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British undergraduate degree classification

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Geoff Hurst (2) (cropped cubic).jpg
Eugene Ferdinand Victor Delacroix Attila fragment (cropped larger).jpg
Archbishop-Tutu-medium (cropped).jpg
Dame Thora Hird 3 Allan Warren (cropped).jpg
From the top, rhyming slang for British degree classification: Top left, Geoff Hurst (first) Top right, Attila the Hun (2:1), Bottom left Desmond Tutu (2:2) Bottom right Thora Hird (third)

The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading structure for undergraduate degrees or bachelor's degrees and integrated master's degrees in the United Kingdom. The system has been applied (sometimes with significant variations) in other countries and regions.

History

The classification system as currently used in the United Kingdom was developed in 1918.[1] Honours were then a means to recognise individuals who demonstrated depth of knowledge or originality, as opposed to relative achievement in examination conditions.

Concern exists about possible grade inflation. It is claimed that academics are under increasing pressure from administrators to award students good marks and grades with little regard for those students' actual abilities, in order to maintain their league table rankings.[2] The percentage of graduates who receive a First (First Class Honours) has grown from 7% in 1997 to 26% in 2017, with the rate of growth sharply accelerating toward the end of this period.[3] A 2018 study by the UK Standing Committee for Quality Assessment concluded that improvements in faculty skill and student motivation are only two of many factors driving average grades upward, that grade inflation is real, that the British undergraduate degree classifications will become less useful to students and employers, and that inflation will undermine public confidence in the overall value of higher education.[4] Students already believe that a First or upper Second, by itself, is no longer sufficient to secure a good job, and that they need to engage in extra-curricular activities to build their CV.[5]

Degree classification

A bachelor's degree can be an honours degree (bachelor's with honours) or an ordinary degree (bachelor's without honours). Honours degrees are classified, usually based on a weighted average (with higher weight given to marks in the later years of the course, and often zero weight to those in the first year) of the marks gained in exams and other assessments. Grade boundaries can vary by institution, but typical values are given below.

  • First Class Honours (1st, 1 or I) – typically 70% or higher
  • Second Class Honours;
    • Upper division (2:1, 2i or II-1) – typically 60–69%
    • Lower division (2:2, 2ii or II-2) – typically 50–59%
  • Third Class Honours (3rd, 3 or III) – typically 40–49%

Students who do not achieve honours may be awarded an ordinary degree, sometimes known as a 'pass'. Ordinary degrees, and other exit awards such as the Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE; for completing the first two years of a degree course) and Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE; for completing the first year of a degree course), may be unclassified (pass/fail) or, particularly in Scotland where the ordinary degree is offered as a qualification in its own right, classified into pass, merit and distinction.[6][7]

Integrated master's degrees are usually classified with honours in the same way as a bachelor's honours degree, although some integrated master's degrees are classified like postgraduate taught master's degrees or foundation degrees into:

  • Distinction – typically 70% and higher
  • Merit – typically 60–69%
  • Pass – typically 50–59%.[8][9]

At most institutions, the system allows a small amount of discretion.[10] A candidate may be elevated to the next degree class if his or her average marks are close to (or the median of their weighted marks achieves) the higher class, and if they have submitted several pieces of work worthy of the higher class. However, even students with a high average mark may be unable to take honours if they have failed part of the course and so have insufficient credits.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a bachelor's degree with honours normally takes three years of full-time study and usually requires 360 credits, of which at least 90 are at level 6 (final year of a bachelor's degree) level, while an ordinary bachelor's degree normally requires 300 credits, of which 60 are at level 6.[11] In Scotland, the honours bachelor's degree takes four years and requires 480 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 10 of the Scottish framework (last year of the honours degree) and 90 at level 9 (penultimate year), while the ordinary degree takes three years and requires 360 credits with a minimum of 60 at level 9 (last year of the ordinary degree).[12]

In Scotland, it is possible to start university a year younger than in the rest of the United Kingdom, as the Scottish Higher exams are often taken at age 16 or 17 (as opposed to 18), so Scottish students often end a four-year course at the same age as a student from elsewhere in the UK taking a three-year course, assuming no gap years or students skipping the first year (direct entry to 2nd year).[13]

When a candidate is awarded a degree with honours, '(Hons)' may be suffixed to their designatory letters – for example, BA (Hons), BSc (Hons), BMus (Hons), MA (Hons).[14] An MA (Hons) would generally indicate a degree award from certain Scottish universities (c.f. Scottish MA) and is at the same level as a bachelor's degree.

Distribution of classes

The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) has published the number of degrees awarded with different classifications since 1994–1995. The relative proportions of different classes have changed over this period, with increasing numbers of students being awarded higher honours. The table below shows the percentage of classified degrees (i.e., not including fails or unclassified degrees such as MBBS) in each class at five-year intervals; note that HESA stopped giving statistics separately for third class honours and pass degree after 2003 and that a small number of undivided second class honours degrees (shown under "other" along with "unknown", which makes up the bulk of this category) were awarded up to 1996.

Class 1994/95[15] 1999/2000[16] 2004/05[17] 2009/10[18] 2014/15[19] 2015/16[20] 2016/17[20] 2017/18[20] 2018/19[20] 2019/20[20]
1st 7% 8.2% 11.6% 14.4% 22% 23% 26% 28% 28% 35%
2:1 40.3% 42.9% 47.4% 48.3% 49.5% 49% 49% 48% 48% 47%
2:2 34.8% 34.0% 33.1% 29.8% 23.0% 22% 20% 19% 19% 15%
3rd 5.8% 5.3% 8.0% 7.5% 5.5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 3%
Pass 11.7% 9.6%
Other 0.3[21] – – – – – – – – –

First Class Honours

Proportion of First Class Honours
Year Awarded
1994 7%[2]
2011 15%[22]
2019 29%[2]

First Class Honours, referred to as a 'first', is the highest honours classification and indicates high academic achievement. Historically, First Class Honours were uncommon, but as of 2019 are awarded to nearly thirty percent of graduates from British universities.[2] The increase is said by some commentators to be due to student-demanded grade inflation rather than the quality of students or improvements to their education.[2]

In the early 1990s, First Class Honours went to about 7% of graduates, or about one student in 15.[2] The percentages of graduates achieving a First vary greatly by university and course studied.[23] Students of law are least likely to gain a first, while students of mathematical sciences are most likely to gain a first.[24]

A first class honours degree is sometimes colloquially known (in rhyming slang) as a Geoff Hurst (First)[25] after the English 1966 World Cup footballer.

Upper Second Class Honours

"2:1" redirects here. For the film format, see Univisium.

The upper division is commonly abbreviated to '2:1" or 'II.i' (pronounced two-one). The 2:1 is a minimum requirement for entry to many postgraduate courses in the UK. It is also required for the award of a research council postgraduate studentship in the UK, although a combination of qualifications and experience equal to a 2:1 is also acceptable.[26][27] This is often interpreted as possession of a master's degree (sometimes at merit level or above) in addition to a 2:2 undergraduate degree.[28][29][30]

The percentage of candidates who achieve Upper Second Class Honours can vary widely by degree subject, as well as by university.[31]

A 2:1 degree is sometimes nicknamed an Attila the Hun (two-one) in the UK.[25] The term Bren gun is also sometimes used as rhyming slang.

Lower Second Class honours

This is the lower division of Second Class degrees and is abbreviated as '2:2' or 'II.ii' (pronounced two-two). It is also informally known as a 'Desmond', named after Desmond Tutu.[25]

Third Class honours

Third Class Honours, referred to as a "Third", is the lowest honours classification in most modern universities. Historically, the University of Oxford awarded Fourth Class Honours degrees and, until the late-1970s, did not distinguish between upper and lower Second Class Honours degrees.[1][32]

Informally, the Third Class Honours degree is referred to as a "gentleman's degree" (cf. the "gentleman's C" in U.S. parlance)[33] and in the UK as a Douglas Hurd (Third)[25] after the 1980s Conservative politician of that name, who had actually graduated with a First Class Honours degree in history in 1952.

Approximately 7.2% of students graduating in 2006 with an honours degree received a Third Class Honours degree.[31]

Ordinary degree

While most university bachelor's degree courses lead to honours degrees, some universities offer courses leading to ordinary degrees.[34] Some honours courses permit students who do not gain sufficient credits in a year by a small margin to transfer to a parallel ordinary degree course. Ordinary degrees may also sometimes be awarded to honours degree students who do not pass sufficient credits in their final year to gain an honours degree, but pass enough to earn an ordinary degree.[35]

Some Scottish universities offer three-year ordinary degrees as a qualification in their own right, as well as an honours degree over four years. This is in contrast to English universities that have honours degrees with three years of study. An ordinary degree in Scotland is not a failed honours degree, as in certain English universities. Students can decide, usually at the end of their second or third year, whether or not they wish to complete a fourth honours year. Scottish universities may also award their ordinary degrees with distinction if a student achieves a particularly good grade average, usually 70% or above. A common example of a Scottish ordinary degree is the Bachelor of Laws course taken by graduates of other subjects, as this is sufficient (without honours) for entry into the legal profession.

Aegrotat

An aegrotat (/ˈiːɡroʊtæt/; from Latin aegrotat 'he/she is ill')[36] degree is an honours or ordinary degree without classification, awarded to a candidate who was unable to undertake their exams due to illness or even death, under the presumption that, had they completed those exams, they would have satisfied the standard required for that degree.[37][38][39][40][41] Aegrotat degrees are often qualified with an appended '(aegrotat)'. Following the introduction of new regulations regarding mitigating circumstances, aegrotat degrees are less commonly awarded.[42]

Inter doctrinae prioris

Degrees may be granted which incorporate prior learning, such as by means of CATS points transfer. Where the substance of incorporated credit exceeds a given threshold, the granting institution may be unable to grade sufficient work to award a degree classification. Any degree granted may then be unclassified.

Variations in classification

At the University of Cambridge, undergraduate Tripos examinations are split into one or more Parts, which span either one or two years. Each student receives a formal classification for each Part (i.e. Class I, II.i, II.ii, or III).[43] Until October 2020, officially a grade simply existed for every Part of the degree, not for the overall degree. For students beginning their course of study from October 2020, a final class is awarded across the course of study, according to an algorithm determined by the Tripos.[43]

At the University of Oxford, a formal degree Class is given, and this is typically based on the final examinations. In Oxford, examinations for Prelims or Honour Moderations are also undertaken in first/second year, but these results do not typically affect the final degree classification. Until the 1970s, the four honours divisions in Oxford's moderations and final examinations were named first, second, third and fourth class, but eventually Oxford gave in and adopted the numbering used by other English universities.[1]

Variations of First Class honours

At the University of Cambridge, Triposes (undergraduate degree examinations) are split into one or more Parts. Attaining First Class Honours in two Parts culminates in graduating with a 'Double First'.[43] It is possible in some Triposes to be awarded a 'Starred First', for examination scripts that "consistently exhibit the qualities of first class answers to an exceptional degree."[44] Some Cambridge alumni who achieved Firsts in three Parts of the Tripos are described by their colleges and others as having achieved a 'Triple First'.[45][46][47][48][49]

Oxford sometimes grants a congratulatory first, which The New York Times described as "a highly unusual honor in which the examining professors ask no questions about the candidate's written work but simply stand and applaud" and Martin Amis described as "the sort where you are called in for a viva and the examiners tell you how much they enjoyed reading your papers".[50][51] A 'double first' at Oxford usually informally refers to First Class Honours in both components of an undergraduate degree, i.e., Moderations/Prelims and the Final Honours School, or in both the bachelor's and master's components of an integrated master's degree.

At University College London, candidates who perform well beyond the requirements of a standard First Class Honours may be nominated to the Dean's List. This is generated once per year and recognises outstanding academic achievement in final examinations. There are no set criteria for nomination to the list, but typically only a small number of students from each faculty are nominated per year.[52] Comparable recognition in other anglophone countries is the award of a University Medal.

Degrees in the UK are mapped to levels of the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (FHEQ), which includes the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS), which has an alternative numbering of levels corresponding to those of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Bachelor's degrees (including the Scottish MA, but not including medical degrees, dentistry degrees or degrees in veterinary science) attained in the UK are at FHEQ level 6/FQHEIS level 9 (ordinary) or 10 (honours); master's degrees (including integrated master's degrees and first degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science) are at FHEQ level 7/FQHEIS level 11, and doctoral degrees are at FHEQ level 8/FQHEIS level 12. Bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees map to first, second and third cycle qualifications in the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area.[53][54]

Discover more about Degree classification related topics

Honours degree

Honours degree

Honours degree has various meanings in the context of different degrees and education systems. Most commonly it refers to a variant of the undergraduate bachelor's degree containing a larger volume of material or a higher standard of study, or both, rather than an "ordinary", "general" or "pass" bachelor's degree. Honours degrees are sometimes indicated by "Hons" after the degree abbreviation, with various punctuation according to local custom, e.g. "BA (Hons)", "B.A., Hons", etc. In Canada, honours degrees may be indicated with an "H" preceding the degree abbreviation, e.g. "HBA" for Honours Bachelor of Arts or Honours Business Administration.

Diploma of Higher Education

Diploma of Higher Education

A Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE) is a higher education qualification in the United Kingdom.

Certificate of Higher Education

Certificate of Higher Education

A Certificate of Higher Education (Cert.H.E./CertHE) is a higher education qualification in the United Kingdom.

Foundation degree

Foundation degree

A foundation degree is a combined academic and vocational qualification in higher education in the United Kingdom, equivalent to two-thirds of an honours bachelor's degree. Foundation degrees were introduced by the Department for Education and Employment in 2000. They are available in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and offered by universities, colleges with their own foundation degree awarding powers, and colleges and employers running courses validated by universities.

Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme

Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme

Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme (CATS) is used by many universities in the United Kingdom to monitor, record and reward passage through a modular degree course and to facilitate movement between courses and institutions. One UK credit is equivalent to the learning outcomes of 10 notional hours of study, thus a university course of 150 notional study hours is worth 15 credits, and a university course of 300 notional study hours is worth 30 credits. A full academic year is worth 120 credits and a full calendar year 180 credits. CATS schemes in use in Higher Education in the UK include CATS, SCOTCAT (Scotland), the Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales credit framework (Wales), the Learning and Skills Development Agency credit framework and Open College Network credits.

Higher (Scottish)

Higher (Scottish)

In the Scottish secondary education system, the Higher is one of the national school-leaving certificate exams and university entrance qualifications of the Scottish Qualifications Certificate (SQC) offered by the Scottish Qualifications Authority. It superseded the old Higher Grade on the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE). Both are normally referred to simply as "Highers".

Gap year

Gap year

A gap year, also known as a sabbatical year, is a period of time when students take a break from their studies, usually after completing high school or before beginning graduate school. During this time, students engage in a variety of educational and developmental activities, such as traveling, working, volunteering, or taking courses. Gap years are not limited to a year-long break and can range from several months to a few years.

Higher Education Statistics Agency

Higher Education Statistics Agency

The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) is the official agency for the collection, analysis and dissemination of quantitative information about higher education in the United Kingdom. HESA became a directorate of Jisc after a merger in 2022.

Grade inflation

Grade inflation

Grade inflation is the awarding of higher grades than students deserve, which yields a higher average grade given to students.

Geoff Hurst

Geoff Hurst

Sir Geoffrey Charles Hurst is an English former professional footballer. A striker, he became the first man to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final and be on the winning team, when England recorded a 4–2 victory over West Germany at Wembley Stadium in 1966.

English people

English people

The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language, a West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identity began with the Anglo-Saxons, when they were known as the Angelcynn, meaning race or tribe of the Angles. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD.

1966 FIFA World Cup

1966 FIFA World Cup

The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams. It was played in England from 11 July to 30 July 1966. England defeated West Germany 4–2 in the final to win its first and only World Cup title. The final had finished at 2–2 after 90 minutes and went to extra time, when Geoff Hurst scored two goals to complete his hat-trick, the first to be scored in a men's World Cup final. England were the fifth nation to win the event, and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934. World champions Brazil failed to go past the group stage, as they were defeated by Hungary and Portugal.

International comparisons

Greece

The table below depicts the Greek Grading system while illustrates approximately how the Grades are compared with ECTS and UK grades:

British class Greek equivalent
First (1st) 8.5+
Upper Second (2:1) 6.5+
Lower Second (2:2) 5+
Third-Class (3rd) No assessment/award at the end of 4th or 5th year, until all modules,

from all years, are passed successfully. Years are extended.

France

The University of St Andrews gives equivalencies between French and British grades for its study-abroad programme.[55] Equivalencies for the purposes of initial teacher training have also been derived by the UK NARIC for 1st, 2:1 and 2:2 degrees, which do not align with St Andrews' table.[56]

British class French grade range
St Andrews UK NARIC
First 16.5–20 16+
Upper Second 13.5–16.4 13+
Lower Second 10–13.4 12+
Third 7–9.9 –
Pass 6 –

South Africa

The South African Qualifications Authority[57] (SAQA) compares international degrees with local degrees before any international student continues their studies in that country. While the British degree accreditation and classification system allows students to go straight from a three-year bachelor's degree onto a master's degree (normally requiring a 1st or a 2:1 – those with a 2:2 or a 3rd usually require appropriate professional experience),[58] South Africa does not do so unless the student has proven research capabilities. South African Honours degrees prepare the students to undertake a research-specific degree (in terms of master's), by spending an in-depth year (up to five modules) creating research proposals and undertaking a research project of limited scope. This prepares students for the research degrees later in their academic career.

Spain

The UK NARIC has derived equivalencies for the grades of the Spanish grado and licenciatura degrees for purposes of initial teacher training bursaries.[56]

British class Spanish equivalent
First 8.5+
Upper Second 7+
Lower Second 6 +

The Netherlands

The Netherlands organisation for international cooperation in higher education (NUFFIC) has compared UK degree classification to Dutch degree grades.[59] Dutch equivalencies have also been calculated by the UK NARIC.[56]

British class Dutch equivalent
NUFFIC UK NARIC
First 8-10 8.5+
Upper Second 7 to 8 6.5+
Lower Second 6 to 7 6+
Third 5.5 to 6 –

NUFFIC also noted that the grading culture is different in the Netherlands, so that it is very rare for even the best students in the Netherlands to be awarded a 9 or a 10, which represent near perfection and absolute perfection.[59]

United States

US comparison services treat English three-year bachelor's degrees and American four-year bachelor's degrees as equivalent.[60] Some British sources, such as the Dearing Report, consider British honours degrees equivalent to a US master's degree and US bachelor's degrees as equivalent to British pass degrees in terms of the standard reached in the major subject, due to the higher degree of specialisation in the UK.[61][62] However, British institutions generally accept US bachelor's degrees for admission to postgraduate study (see below).

In comparing US bachelor's degrees to British honours degrees, equivalencies can be expressed in terms of either US grade point averages (GPAs) or letter grades. British institutions normally state equivalence in terms of GPAs. Approximate mappings between British classifications and GPAs can be inferred from the graduate admissions criteria used by British universities, which often give international equivalents. For example, University College London (UCL) equates the minimum classification for entrance to GPAs using 2:1 = 3.3 and 2:2 = 3.0.[63] Different universities convert grades differently: the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) considers a GPA of 3.5 or better as equivalent to gaining a 2:1,[64] while the department of English Language and Literature at Oxford considers a GPA of "about 3.8" equivalent to a first class degree.[65] Similarly, the UK NARIC gives equivalent GPAs for determining eligibility for teacher training bursaries.[56] Durham University's North American Undergraduate Guide gives a conversion table as a guide to understanding British classifications (rather than for admission to postgraduate study) of 1st = 3.8–4.0, 2:1 = 3.3–3.7, 2:2 = 2.8–3.2 and 3rd = 2.3–2.7.[66] The GPA conversions are summarised in the following table:

British degree
classification		 US GPA Equivalent
UCL[63] Durham[66] NARIC[56] Other
First – 3.8–4.0 3.7+ 3.8+ (Oxford)[65]
Upper Second 3.3+ 3.3–3.7 3.2+ 3.5+ (LSE)[64]
Lower Second 3.0+ 2.8–3.2 2.6+ –
Third – 2.3–2.7 – –

Letter grade equivalents are more commonly used by American institutions. World Education Services (WES),[67] a nonprofit organisation which provides qualification conversion services to many universities and employers, gives 1st = A, 2:1 = A−/B+, 2:2 = B, 3rd = B−, Pass = C. The Fulbright Commission has also created "an unofficial chart with approximate grade conversions between UK results and US GPA."[68] The table below summarises these conversions, including GPA equivalents for the WES grades given using the letter grade to GPA conversion of Duke University.[69]

British degree
classification		 US equivalents (Fulbright)[68] US Grade
Equivalent (WES)[67]		 Equivalent GPA to WES
Grades (using Duke conversion)[69]
Grade GPA
First A 4.00 A 4.0
Upper Second A−/B+ 3.33–3.67 A−/B+ 3.7/3.3
Lower Second B 3.00 B 3.0
Third C+ 2.30 B− 2.7
Pass C 2.00 C 2.0

Canada

Canadian academic grades may be given as letters, percentages, 12-point GPAs or 4-point GPAs. The 4-point GPAs are sometimes seen to differ from the US but other sources treat them as equivalent. The Durham conversion specifies GPAs for the US and letter grades/percentages for Canada[66] while the UK NARIC has separate GPA conversions for the four-year bachelor's honours, baccalauréat and professional bachelor's degrees (which differ from their US GPA equivalents by at most 0.1) and the three-year bachelor's degree (which is seen as a lower standard).[56] The British Graduate Admissions Fact Sheet from McGill University uses the conversion 1st = 4.0; 2:1 = 3.0; 2:2 = 2.7; 3rd = 2.0; Pass = 1.0; Fail = 0.0.[70]

British degree
classification 		Canadian equivalent
(Durham)[66] 		Canadian GPA equivalent (NARIC)[56] Canadian GPA
equivalent
(McGill)[70]
4-year (Bachelor Honours degree) 3-year (Bachelor's degree)
% Letter GPA % Letter 12-point GPA % Letter 12-point
First 85%+ A to A+ 3.7+ 73% A− 10 3.9+ 90% A 12 4.0
Upper Second 77% – 84% B+ to A− 3.1+ 73% B 8 3.5+ 80% B+ 10 3.0
Lower Second 67% – 76% C+ to B− 2.5 62% C+ 6 3.1 73% B 8 2.7
Third 60% - 66% – – – 2.0
Pass – – – 1.0

Discover more about International comparisons related topics

ECTS grading scale

ECTS grading scale

The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) framework by the European Commission. Since many grading systems co-exist in Europe and, considering that interpretation of grades varies considerably from one country to another, if not from one institution to another, the ECTS grading scale has been developed to provide a common measure and facilitate the transfer of students and their grades between European higher education institutions, by allowing national and local grading systems to be interchangeable. Grades are reported on a carefully calibrated and uniform A-to-F scale combined with keywords and short qualitative definitions. Each institution makes its own decision on how to apply the ECTS grading scale to its system.

Education in the United Kingdom

Education in the United Kingdom

Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with each of the countries of the United Kingdom having separate systems under separate governments. The UK Government is responsible for England, whilst the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive are responsible for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, respectively.

Dearing Report

Dearing Report

The Dearing Report, formally known as the reports of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, is a series of major reports into the future of Higher Education in the United Kingdom, published in 1997. The report was commissioned by the UK government and was the largest review of higher education in the UK since the Robbins Committee in the early 1960s. The principal author was Sir Ronald Dearing, the Chancellor of the University of Nottingham. It made 93 recommendations concerning the funding, expansion, and maintenance of academic standards.

University College London

University College London

University College London, which operates as UCL, is a public research university in London, United Kingdom. It is a member institution of the federal University of London, and is the second-largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment and the largest by postgraduate enrolment.

University of Oxford

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.

Durham University

Durham University

Durham University is a collegiate public research university in Durham, England, founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837. It was the first recognised university to open in England for more than 600 years, after Oxford and Cambridge, and is thus, following standard historical practice in defining a university, the third-oldest university in England. As a collegiate university its main functions are divided between the academic departments of the university and its 17 colleges. In general, the departments perform research and provide teaching to students, while the colleges are responsible for their domestic arrangements and welfare.

World Education Services

World Education Services

World Education Services (WES) is a nonprofit organization that provides credential evaluations for international students and immigrants planning to study or work in the U.S. and Canada. Founded in 1974, it is based in New York, U.S. It also has operations in Toronto, Canada.

Duke University

Duke University

Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father, Washington Duke.

Academic grading in Canada

Academic grading in Canada

Academic grading in Canada varies by province, level of education, by institution, and faculty. The following are commonly used conversions from percentage grades to letter grades, however, this is not necessarily meaningful, since there is not a uniform scheme for assigning percentage grades either.

McGill University

McGill University

McGill University is an English-language public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821 by royal charter granted by King George IV, the university bears the name of James McGill, a Scottish merchant whose bequest in 1813 formed the university's precursor, University of McGill College ; the name was officially changed to McGill University in 1885.

Progression to postgraduate study

Regulations governing the progression of undergraduate degree graduates to postgraduate programmes vary among universities, and are often flexible. A candidate for a postgraduate master's degree is usually required to have at least a 2:1 (or 2:2 in some cases) bachelor honours degree, although candidates with firsts are in a considerably stronger position to gain a place in a postgraduate course and to obtain funding, especially in medical and natural sciences. Some institutions specify a 2:1 minimum for certain types of master's program, such as for a Master of Research course.[71][72]

Candidates with a Third or an Ordinary degree are sometimes accepted, provided they have acquired satisfactory professional experience subsequent to graduation. A candidate for a doctoral programme is nearly always required to have a first or 2:1 at bachelor's level.

Variations

International degrees

Australia

Some universities, such as those in Australia, offer ordinary or pass degrees (for instance, as a three-year B.A. or a three-year BSc) by default. High-achieving students may be recognised with an honours classification without further coursework or research, as is often the case in engineering (which often contains a research and thesis component)[73][74] or law.[75] However, other courses (such as humanities, arts, social sciences, and sciences) and other universities may recognise high-achieving students with an honours classification with further coursework or research, undertaken either concurrently with, and as part of or in addition to, a bachelor's course,[76] or after completion of a bachelor's course requirements and attaining adequately competitive grades.[77][78]

Some graduate degrees have been or are classified;[79] however, under the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF), no graduate-level degrees (i.e., master's by coursework, master's by research, or higher research degrees) may be classified. To comply with this standard, some institutions have commenced, or will commence, offering high-achieving graduates with "distinction".[80] Notably, this is consistent with British graduate degree classification.[81]

British medical and dental degrees

In the United Kingdom, medicine is usually taught as an undergraduate course, with graduates being awarded a master's level qualification: normally the conjoined degrees of Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BM BCh, MB ChB, etc.) although at Queen's University Belfast (and universities in Ireland) Bachelor in the Art of Obstetrics (BAO) is added, and at some universities only the Bachelor of Medicine is awarded – all of these have equal standing. Unlike most undergraduate degrees, the MBBS is not normally considered an honours degree, and thus is not classified into first class honours, etc. Students may be awarded "Merits" and "Distinctions" for parts of the course or the whole course (depending on the institution) and "Honours" may be awarded at some institutions for exceptional performance throughout the course (as a grade above Distinction).[82][83]

Medical schools split their year groups into 10 deciles. These deciles are the major factor in the calculation of Educational Performance Measure (EPM) points used as part of medical students' Foundation Programme applications, with the top decile receiving 43 points, decreasing by a point for each decile (so the lowest gets 34 points); 7 points can be awarded for other educational achievements (other degrees and publications), and the EPM points are combined with up to 50 points from the Situational Judgement Test to give a total out of 100.[84][85]

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Australian Qualifications Framework

Australian Qualifications Framework

The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) specifies the standards for educational qualifications in Australia. It is administered nationally by the Australian Government's Department of Industry, with oversight from the States and Territories, through the Standing Council of Tertiary Education Skills and Employment. While the AQF specifies the standards, education and training organisations are authorised by accrediting authorities to issue a qualification.

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

A Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery is a undergraduate medical degree awarded by medical schools in countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom. The historical degree nomenclature states that they are two separate undergraduate degrees. In practice, however, they are usually combined as one and conferred together, and may also be awarded at graduate-level medical schools. It usually takes five to six years to complete this degree.

Queen's University Belfast

Queen's University Belfast

Queen's University Belfast, officially the Queen's University of Belfast, is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. The university received its charter in 1845 as Queen's College, Belfast and opened four years later, together with University of Galway and University College Cork.

Decile

Decile

In descriptive statistics, a decile is any of the nine values that divide the sorted data into ten equal parts, so that each part represents 1/10 of the sample or population. A decile is one possible form of a quantile; others include the quartile and percentile. A decile rank arranges the data in order from lowest to highest and is done on a scale of one to ten where each successive number corresponds to an increase of 10 percentage points.

Foundation Programme

Foundation Programme

The Foundation Programme is a two-year structured programme of workplace-based learning for junior doctors that forms a bridge between medical school and specialty training. The programme aims to provide a safe, well-supervised environment for doctors to put into practice what they learned in medical school. It provides them with the generalist medical knowledge and skills to meet the requirements of the General Medical Council (GMC) The New Doctor (2007) and the Foundation Programme Curriculum (2007) and prepares them for entry into specialty training. All medical graduates must undertake, and complete the Foundation Programme in order to progress onto specialist or a general practitioner training in the UK.

British grade point average

Following the recommendation of the Burgess report into the honours degree classification system in 2007, the Higher Education Academy ran a pilot in 2013–2014 in collaboration with 21 institutions delivering higher education (ranging from Russell Group universities to Further Education colleges) to investigate how a grade point average (GPA) system would work best in Britain. Two main weighting systems were tested: an American-style average of all marks, weighted only by credit value, and weighting by "exit velocity" in the manner of the honours classification, where modules in the first year are given a low or zero weight and modules in the final year have a higher weight (a third model was only rarely used). Over two-thirds of providers preferred exit-velocity weighting to the straight average.[86]

A GPA scale, tied to percentage marks and letter grades, was recommended for use nationally following the study, to run in parallel with the honours degree classification system.[86]

Percentage Grade Grade points
75–100 A+ 4.25
71–74 A 4.00
67–70 A− 3.75
64–66 B+ 3.50
61–63 B 3.25
57–60 B− 3.00
54–56 C+ 2.75
50–53 C 2.50
48–49 C− 2.25
43–47 D+ 2.00
40–42 D 1.50
38–39 D− 1.00
35–37 F+ 0.75
30–34 F 0.50
0–29 F− 0.00

Nicknames

Based on colloquial rhyming slang, British undergraduate honours degree classifications have gained a number of more or less common nicknames, based on the names of various well-known current and historical figures. The following is a summary of these.

Class Nickname[87][88][89][90] Source of nickname
1st Geoff, Patty or Damien World Cup 1966 England footballer Geoff Hurst, heiress and kidnap victim Patty Hearst, or artist Damien Hirst
2:1 Attila, Don or Trevor Attila the Hun, Don Juan or Trevor Nunn (after the famous theatre director)
2:2 Desmond South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Also referred to as a drinker's or boozer's degree (origin unknown). Probably because the work required to get a first or a 2:1 does not allow for much time in the student bar
3rd Douglas After 1980s British Home Secretary Douglas Hurd
Thora After actress Thora Hird
Richard After King Richard III
Gentleman's degree Unknown
Vorderman Countdown television celebrity Carol Vorderman, who achieved third class grades in all her years at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Pass – –
Fail Dan[91] After the 44th Vice President of the United States, Dan Quayle.

Discover more about Nicknames related topics

Rhyming slang

Rhyming slang

Rhyming slang is a form of slang word construction in the English language. It is especially prevalent among Cockneys in England, and was first used in the early 19th century in the East End of London; hence its alternative name, Cockney rhyming slang. In the US, especially the criminal underworld of the West Coast between 1880 and 1920, rhyming slang has sometimes been known as Australian slang.

Geoff Hurst

Geoff Hurst

Sir Geoffrey Charles Hurst is an English former professional footballer. A striker, he became the first man to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final and be on the winning team, when England recorded a 4–2 victory over West Germany at Wembley Stadium in 1966.

Patty Hearst

Patty Hearst

Patricia Campbell Hearst is the granddaughter of American publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst. She first became known for the events following her 1974 kidnapping by the Symbionese Liberation Army. She was found and arrested 19 months after being abducted, by which time she was a fugitive wanted for serious crimes committed with members of the group. She was held in custody, and there was speculation before trial that her family's resources would enable her to avoid time in prison.

Damien Hirst

Damien Hirst

Damien Steven Hirst is an English artist, entrepreneur, and art collector. He is one of the Young British Artists (YBAs) who dominated the art scene in the UK during the 1990s. He is reportedly the United Kingdom's richest living artist, with his wealth estimated at US$384 million in the 2020 Sunday Times Rich List. During the 1990s his career was closely linked with the collector Charles Saatchi, but increasing frictions came to a head in 2003 and the relationship ended.

Don Juan

Don Juan

Don Juan, also known as Don Giovanni (Italian), is a legendary, fictional Spanish libertine who devotes his life to seducing women. Famous versions of the story include a 17th-century play, El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra by Tirso de Molina, a 1787 opera, Don Giovanni, with music by Mozart and a libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte, and a satirical, epic poem, Don Juan, by Lord Byron.

Desmond Tutu

Desmond Tutu

Desmond Mpilo Tutu was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first black African to hold the position. Theologically, he sought to fuse ideas from black theology with African theology.

Douglas Hurd

Douglas Hurd

Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell, is a British Conservative Party politician who served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995.

Thora Hird

Thora Hird

Dame Thora Hird was an English actress and comedian, presenter and writer. In a career spanning over 70 years, she appeared in more than 100 film and television roles, becoming a household name and a British institution.

Countdown (game show)

Countdown (game show)

Countdown is a British game show involving word and number tasks that began airing in November 1982. It is broadcast on Channel 4 and is currently presented by Colin Murray, assisted by Rachel Riley, with resident lexicographer Susie Dent. It was the first programme to be aired on Channel 4, and 86 series have been broadcast since its debut on 2 November 1982. With over 7,900 episodes, Countdown is one of Britain's longest-running game shows, along with the original French version, Des chiffres et des lettres, which has been running on French television continuously since 1965. Countdown was produced by Yorkshire Television and was recorded at The Leeds Studios for 27 years, before moving to the Manchester-based Granada Studios in 2009. Following the development of MediaCityUK, Countdown moved again in 2013 to the new purpose-built studios at Dock10, Greater Manchester.

Carol Vorderman

Carol Vorderman

Carol Jean Vorderman, HonFIET is a British media personality, best known for appearing on the game show Countdown for 26 years from 1982 until 2008, as a newspaper columnist and nominal author of educational and diet books, and hosting the annual Pride of Britain awards.

Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

Sidney Sussex College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. The College was founded in 1596 under the terms of the will of Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex (1531–1589), wife of Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, and named after its foundress. It was from its inception an avowedly Protestant foundation; "some good and godlie moniment for the mainteynance of good learninge". In her will, Lady Frances Sidney left the sum of £5,000 together with some plate to found a new College at Cambridge University "to be called the Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College". Her executors Sir John Harington and Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent, supervised by Archbishop John Whitgift, founded the College seven years after her death.

Dan Quayle

Dan Quayle

James Danforth Quayle is an American politician who served as the 44th vice president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush. A member of the Republican Party, Quayle previously represented Indiana in the House of Representatives from 1977 to 1981 and in the Senate from 1981 to 1989.

Source: "British undergraduate degree classification", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2022, December 27th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification.

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Further Reading

Postgraduate education

Bachelor of Arts

Master's degree

Undergraduate education

Diploma

Academic certificate
See also
References
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