africa and 1,000 kilometres from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering 845.94 square kilometres, Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 152,289 inhabitants at the start of 2019, it is the third most populous Canary Island, after Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park, one of its main attractions. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993. The island's capital is Arrecife, which lies on the eastern coastline. It is the smaller main island of the Province of Las Palmas.

Montaña Clara

Montaña Clara

Montaña Clara is a small uninhabited islet belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago, in the northeastern part of the Canary Islands, only a short distance northwest of La Graciosa. The islet area is only 1.33 km2. The highest point of the island is 256 m (840 ft) above sea level.

Alegranza

Alegranza

Alegranza is an uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean, located off the coast of Africa and is in the province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is the northernmost point in the Canary Islands, and part of the Chinijo Archipelago. The island is part of the municipality of Teguise on Lanzarote.

Roque del Este

Roque del Este

Roque del Este is a small uninhabited island in the Canary Islands, located 11 kilometres northeast of the island of Lanzarote. The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago, which is administratively part of the municipality of Teguise.

Chinijo Archipelago

Chinijo Archipelago

The Chinijo Archipelago is a small archipelago located in the northeastern part of the Canary Islands, north of the island of Lanzarote. The archipelago includes the islets of Montaña Clara, Alegranza, La Graciosa, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. The archipelago is administered by Lanzarote and belongs to the municipality of Teguise. La Graciosa is the only inhabited island, with a population of around 700.

Lobos Island

Lobos Island

Lobos is a small island of the Canary Islands (Spain) located just 2 kilometres north of the island of Fuerteventura. It belongs to the municipality of La Oliva on the island of Fuerteventura. It has an area of 4.68 square kilometres (1.8 sq mi). It has been a nature reserve since 1982.

Roque de Garachico

Roque de Garachico

Roque de Garachico is a small island or roque located 300 metres (980 ft) off the north coast of the island of Tenerife belonging to the municipality of Garachico. It stretches 284 metres (932 ft) north-south, and is up to 169 metres (554 ft) wide, with an area of five hectares. It emerges steep out of the sea, with nearly vertical walls of rock in places, and reaches a height of 77 metres (253 ft). The area was protected in 1987.

Data

Flag Coat of arms Island Capital Area (km2) Population (2010) Population Density (people/km2)
Flag of El Hierro with CoA.svg Coat of Arms of El Hierro.svg El Hierro Valverde 268.71 10,960 40.79
Flag of Fuerteventura.svg Coat of Arms of Fuerteventura.svg Fuerteventura Puerto del Rosario 1,660 103,492 62.34
Flag of Gran Canaria.svg Coat of Arms of Gran Canaria.svg Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1,560.1 845,676 542.07
Flag of La Gomera.svg Coat of Arms of La Gomera.svg La Gomera San Sebastián 369.76 22,776 61.6
Flag of Lanzarote.svg Coat of Arms of Lanzarote.svg Lanzarote Arrecife 845.94 141,437 167.2
Flag of La Palma with CoA.svg Coat of Arms of La Palma.svg La Palma Santa Cruz de La Palma 708.32 86,324 121.87
Flag of Tenerife.svg Escudo de Tenerife.svg Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2,034.38 906,854 445.76
– – La Graciosa Caleta de Sebo 29.05 658 22.65
– – Alegranza – 10.3 – –
– – Isla de Lobos – 4.5 – –
– – Montaña Clara – 1.48 – –
– – Roque del Este – 0.06 – –
– – Roque del Oeste – 0.015 – –

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Flag

Flag

A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design and colours. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term flag is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging. Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin vexillumcode: lat promoted to code: la , meaning "flag" or "banner".

Coat of arms

Coat of arms

A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its whole consists of a shield, supporters, a crest, and a motto. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to the armiger. The term itself of 'coat of arms' describing in modern times just the heraldic design, originates from the description of the entire medieval chainmail 'surcoat' garment used in combat or preparation for the latter.

El Hierro

El Hierro

El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano, is the second-smallest and farthest-south and -west of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,968 (2019). Its capital is Valverde. At 268.51 square kilometres (103.67 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries.

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the North Africa region, and politically part of Spain. It is located 97 km (60 mi) away from the northwestern coast of Africa. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

La Gomera

La Gomera

La Gomera is one of Spain's Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. With an area of 370.03 km2 (142.87 sq mi), it is the third-smallest of the archipelago's eight main islands. It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. La Gomera is the third least populous of the eight main Canary Islands, with 22,426 inhabitants. Its capital is San Sebastián de La Gomera, where the cabildo insular is located.

Lanzarote

Lanzarote

Lanzarote is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It is located approximately 125 kilometres off the north coast of Africa and 1,000 kilometres from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering 845.94 square kilometres, Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 152,289 inhabitants at the start of 2019, it is the third most populous Canary Island, after Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park, one of its main attractions. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993. The island's capital is Arrecife, which lies on the eastern coastline. It is the smaller main island of the Province of Las Palmas.

Arrecife

Arrecife

Arrecife is a city and municipality in the Canary Islands (Spain) situated in the centre-east of the island of Lanzarote, of which it has been the capital since 1852. The city owes its name to the rock reef which covers the beach located in the city. The city also gives its name to the nearby Arrecife Airport.

La Palma

La Palma

La Palma, also known as La isla bonita and officially San Miguel de La Palma, is the most northwesterly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres (273 sq mi) making it the fifth largest of the eight main Canary Islands. The total population at the end of 2020 was 85,840, of which 15,716 lived in the capital, Santa Cruz de La Palma and about 20,467 in Los Llanos de Aridane. Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos, at 2,423 metres (7,949 ft), being second among the peaks of the Canaries after the Teide massif on Tenerife.

Caleta de Sebo

Caleta de Sebo

Caleta de Sebo is the main settlement and capital community of La Graciosa.

Alegranza

Alegranza

Alegranza is an uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean, located off the coast of Africa and is in the province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is the northernmost point in the Canary Islands, and part of the Chinijo Archipelago. The island is part of the municipality of Teguise on Lanzarote.

Lobos Island

Lobos Island

Lobos is a small island of the Canary Islands (Spain) located just 2 kilometres north of the island of Fuerteventura. It belongs to the municipality of La Oliva on the island of Fuerteventura. It has an area of 4.68 square kilometres (1.8 sq mi). It has been a nature reserve since 1982.

Economy and environment

See also: Tourism in the Canary Islands, List of companies based in the Canary Islands, and Island country § Natural resources
Tourism in the Canary Islands[125]
Year Visitors
2009
(Jan–Jun)		 4,002,013
2008 9,210,509
2007 9,326,116
2006 9,530,039
2005 9,276,963
2004 9,427,265
2003 9,836,785
2002 9,778,512
2001 10,137,205
2000 9,975,977
1993 6,545,396
Largest by
Country (2008) 		Population
Germany 2,498,847
United Kingdom 3,355,942
The dunes of Maspalomas in Gran Canaria is one of the tourist attractions.
The dunes of Maspalomas in Gran Canaria is one of the tourist attractions.
Banana plantation in San Andrés y Sauces
Banana plantation in San Andrés y Sauces

The economy is based primarily on tourism, which makes up 32% of the GDP. The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to Europe and the Americas. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in the more arid islands, are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cochineal, sugarcane, grapes, vines, dates, oranges, lemons, figs, wheat, barley, maize, apricots, peaches and almonds.

Water resources are also being overexploited, due to the high water usage by tourists.[126] Also, some islands (such as Gran Canaria and Tenerife) overexploit the ground water. This is done in such degree that, according to European and Spanish legal regulations, the current situation is not acceptable. To address the problems, good governance and a change in the water use paradigm have been proposed. These solutions depend largely on controlling water use and on demand management. As this is administratively difficult and politically unpalatable, most action is currently directed at increasing the public offer of water through import from outside; a decision which is economically, politically and environmentally questionable.[127]

To bring in revenue for environmental protection, innovation, training and water sanitation a tourist tax was considered in 2018, along with a doubling of the ecotax and restrictions on holiday rents in the zones with the greatest pressure of demand.[128]

The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20-year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of foreign direct investment, mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near €11 billion in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds). Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than five jobs.

Spain gave permission in August 2014 for Repsol and its partners to explore oil and natural gas prospects off the Canary Islands, involving an investment of €7.5 billion over four years, to commence at the end of 2016. Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce 100,000 barrels of oil a day, which would meet 10 percent of Spain's energy needs.[129] However, the analysis of samples obtained did not show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction, and the project was scrapped.[130]

Despite currently having very high dependence on fossil fuels, research on the renewable energy potential concluded that a high potential for renewable energy technologies exists on the archipelago. This, in such extent even that a scenario pathway to 100% renewable energy supply by 2050 has been put forward.[131]

The Canary Islands have great natural attractions, climate and beaches make the islands a major tourist destination, being visited each year by about 12 million people (11,986,059 in 2007, noting 29% of Britons, 22% of Spanish (from outside the Canaries), and 21% of Germans). Among the islands, Tenerife has the largest number of tourists received annually, followed by Gran Canaria and Lanzarote.[10][11] The archipelago's principal tourist attraction is the Teide National Park (in Tenerife) where the highest mountain in Spain and third largest volcano in the world (Mount Teide), receives over 2.8 million visitors annually.[132]

The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the Roque de los Muchachos peak (on La Palma island) a leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan.

The islands, as an autonomous region of Spain, are in the European Union and the Schengen Area. They are in the European Union Customs Union but outside the VAT area.[133] Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax (IGIC) which has a general rate of 7%, an increased tax rate of 13.5%, a reduced tax rate of 3% and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services. Consequently, some products are subject to additional VAT if being exported from the islands into mainland Spain or the rest of the EU.

Canarian time is Western European Time (WET) (or GMT; in summer one hour ahead of GMT). So Canarian time is one hour behind that of mainland Spain and the same as that of the UK, Ireland and mainland Portugal all year round.

Tourism statistics

The number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands had been in 2018 16,150,054 and in the year 2019 15,589,290.[134]

Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air in 2019, by island of destination
Rank Island Number of Visitors
1 Tenerife 5,889,454
2 Gran Canaria 4,267,385
3 Lanzarote 3,065,575
4 Fuerteventura 2,023,196
5 La Palma 343,680
Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air, by island of destination
Month Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Tenerife La Palma
2020 May 0 0 0 0 0
2020 April 0 0 0 0 0
2020 March 99,407 71,988 141,692 208,696 11,531
2020 February 215,054 175,618 387,432 528,873 31,996
2020 January 209,769 149,140 405,208 512,153 36,618
2020 524,230 396,746 934,332 1,249,722 80,145
2019 December 256,733 168,717 416,723 526,258 35,515
2019 November 231,995 159,352 405,715 487,576 29,614
2019 October 258,722 175,472 354,718 484,905 24,506
2019 September 235,534 154,056 291,855 432,241 21,106
2019 August 273,783 175,153 328,921 501,712 26,465
2019 July 270,438 171,819 333,530 481,976 22,059
2019 June 242,901 159,945 274,881 451,244 18,266
2019 May 230,821 140,370 261,250 423,740 19,447
2019 April 256,776 179,318 324,647 484,097 32,927
2019 March 295,614 201,556 447,905 579,224 39,570
2019 February 272,428 164,970 403,123 513,880 32,162
2019 January 239,830 172,468 424,117 522,601 42,043
2019 3,065,575 2,023,196 4,267,385 5,889,454 343,680
2018 December 258,185 171,248 420,041 519,566 34,266
2018 November 256,755 163,189 410,456 513,953 40,401
2018 October 265,950 207,176 397,411 541,492 27,865
2018 September 249,877 181,272 326,673 451,957 22,094
2018 August 260,216 206,718 370,232 516,048 28,054
2018 July 258,746 208,723 374,844 485,961 23,453
2018 June 233,824 181,406 301,068 448,667 19,384
2018 May 245,563 159,808 285,178 421,763 22,702
2018 April 266,433 184,772 347,043 488,679 30,675
2018 March 299,270 223,478 441,620 572,515 35,369
2018 February 246,215 181,218 396,707 484,485 40,282
2018 January 222,283 184,199 438,555 503,856 50,215
2018 3,063,317 2,253,207 4,509,828 5,948,942 374,760
Source (05/2020):[134]

GDP statistics

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Canary Islands in 2015 was €40,923 million, €19,222 per capita. The figures by island are as follows:[135]

GDP by island in million euros
Island GDP
Tenerife 17,615
Gran Canaria 15,812
Lanzarote 3,203
Fuerteventura 2,298
La Palma 1,423
La Gomera 394
El Hierro 178

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List of companies based in the Canary Islands

List of companies based in the Canary Islands

The Canary Islands, also known as the Canaries, are a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 kilometres west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The economy is based primarily on tourism, which makes up 32% of the GDP. The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to Europe and the Americas.

Maspalomas

Maspalomas

Maspalomas is a tourist resort in the south of the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, stretching from Bahía Feliz in the east to Meloneras in the west, including the resort towns of San Agustín and Playa del Inglés and San Fernando. Maspalomas constitutes the southernmost part of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, and of the island.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

San Andrés y Sauces

San Andrés y Sauces

San Andrés y Sauces is a municipality on the island of La Palma, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It is situated in the northeastern part of the island. The population of the municipality is 4,473 (2013) and the area is 42.75 km². The elevation of the largest village Los Sauces is 250 m. Los Sauces is 14 km north of the island capital Santa Cruz de La Palma. The municipality takes its name from the villages Los Sauces and San Andrés, 1.5 km southeast of Los Sauces, at the coast.

Arid

Arid

A region is arid when it severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most arid climates straddle the Equator; these regions include parts of Africa, Asia, South America, North America, and Australia.

Potato

Potato

The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.

Onion

Onion

An onion, also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. The shallot is a botanical variety of the onion which was classified as a separate species until 2011. Its close relatives include garlic, scallion, leek, and chive.

Cochineal

Cochineal

The cochineal is a scale insect in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, from which the natural dye carmine is derived. A primarily sessile parasite native to tropical and subtropical South America through North America, this insect lives on cacti in the genus Opuntia, feeding on plant moisture and nutrients. The insects are found on the pads of prickly pear cacti, collected by brushing them off the plants, and dried.

Sugarcane

Sugarcane

Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass that is used for sugar production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totaling 1.9 billion tonnes in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of sugar produced globally. About 70% of the sugar produced comes from Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids. All sugarcane species can interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids.

Grape

Grape

A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.

Orange (fruit)

Orange (fruit)

An orange is a fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae ; it primarily refers to Citrus × sinensis, which is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related Citrus × aurantium, referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually ; varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations.

Lemon

Lemon

The lemon is a species of small evergreen trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia, primarily Northeast India (Assam), Northern Myanmar or China.

Transport

Current fleet

A Binter Canarias Embraer 195 E2 at the Galician airport of Vigo. Binter is the biggest airline of the Canary Islands and labels itself as the flag carrier of the Autonomous Community (Líneas Aéreas de Canarias).
A Binter Canarias Embraer 195 E2 at the Galician airport of Vigo. Binter is the biggest airline of the Canary Islands and labels itself as the flag carrier of the Autonomous Community (Líneas Aéreas de Canarias).
Bus Station—Estación de Guaguas also known as El Hoyo (The hole), on the left, out of the image—at San Telmo Park, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Bus Station—Estación de Guaguas also known as El Hoyo (The hole), on the left, out of the image—at San Telmo Park, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Tenerife Tram
Tenerife Tram

The Canary Islands have eight airports altogether, two of the main ports of Spain, and an extensive network of autopistas (highways) and other roads. For a road map see multimap.[136] Traffic congestion is sometimes a problem in Tenerife and on Grand Canaria.[137][138][139]

Large ferry boats and fast ferries link most of the islands. Both types can transport large numbers of passengers, cargo, and vehicles. Fast ferries are made of aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines, while conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil. Fast ferries travel in excess of 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph); conventional ferries travel in excess of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph), but are slower than fast ferries. A typical ferry ride between La Palma and Tenerife may take up to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about two and a half hours and between Tenerife and Gran Canaria can be about one hour.[140]

The largest airport is the Gran Canaria Airport. Tenerife has two airports, Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport.[141] The island of Tenerife gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands through its two airports.[142] The two main islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) receive the greatest number of passengers.[143] Tenerife 6,204,499 passengers and Gran Canaria 5,011,176 passengers.[144]

The port of Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands,[145] while the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port with approximately 7,500 tons of fish caught, according to the Spanish government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports. Similarly, it is the second port in Spain as regards ship traffic, only surpassed by the Port of Algeciras Bay.[146] The port's facilities include a border inspection post (BIP) approved by the European Union, which is responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area. The port of Los Cristianos (Tenerife) has the greatest number of passengers recorded in the Canary Islands, followed by the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[147] The Port of Las Palmas is the third port in the islands in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported.[147]

The SS America was beached at the Canary islands on 18 January 1994. However, the ocean liner broke apart after the course of several years and eventually sank beneath the surface.

Rail transport

The Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and is currently the only one in the Canary Islands, travelling between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna.

Three more railway lines are being planned for the Canary Islands:

Line Island Terminus A Terminus B
Tren de Gran Canaria[148] Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Maspalomas
Tren del Sur Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Los Cristianos
Tren del Norte[149] Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Los Realejos

Airports

Ports

Port of Las Palmas, the largest port in the Canary Islands
Port of Las Palmas, the largest port in the Canary Islands

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Binter Canarias

Binter Canarias

Binter Canarias S.A. is the flag carrier of the Spanish autonomous community of the Canary Islands, based on the grounds of Gran Canaria Airport in Telde, Gran Canaria and Tenerife North Airport, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain. It is a regional air carrier operating inter-island services within the Canary Islands, and other Atlantic islands, it also operates to the Spanish Mainland and some European destinations, mainly in France and Italy with its brand new Embraer E2, having been the launch customer for the 195 series. Affiliated airlines operate on behalf of Binter in services to Morocco, Mainland-Spain, Portugal and Western Sahara.

Highways in Spain

Highways in Spain

The Spanish motorway (highway) network is the third largest in the world, by length. As of 2019, there are 17,228 km (10,705 mi) of High Capacity Roads in the country. There are two main types of such roads, autopistas and autovías, which differed in the strictness of the standards they are held up to.

Ferry

Ferry

A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi.

Gran Canaria Airport

Gran Canaria Airport

Gran Canaria Airport, sometimes also known as Gando Airport, is a passenger and freight airport on the island of Gran Canaria. It is an important airport within the Spanish air-transport network, as it holds the sixth position in terms of passengers, and fifth in terms of operations and cargo transported. It also ranks first of the Canary Islands in all three categories, although the island of Tenerife has higher passenger numbers overall if statistics from the two airports located on the island are combined.

Tenerife South Airport

Tenerife South Airport

Tenerife South Airport, also known as Tenerife South–Reina Sofía Airport, is the larger of the two international airports located on the island of Tenerife and the second busiest in the Canary Islands. It is located in the municipality of Granadilla de Abona and handled over 11 million passengers in 2018. Combined with Tenerife North Airport, the island gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands, with 12,248,673 passengers, surpassing Gran Canaria Airport.

Port of Las Palmas

Port of Las Palmas

Port of Las Palmas is port for fishing, commercial, passenger and sports boats in the city of Las Palmas in the north-east of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. For five centuries, the Port of Las Palmas has been the traditional base for scale and supplying ships on their way through the Middle Atlantic.

Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

The Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, is used by fishing boats, commercial and passenger ships, and sports. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, it is managed by the Port Authority of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, who also manage all commercial and leisure ports of the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Next to this port is the famous building of the Auditorio de Tenerife.

Port of Algeciras

Port of Algeciras

The Port of Algeciras is the port and harbour of Algeciras, a city located in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. It is a commercial, fishing and passenger port. Primarily a transshipment port, its position near the Strait of Gibraltar and key east–west shipping routes establishes it as one of the busiest transshipment hubs in the world. It competes with Tanger-Med for the local transshipment market. It consists of numerous maritime infrastructures scattered throughout the Bay of Gibraltar. Although only the town of Algeciras and La Línea de la Concepción overlook the bay, there are port facilities in the rest of the bank, also belonging to the municipalities of San Roque and Los Barrios. It is managed along the port of Tarifa by the Port Authority of Algeciras Bay.

Los Cristianos

Los Cristianos

Los Cristianos is a town in Spain with a population of 21,235 (2017), situated on the south coast of the Canary Island of Tenerife. Located in the municipality of Arona between the cone of the mountain Chayofita and the greater mountain Guaza. The town centre is around the Los Cristianos bay, but is rapidly expanding inland with modern development. The town is a popular tourist resort and includes a ferry port and two beaches.

SS America (1939)

SS America (1939)

SS America was an ocean liner and cruise ship built in the United States in 1940, for the United States Lines and designed by the noted American naval architect William Francis Gibbs. It carried many names in the 54 years between its construction and its 1994 wreck: SS America ; troop transport USS West Point; and SS Australis, Italis, Noga, Alferdoss, and American Star. It served most notably in passenger service as America and the Greek-flagged Australis.

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz, is a city, the capital of the island of Tenerife, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and capital of the Canary Islands. Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 (2013) within its administrative limits. The urban zone of Santa Cruz extends beyond the city limits with a population of 507,306 and 538,000 within urban area. It is the second largest city in the Canary Islands and the main city on the island of Tenerife, with nearly half of the island's population living in or around it.

San Cristóbal de La Laguna

San Cristóbal de La Laguna

San Cristóbal de La Laguna is a city and municipality in the northern part of the island of Tenerife in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, on the Canary Islands, Spain. The former capital of the Canary Islands, the city is the third-most populous city of the archipelago and the second-most populous city of the island. La Laguna's historical center was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999. La Laguna is situated alongside the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife; thus, the two cities and municipalities form a single large urban center. Its economy is business-oriented while agriculture dominates the northeastern portion of the city. The urban area dominates the central and the southern parts.

Health

See also: List of hospitals in Spain § Canary Islands

The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the Government of the Canary Islands. The majority of the archipelago's hospitals belong to this organization:[151]

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Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria

Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria

Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria or University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria is a large teaching hospital of general scope in Tenerife. Located in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Affiliated with the Servicio Canario de la Salud. The hospital has specialist facilities which not only serve Tenerife but the surrounding Canary Islands. The hospital adopted the name of the patron saint of the Canary Islands, the Virgin of Candelaria. It is the largest hospital complex in the Canary Islands.

Hospital Universitario de Canarias

Hospital Universitario de Canarias

Hospital Universitario de Canarias or University Hospital of the Canary Islands it is a teaching hospital of general scope in Tenerife. Located in the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna. Affiliated with the education and research network of the Universidad de La Laguna it is under the directive of the Servicio Canario de Salud. The hospital has specialist facilities which not only serve Tenerife but the surrounding Canary Islands.

Hospital del Sur de Tenerife

Hospital del Sur de Tenerife

The Hospital del Sur de Tenerife is located in the municipality of Arona, in the south of the island of Tenerife.

Hospital del Norte de Tenerife

Hospital del Norte de Tenerife

The Hospital del Norte de Tenerife is located in the municipality of Icod de los Vinos, in the north of the island of Tenerife.

Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria

Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria

The Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria is a teaching hospital of general scope in Gran Canaria. Located in the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, it was founded 13 February 1971 and consists in Februar 2021 of 503 beds. The first patient was hospitalized 20 September 1971.

Wildlife

Canary Island spurge in Fuerteventura
Canary Island spurge in Fuerteventura

Extinct fauna

Skull of Tenerife giant rat (Canariomys bravoi) was an endemic species that is now extinct
Skull of Tenerife giant rat (Canariomys bravoi) was an endemic species that is now extinct

The Canary Islands were previously inhabited by a variety of endemic animals, such as extinct giant lizards (Gallotia goliath), giant tortoises (Centrochelys burchardi and C. vulcanica),[152] and Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats (Canariomys bravoi and C. tamarani),[153] among others. Extinct birds known only from Pleistocene and Holocene age bones include the Canary Islands quail (Coturnix gomerae), Dune shearwater (Puffinus holeae), Lava shearwater (P. olsoni), Trias greenfinch (Chloris triasi), Slender-billed greenfinch (C. aurelioi) and the Long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri).[154]

Current fauna

See also: List of non-marine molluscs of the Canary Islands, List of reptiles of the Canary Islands, and List of Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands

The bird life includes European and African species, such as the black-bellied sandgrouse, Canary, Graja, a subspecies of red-billed chough endemic to La Palma, Gran Canaria blue chaffinch, Tenerife blue chaffinch, Canary Islands chiffchaff, Fuerteventura chat, Tenerife goldcrest, La Palma chaffinch, Canarian Egyptian vulture, Bolle's pigeon, Laurel pigeon, Plain swift, and Houbara bustard.

Terrestrial fauna includes the El Hierro giant lizard, La Gomera giant lizard, and the La Palma giant lizard. Mammals include the Canarian shrew, Canary big-eared bat, the Algerian hedgehog, and the more recently introduced mouflon.

Marine life

Main article: Marine life of the Canary Islands
A loggerhead sea turtle, by far the most common species of marine turtle in the Canary Islands
A loggerhead sea turtle, by far the most common species of marine turtle in the Canary Islands

The marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean and endemic species. In recent years, the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands.

Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark, ray, moray eel, bream, jack, grunt, scorpionfish, triggerfish, grouper, goby, and blenny. In addition, there are many invertebrate species, including sponge, jellyfish, anemone, crab, mollusc, sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber and coral.

There are a total of five different species of marine turtle that are sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being the endangered loggerhead sea turtle.[155] The other four are the green sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle and Kemp's ridley sea turtle. Currently, there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are usually migrating. However, it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of several sightings of leatherback sea turtle on beaches in Fuerteventura, adding credibility to the theory.

Marine mammals include the large varieties of cetaceans including rare and not well-known species (see more details in the Marine life of the Canary Islands). Hooded seals[156] have also been known to be vagrant in the Canary Islands every now and then. The Canary Islands were also formerly home to a population of the rarest pinniped in the world, the Mediterranean monk seal.

Native flora gallery

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Euphorbia canariensis

Euphorbia canariensis

Euphorbia canariensis, commonly known as the Canary Island spurge, Hercules club or in Spanish cardón, is a succulent member of the genus Euphorbia and family Euphorbiaceae endemic to the Canary Islands. It is the plant symbol of the island of Gran Canaria.

Gallotia goliath

Gallotia goliath

Gallotia goliath is an extinct giant lizard species from the island of Tenerife of the Canary Islands, Spain. This reptile lived before the arrival of humans and is believed to have grown to at least 0.9 metres (3.0 ft) long. It was described by the German herpetologist Robert Mertens. Fossils of this lizard have been found in volcanic caves, where they often appear with those of other animals, like the Tenerife giant rat.

Centrochelys burchardi

Centrochelys burchardi

The Tenerife giant tortoise is an extinct species of cryptodire turtle in the family Testudinidae endemic to the island of Tenerife, in the Canary Islands.

Centrochelys vulcanica

Centrochelys vulcanica

The Gran Canaria giant tortoise is an extinct species of cryptodire turtle in the family Testudinidae endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, in the Canary Islands.

Gran Canaria giant rat

Gran Canaria giant rat

The Gran Canaria giant rat is an extinct species of rat endemic to the island of Gran Canaria.

Holocene

Holocene

The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present, after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch, called the Flandrian interglacial.

Canary Islands quail

Canary Islands quail

The Canary Islands quail is an extinct quail species that once occurred on the islands of El Hierro, La Palma, Tenerife and Fuerteventura.

Dune shearwater

Dune shearwater

The dune shearwater, also known as the Canarian shearwater or Hole's shearwater, was a relatively large shearwater which bred in the Canary Islands archipelago of the North Atlantic Ocean. Fossils have also been found in the Figueira Brava cave archaeological site on the western coast of Portugal. The specific epithet honours Mrs Jean Hole, who collected fossil material of the species on the Jandia Peninsula of Fuerteventura. It was intermediate in size between the Manx and Cory's shearwaters. Its breeding colonies were in dune fields, in contrast to those of the smaller and sympatric lava shearwater which bred in lava fields. The species went extinct about 2000–3000 years ago, contemporaneously with the first human settlement of the islands by the Guanches, likely due to be human predation.

Lava shearwater

Lava shearwater

The lava shearwater, or Olson's shearwater, was a species of shearwater that bred on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. It is known from fossil remains, and was only described in 1990. It was intermediate in size between the Manx shearwater and the little shearwater. The remains of the species are particularly common in lava fields.

List of Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands

List of Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands

The Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands consist of both the butterflies and moths recorded from the Canary Islands.

Black-bellied sandgrouse

Black-bellied sandgrouse

The black-bellied sandgrouse is a medium large bird in the sandgrouse family.

Atlantic canary

Atlantic canary

The Atlantic canary, known worldwide simply as the wild canary and also called the island canary, common canary, or canary, is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus Serinus in the finch family, Fringillidae. It is native to the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira. Wild birds are mostly yellow-green, with brownish streaking on the back. The species is common in captivity and a number of colour varieties have been bred.

Holidays

The Dance of the Dwarves is one of the most important acts of the Lustral Festivities of the Bajada de la Virgen de las Nieves in Santa Cruz de La Palma.
The Dance of the Dwarves is one of the most important acts of the Lustral Festivities of the Bajada de la Virgen de las Nieves in Santa Cruz de La Palma.
Dancers with typical costume in El Tamaduste (El Hierro)
Dancers with typical costume in El Tamaduste (El Hierro)
Band of Agaete in the Traída del Agua (Gran Canaria)
Band of Agaete in the Traída del Agua (Gran Canaria)

Some holidays of those celebrated in the Canary Islands are international and national, others are regional holidays and others are of insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on 30 May. The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands, based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, held on 30 May 1983, is commemorated with this day.

The common festive calendar throughout the Canary Islands is as follows:[157]

Date Name Data
1 January New Year International festival.
6 January Epiphany Catholic festival.
March or April Holy Thursday and Holy Friday Christian festival.
1 May International Workers' Day International festival.
30 May Canary Islands Day Day of the autonomous community. Anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands.
15 August Assumption of Mary Catholic festival. This day is festive in the archipelago as in all of Spain. Popularly, in the Canary Islands it is known as the day on which the Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of the Canary Islands) is celebrated.[158][159]
12 October Fiesta Nacional de España (Día de la Hispanidad) National Holiday of Spain. Commemoration of discovery of the Americas.
1 November All Saints' Day Catholic festival.
6 December Constitution Day Commemoration of the Spanish constitutional referendum, 1978.
8 December Immaculate Conception Catholic festival. The Immaculate Conception is the Saint Patron of Spain.
25 December Christmas Christian festival. Commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth.

In addition, each of the islands has an island festival, in which it is a holiday only on that specific island. These are the festivities of island patrons saints of each island. Organized chronologically are:[160]

Date Island Saint/Virgin
2 February Tenerife Our Lady of Candelaria
5 August La Palma Our Lady of the Snows
8 September Gran Canaria Our Lady of the Pine
15 September Lanzarote Our Lady of Dolours
Third Saturday of the month of September Fuerteventura Our Lady of the Peña
24 September El Hierro Our Lady of the Kings
Monday following the first Saturday of October La Gomera Our Lady of Guadalupe
Parade in the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Parade in the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

The most famous festivals of the Canary Islands is the carnival. It is the most famous and international festival of the archipelago. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest are those of the two Canarian capitals; the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tourist Festival of International Interest) and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. It is celebrated on the streets between the months of February and March. But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out: The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro, the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote, Los Indianos de La Palma, the Carnival of San Sebastián de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura.

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Santa Cruz de La Palma

Santa Cruz de La Palma

Santa Cruz de la Palma is a city and a municipality on the east coast of the island of La Palma in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife of the Canary Islands. Santa Cruz de la Palma is the second-largest city and is the capital of the island. It is along an old lava flow coming from the Caldereta, a volcano just south of the city.

El Hierro

El Hierro

El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano, is the second-smallest and farthest-south and -west of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,968 (2019). Its capital is Valverde. At 268.51 square kilometres (103.67 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries.

Agaete

Agaete

Agaete is a municipality of Las Palmas province, on the Canary Islands, Spain.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

Parliament of the Canary Islands

Parliament of the Canary Islands

The Parliament of the Canary Islands is the regional legislature of the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. The Parliament has seventy members and members serve on four-year terms. The parliament is based in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, one of the Canaries' two capitals.

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz, is a city, the capital of the island of Tenerife, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and capital of the Canary Islands. Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 (2013) within its administrative limits. The urban zone of Santa Cruz extends beyond the city limits with a population of 507,306 and 538,000 within urban area. It is the second largest city in the Canary Islands and the main city on the island of Tenerife, with nearly half of the island's population living in or around it.

New Year

New Year

New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1. This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar.

Epiphany (holiday)

Epiphany (holiday)

Epiphany, also known as "Theophany" in Eastern Christian tradition, is a Christian feast day commemorating the visit of the Magi, the baptism of Jesus, and the wedding at Cana.

International Workers' Day

International Workers' Day

International Workers' Day, also known as Labour Day in some countries and often referred to as May Day, is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement and occurs every year on 1 May, or the first Monday in May.

Assumption of Mary

Assumption of Mary

The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Pope Pius XII defined it on 1 November 1950 in his apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus as follows: We proclaim and define it to be a dogma revealed by God that the immaculate Mother of God, Mary ever virgin, when the course of her earthly life was finished, was taken up body and soul into the glory of heaven.

All Saints' Day

All Saints' Day

All Saints' Day, also known as All Hallows' Day, the Feast of All Saints, the Feast of All Hallows, the Solemnity of All Saints, and Hallowmas, is a Christian solemnity celebrated in honour of all the saints of the church, whether they are known or unknown.

Constitution Day

Constitution Day

Constitution Day is a holiday to honour the constitution of a country. Constitution Day is often celebrated on the anniversary of the signing, promulgation or adoption of the constitution, or in some cases, to commemorate the change to constitutional monarchy.Abkhazia, 26 November (1994). See Constitution of Abkhazia. Andorra, 14 March (1993). Known locally as Dia de la Constitució. See Constitution of Andorra. Argentina, 1 May (1853). See Constitution of Argentina. Not a public holiday. Armenia, 5 July (1995). See Constitution of Armenia. Australia, 9 July (1900). See Constitution of Australia. Not a public holiday. Azerbaijan, 12 November (1995). See Constitution of Azerbaijan. Not a public holiday. Belarus, 15 March (1994). Known locally as Dzień Kanstytucyji. See Constitution of Belarus. Belgium, 21 July (1890). Known locally as Nationale feestdag van België and Fête nationale belge . Day of the Flemish Community, 11 July. Known locally as Feestdag van Vlaanderen. French Community Holiday, 27 September. Known locally as Fête de la Communauté française. Wallonia Day, third Sunday of September. Day of the German-speaking Community of Belgium, 15 November. Known locally as Feiertag der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft. Brazil, 15 November (1889). Known in Brazil as Dia da Proclamação da República. See Constitution of Brazil. Public holiday.

Science and technology

Gran Canaria space tracking station
Gran Canaria space tracking station

In the 1960s, Gran Canaria was selected as the location for one of the 14 ground stations in the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) to support the NASA space program. Maspalomas Station, located in the south of the island, took part in a number of space missions including the Apollo 11 Moon landings and Skylab. Today it continues to support satellite communications as part of the ESA network.[161]

Because of the remote location, a number of astronomical observatories are located in the archipelago, including the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, and the Temisas Astronomical Observatory on Gran Canaria.

Tenerife is the home of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries). There is also an Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (Antonio González Bio-Organic Institute) at the University of La Laguna. Also at that university are the Instituto de Lingüística Andrés Bello (Andrés Bello Institute of Linguistics), the Centro de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), the Instituto Universitario de la Empresa (University Institute of Business), the Instituto de Derecho Regional (Regional Institute of Law), the Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (University Institute of Political and Social Sciences) and the Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales (Institute of Tropical Diseases). The latter is one of the seven institutions of the Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET, "Network of Research of Centers of Tropical Diseases"), located in various parts of Spain. The Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands) is based in Tenerife.

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Manned Space Flight Network

Manned Space Flight Network

The Manned Space Flight Network was a set of tracking stations built to support the American Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab space programs.

NASA

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

Maspalomas Station

Maspalomas Station

Maspalomas Station is an INTA-operated, ESTRACK radio antenna ground station for communication with spacecraft located at the southern area of Gran Canaria island, on the INTA campus. It is situated on the Montaña Blanca hill and is visible from the coastal resort of Meloneras, close to Maspalomas. It was originally established in the 1960s to support NASA's nascent human spaceflight program.

Apollo 11

Apollo 11

Apollo 11 was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named Tranquility Base upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module Columbia in lunar orbit, and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes before lifting off to rejoin Columbia.

Skylab

Skylab

Skylab was the first United States space station, launched by NASA, occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974. It was operated by three separate three-astronaut crews: Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4. Major operations included an orbital workshop, a solar observatory, Earth observation, and hundreds of experiments.

Observatory

Observatory

An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geophysical, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed. Historically, observatories were as simple as containing an astronomical sextant or Stonehenge.

Teide Observatory

Teide Observatory

Teide Observatory, IAU code 954, is an astronomical observatory on Mount Teide at 2,390 metres (7,840 ft), located on Tenerife, Spain. It has been operated by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias since its inauguration in 1964. It became one of the first major international observatories, attracting telescopes from different countries around the world because of the good astronomical seeing conditions. Later, the emphasis for optical telescopes shifted more towards Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma.

Roque de los Muchachos Observatory

Roque de los Muchachos Observatory

Roque de los Muchachos Observatory is an astronomical observatory located in the municipality of Garafía on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain. The observatory site is operated by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, based on nearby Tenerife. ORM is part of the European Northern Observatory.

Temisas Astronomical Observatory

Temisas Astronomical Observatory

The Temisas Astronomical Observatory is an astronomical observatory on the island of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is located on Montaña de Arriba, Temisas, in the Agüimes municipality in the south-east of the island, at an altitude of 850 metres (2,790 ft).

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

The Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) is an astrophysical research institute located in the Canary Islands, Spain. It was founded in 1975 at the University of La Laguna. It operates two astronomical observatories in the Canary Islands: Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, and Teide Observatory on Tenerife.

Sports

Heliodoro Rodríguez López Stadium in Tenerife, the stadium with the largest field area in the Canary Islands[162][163]
Heliodoro Rodríguez López Stadium in Tenerife, the stadium with the largest field area in the Canary Islands[162][163]
Gran Canaria Stadium, the biggest sports venue in the Canary Islands[164]
Gran Canaria Stadium, the biggest sports venue in the Canary Islands[164]

A unique form of wrestling known as Canarian wrestling (lucha canaria) has opponents stand in a special area called a "terrero" and try to throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements.[165]

Another sport is the "game of the sticks" (palo canario) where opponents fence with long sticks. This may have come about from the shepherds of the islands who would challenge each other using their long walking sticks.[165]

Furthermore, there is the shepherd's jump (salto del pastor). This involves using a long stick to vault over an open area. This sport possibly evolved from the shepherd's need to occasionally get over an open area in the hills as they were tending their sheep.[165]

The two main football teams in the archipelago are: the CD Tenerife (founded in 1912) and UD Las Palmas (founded in 1949). As of the 2018/2019 season, both Tenerife and Las Palmas play in Segunda División. When in the same division, the clubs contest the Canary Islands derby. There are smaller clubs also playing in the mainland Spanish football league system, most notably UD Lanzarote and CD Laguna, although no other Canarian clubs have played in the top flight.

The mountainous terrain of the Canary Islands also caters to the growing popularity of ultra running and ultramarathons as host of annual competitive long-distance events including CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail on Tenerife, Transvulcania on La Palma, Transgrancanaria[166] on Gran Canaria, and the Half Marathon des Sables on Fuerteventura. A yearly Ironman Triathlon has been taking place on Lanzarote since 1992.[167][168]

Notable athletes

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Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López

Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López

Estadio Heliodoro Rodriguez Lopez also Estadio de Tenerife is a football stadium in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It is the home ground of CD Tenerife. With a capacity of 22,824 seats, it is the 27th-largest stadium in Spain and the second-largest in the Canary Islands. It has dimensions of 107 x 70 metres, making it the stadium with the largest area of field of the Canary Islands.

Estadio Gran Canaria

Estadio Gran Canaria

Estadio Gran Canaria is a football stadium in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain. It is currently used for football matches and is home to UD Las Palmas. It was opened in 2003 as a multi-purpose stadium to become the successor of the old Estadio Insular.

Canarian wrestling

Canarian wrestling

Canarian Wrestling is a form of folk wrestling, originally from the Canary Islands, where it is known as Lucha Canaria.

Association football

Association football

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposite team by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular-framed goal defended by the opposing side. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45-minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries and territories, it is considered the world's most popular sport.

CD Tenerife

CD Tenerife

Club Deportivo Tenerife, S.A.D. is a Spanish football club based in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. Founded in 1912, the club plays in the Segunda División, holding home matches at the Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López, with a 22,824-seat capacity. The traditional home colours are white shirts and blue shorts.

Segunda División

Segunda División

The Campeonato Nacional de Liga de Segunda División, also known as LaLiga 2, and commercially known as LaLiga SmartBank for sponsorship reasons, is the men's second professional association football division of the Spanish football league system. Administrated by the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional, it is contested by 22 teams, with the top two teams plus the winner of a play-off promoted to LaLiga and replaced by the three lowest-placed teams in that division.

Canary Islands derby

Canary Islands derby

The Canary Islands derby is any football match contested between Spanish sides UD Las Palmas and CD Tenerife, who are regarded as the top two sides in the Canary Islands. World Soccer Magazine rated it as one of the 50 greatest rivalries in the world, and it is considered one of the most important derbies in Spain.

CD Laguna de Tenerife

CD Laguna de Tenerife

Club Deportivo Laguna, S.A.D. is a Spanish football team based in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, in the Canary Islands. Founded in 1984 it plays in Interinsular Preferente – Group 1, holding home games at Estadio Francisco Peraza, with a capacity of 8,000 seats.

CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail

CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail

Fred. Olsen Tenerife Bluetrail, better known simply as Tenerife Bluetrail, is an ultramarathon by mountain that offers five modalities of different characteristics for people with or without disabilities. It is celebrated every year in the month of June in the island of Tenerife (Spain). This ultramarathon began its first edition in 2011 and has since been organized by the Cabildo de Tenerife.

La Palma

La Palma

La Palma, also known as La isla bonita and officially San Miguel de La Palma, is the most northwesterly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres (273 sq mi) making it the fifth largest of the eight main Canary Islands. The total population at the end of 2020 was 85,840, of which 15,716 lived in the capital, Santa Cruz de La Palma and about 20,467 in Los Llanos de Aridane. Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos, at 2,423 metres (7,949 ft), being second among the peaks of the Canaries after the Teide massif on Tenerife.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria, also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain. As of 2019 the island had a population of 851,231 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the biggest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth of Spain.

Marathon des Sables

Marathon des Sables

Marathon des Sables, or MdS, is a six-day, 251 km (156 mi) ultramarathon, which is approximately the distance of six regular marathons. The longest single stage (2009) is 91 km (57 mi) long.

Source: "Canary Islands", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 21st), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands.

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Further Reading

Guanches

Cabildo insular

University of La Laguna

Flag of the Canary Islands

Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna

List of non-marine molluscs of the Canary Islands

Conquest of the Canary Islands

2015 Canarian regional election

Geology of the Canary Islands

Canarian Football Federation
See also

History

Geography

Culture

References

Notes

  1. ^ "So great was the danger that for nearly two years we kept constantly at a few days' notice an expedition of over five thousand men and their ships, ready to seize the Canary Islands, by which we could maintain air and sea control over the U-boats, and contact with Australasia round the Cape, if ever the harbour of Gibraltar were denied to us by the Spaniards."

Citations

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References
Further reading
  • Borgesen, F. (1973). "Marine Algae from the Canary Islands". Taxon. 22 (1): 150. doi:10.2307/1218064. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1218064.
  • Børgesen, Frederik; Frémy, Pierre (1925). Marine algae from the Canary Islands, especially from Teneriffe and Gran Canaria. Høst in Komm. OCLC 1070942615.
  • Gill, Robin (1994). J.T., Greensmith (ed.). Tenerife, Canary Islands. [London]: Geologists' Association. ISBN 0-900717-62-9. OCLC 31214272.
  • * Greensmith, Trevor (2000). Lanzarote, Canary Islands. [London]: Geologists' Association. ISBN 0-900717-74-2.
  • Paegelow, Claus (2009). Bibliografie Kanarische Inseln = Canary Islands bibliography. Bremen: Paegelow. ISBN 978-3-00-028676-6. OCLC 551948019.
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