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Björn Kuipers

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Björn Kuipers
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Born (1973-03-28) 28 March 1973 (age 49)
Oldenzaal, Netherlands
Other occupation Supermarket owner
Domestic
Years League Role
2002–2021 Eerste Divisie Referee
2005–2021 Eredivisie Referee
International
Years League Role
2006–2021 FIFA listed Referee
2009–2021 UEFA Elite Referee

Björn Kuipers (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbjʏrəŋ ˈkœypərs; ˈbjʏrn -]; born 28 March 1973) is a former Dutch football referee.[1] He has been a FIFA listed referee from 2006 to 2021 and an UEFA Elite group referee from 2009 to 2021. He was assisted during international matches by Sander van Roekel and Erwin Zeinstra.[2] A supermarket owner by occupation, Kuipers has officiated at two World Cups and three European Championship tournaments.[3] It was announced on 29 July 2021 that Kuipers would be retiring from refereeing, officiating his final match between Ajax and PSV on 7 August in the 2021 Johan Cruyff Shield.[4]

Discover more about Björn Kuipers related topics

Referee (association football)

Referee (association football)

In association football, the referee is the person responsible for interpreting and enforcing the Laws of the Game during a match. The referee is the final decision-making authority on all facts connected with play, and is the match official with the authority to start and stop play and impose disciplinary action against players and coaches during a match.

FIFA International Referees List

FIFA International Referees List

The FIFA International Referees List is an annual publication of the global list of FIFA international referees in the football-variants controlled by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) – association football, futsal and beach soccer. Members of the list are qualified to officiate at international level and are entitled to wear a FIFA badge on their uniform for the year in which they listed.

UEFA

UEFA

Union of European Football Associations is one of six continental bodies of governance in association football. It governs football, futsal and beach football in Europe and the transcontinental countries of Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Kazakhstan, as well as some Asian countries such as Israel, Cyprus and Armenia. UEFA consists of 55 national association members. Because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, FIFA and UEFA suspended all Russian national teams and clubs from any FIFA and UEFA competitions.

Assistant referee (association football)

Assistant referee (association football)

In association football, an assistant referee is an official empowered with assisting the referee in enforcing the Laws of the Game during a match. Although assistants are not required under the Laws, at most organised levels of football the match officiating crew consists of the referee and at least two assistant referees. The responsibilities of the various assistant referees are listed in Law 6, "The Other Match Officials". In the current Laws the term "assistant referee" technically refers only to the two officials who generally patrol the touchlines, with the wider range of assistants to the referee given other titles.

AFC Ajax

AFC Ajax

Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, also known as AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam, or simply Ajax, is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam, that plays in the Eredivisiecode: nld promoted to code: nl , the top tier in Dutch football. Historically, Ajax is the most successful club in the Netherlands, with 36 Eredivisie titlescode: nld promoted to code: nl and 20 KNVB Cups. It has continuously played in the Eredivisiecode: nld promoted to code: nl , since the league's inception in 1956 and, along with Feyenoordcode: nld promoted to code: nl and PSV Eindhovencode: nld promoted to code: nl , it is one of the country's "big three" clubs that have dominated that competition.

PSV Eindhoven

PSV Eindhoven

Philips Sport Vereniging, abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven, is a Dutch sports club from Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is best known for its professional football department, which has played in the Eredivisie, the top tier in Dutch football, since its inception in 1956. Along with Ajax and Feyenoord, PSV is one of the country's "big three" clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie.

2021 Johan Cruyff Shield

2021 Johan Cruyff Shield

The 2021 Johan Cruyff Shield was the 25th edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield, an annual Dutch football match played between the winners of the previous season's Eredivisie and KNVB Cup. The match was contested by the winners of the 2020–21 Eredivisie and the 2020–21 KNVB Cup on 7 August 2021.

Refereeing career

Domestic career

Kuipers's debut professional domestic match as a referee was a second-tier clash between SC Telstar and MVV at the Rabobank IJmond Stadion in IJmuiden on 20 September 2002. He was inducted into the A-List of referees of the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) and has refereed in every season of the top-tier Dutch league Eredivisie from 2005. At the domestic level, he has also overseen several important matches as a referee in the Eerste Divisie, the KNVB Beker and the Johan Cruijff Schaal.[5]

Kuipers took charge of his debut professional domestic final when he was chosen to referee the 2009 Johan Cruijff Schaal match between Heerenveen and AZ at the Amsterdam Arena in Amsterdam on 25 July 2009.

Kuipers officiated in the second Dutch Super Cup match of his career when he oversaw the 2012 Johan Cruijff Schaal clash between PSV Eindhoven and Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena in Amsterdam on 5 August 2012.

Kuipers's opportunity to referee his first Dutch Cup final came when he was in charge of the 2013 KNVB Beker Final between AZ and PSV Eindhoven at De Kuip in Rotterdam on 9 May 2013. Kuipers got the chance to oversee his second Dutch Cup final came when he was selected to take charge of the 2016 KNVB Beker Final between Feyenoord and Utrecht at De Kuip in Rotterdam on 24 April 2016.

On 29 July 2021, it was announced that Kuipers would be retiring from refereeing. His final game was on 7 August 2021 where he refereed the Johan Cruijff Schaal, the Dutch Super Cup game between Ajax and PSV. Kuipers still had doubts about retiring after refereeing the UEFA Euro 2020 Final. But after time away on vacation he said in an interview with KNVB; “I realised I’ve been everywhere and experienced everything. I will not get more beautiful. There’s no better moment to stop”.[4]

International career

2006–2012

Kuipers was awarded his FIFA badge in 2006. During the initial stages of his career, Kuipers officiated in junior-level tournaments like the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and the UEFA European Under-21 Championship. In June 2009, he was inducted into the UEFA Elite group of referees and became eligible to officiate at the highest level within European football. Kuipers has since then taken charge of several big matches in major tournaments such as the UEFA Europa League, the UEFA Champions League, the FIFA Club World Cup, the FIFA U-20 World Cup, the UEFA European Championship, the FIFA Confederations Cup and the FIFA World Cup.[3][5]

During the initial stages of his career, Kuipers refereed the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship Final between Czech Republic and Russia in Luxembourg on 14 May 2006 and also the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship Final between Germany and England in Sweden on 29 June 2009.[6]

During the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup, Kuipers was appointed to referee the semi-final match between Mazembe and Internacional at the Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi on 14 December 2010.[7] Kuipers officiated in the first major European final of his career when he oversaw the 2011 UEFA Super Cup match[8] between Barcelona and Porto at the Stade Louis II in Monaco on 26 August 2011.[9][10]

2012–2014

During the UEFA Euro 2012, he refereed the Group C match between Republic of Ireland and Croatia at the Stadion Miejski in Poznań. He was also in charge of the Group D match between co-hosts Ukraine and France at the Donbass Arena in Donetsk, where he had to take the rare step of suspending the match due to a torrential electrical storm.[11][12] Kuipers took charge of the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final between Benfica and Chelsea at the Amsterdam Arena[13] in Amsterdam on 15 May 2013.[14] In doing so, he became the first referee to officiate in a major UEFA club final in his home nation since Italy's Tullio Lanese in the 1991 European Cup Final in Bari.[15][16]

Kuipers during the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
Kuipers during the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup

During the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, he refereed the Group B match between Nigeria and Uruguay at the Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova in Salvador.[17] Kuipers then oversaw the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Final between hosts Brazil and Spain at the Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro on 30 June 2013.[18][19]

Kuipers was selected to officiate in the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final between Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid at the Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica[20] in Lisbon on 24 May 2014.[21] He became the fourth Dutch referee to take charge of a prestigious European Cup Final after Leo Horn (1957 and 1962), Charles Corver (1978) and Dick Jol (2001).[22][23]

During the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, he oversaw the Group D match between England and Italy at the Arena da Amazônia in Manaus and the Group E match between Switzerland and France at the Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova in Salvador.[24] Kuipers went on to referee the round of 16 match[25] between Colombia and Uruguay at the Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro on 28 June 2014.[26]

2014–2021

Kuipers refereeing a Champions League match between Paris Saint-Germain and Chelsea, March 2015
Kuipers refereeing a Champions League match between Paris Saint-Germain and Chelsea, March 2015

During the UEFA Euro 2016, he was in charge of the Group C match between Germany and Poland at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis and the Group D match between Croatia and Spain at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Bordeaux.[27] Kuipers was then appointed to referee the quarter-final match between hosts France and Iceland at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis on 3 July 2016.[28]

Kuipers added to his list of FIFA tournament finals when he took charge of the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup Final between Venezuela and England at the Suwon World Cup Stadium in Suwon on 11 May 2017.[29] Kuipers was appointed to officiate in the 2018 UEFA Europa League Final between Marseille and Atlético Madrid at the Stade de Lyon[30] in Lyon on 16 May 2018.[31] This was his second UEFA Europa League Final assignment.[32][33]

During the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, he was in charge of the Group A match between Egypt and Uruguay at the Central Stadium in Ekaterinburg and the Group E match between Brazil and Costa Rica at the Saint Petersburg Stadium in Saint Petersburg.[34] Kuipers went on to referee the Round of 16 match between Spain and Russia at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 1 July 2018[35] and also oversaw the quarter-final match between Sweden and England at the Samara Arena in Samara on 7 July 2018.[36] Kuipers also served as the fourth official for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final.[37]

After refereeing a 2021 Champions League semifinal match between Paris Saint-Germain and Manchester City that saw Ángel Di María sent off, Kuipers was accused by two PSG players of insulting them on the pitch. Manager Mauricio Pochettino called on UEFA to investigate.[38]

On 8 July 2021, UEFA announced that Kuipers would referee the final of UEFA Euro 2020 to be played between Italy and England on 11 July 2021 at Wembley Stadium.[39]

Discover more about Refereeing career related topics

Eerste Divisie

Eerste Divisie

The Eerste Divisie is the second-highest tier of football in the Netherlands. It is linked with the top-level Eredivisie and with the third-level Tweede Divisie via promotion/relegation systems. It is also known as the Keuken Kampioen Divisie due to sponsorship, while previously it was known as Jupiler League for the same reason.

MVV Maastricht

MVV Maastricht

Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht, commonly known as MVV Maastricht or simply as MVV, is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Maastricht. Founded on 2 April 1902, MVV Maastricht currently compete in the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of Dutch football.

IJmuiden

IJmuiden

IJmuiden is a port city in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is the main town in the municipality of Velsen which lies mainly to the south-east. Including its large sea locks, it straddles the mouth of the North Sea Canal to Amsterdam. To the south it abuts a large reserve of plant-covered dunes, the Zuid-Kennemerland National Park. The city is on the south bank; the north bank is otherwise a steel plant and Velsen-Noord.

Eredivisie

Eredivisie

The Eredivisie is the highest level of professional football in the Netherlands. The league was founded in 1956, two years after the start of professional football in the Netherlands. As of the 2020–21 season, it is ranked the sixth-best league in Europe by UEFA.

KNVB Cup

KNVB Cup

The KNVB Beker, branded as the TOTO KNVB Beker for sponsorship reasons, is a competition in the Netherlands organized by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1898. It was based on the format of the English FA Cup. Outside the Netherlands, it is often referred to as the Dutch Cup. The tournament consists of all teams from the top four tiers of Dutch league football, as well as the 24 semi-finalists of the six KNVB District Cups. The finals of the tournament traditionally takes place in De Kuip, and has been held there every season since the 1989 final. The winners of the cup compete against the winners of the Eredivisie for the Johan Cruyff Shield, which acts as the curtain raiser for the following season.

Johan Cruyff Shield

Johan Cruyff Shield

The Johan Cruyff Shield is a football trophy in the Netherlands named after Dutch footballer Johan Cruyff, also often referred to as the Dutch Super Cup. The winner is decided in one match only, played by the winner of the national football league, Eredivisie, and the winner of the national KNVB Cup. In the event of a team winning both the Eredivisie and the KNVB Cup, the Johan Cruyff Shield will be contested between that team and the runner up in the national league.

2009 Johan Cruyff Shield

2009 Johan Cruyff Shield

The fourteenth edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield was held on 25 July 2009 at the Amsterdam Arena. The match featured the 2008–09 Eredivisie champions AZ and 2008–09 KNVB Cup winners SC Heerenveen. The match inaugurated the 2009–10 season in Dutch football.

AZ Alkmaar

AZ Alkmaar

Alkmaar Zaanstreek, better known as AZ Alkmaar or simply AZ, is a Dutch professional football club from Alkmaar and the Zaan district. The club plays in the Eredivisie, the highest professional football league in the Netherlands, and hosts home matches at the AFAS Stadion.

Amsterdam

Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 921,402 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the urban area and 2,480,394 in the metropolitan area. Located in the Dutch province of North Holland, Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the "Venice of the North", for its large number of canals, now designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

2012 Johan Cruyff Shield

2012 Johan Cruyff Shield

The seventeenth edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield was held on 5 August 2012 at the Amsterdam Arena. The match was played between 2011–12 KNVB Cup winners PSV Eindhoven and the 2011–12 Eredivisie winners Ajax. PSV won the match 4–2 in front of 50,000 fans.

PSV Eindhoven

PSV Eindhoven

Philips Sport Vereniging, abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven, is a Dutch sports club from Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is best known for its professional football department, which has played in the Eredivisie, the top tier in Dutch football, since its inception in 1956. Along with Ajax and Feyenoord, PSV is one of the country's "big three" clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie.

AFC Ajax

AFC Ajax

Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, also known as AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam, or simply Ajax, is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam, that plays in the Eredivisiecode: nld promoted to code: nl , the top tier in Dutch football. Historically, Ajax is the most successful club in the Netherlands, with 36 Eredivisie titlescode: nld promoted to code: nl and 20 KNVB Cups. It has continuously played in the Eredivisiecode: nld promoted to code: nl , since the league's inception in 1956 and, along with Feyenoordcode: nld promoted to code: nl and PSV Eindhovencode: nld promoted to code: nl , it is one of the country's "big three" clubs that have dominated that competition.

Career highlights

International tournaments

FIFA World Cup matches

2014 FIFA World Cup – Brazil
Date Match Venue Round
14 June 2014  England Italy Manaus Group stage
20 June 2014  Switzerland France Salvador Group stage
28 June 2014  Colombia Uruguay Rio de Janeiro Round of 16
2018 FIFA World Cup – Russia
Date Match Venue Round
15 June 2018  Egypt Uruguay Ekaterinburg Group stage
22 June 2018  Brazil Costa Rica Saint Petersburg Group stage
1 July 2018  Spain Russia Moscow Round of 16
7 July 2018  Sweden England Samara Quarter-final

Final matches

Discover more about Career highlights related topics

2014 FIFA World Cup

2014 FIFA World Cup

The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national football teams organised by FIFA. It took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014, after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2007. It was the second time that Brazil staged the competition, the first being in 1950, and the fifth time that it was held in South America.

2018 FIFA World Cup

2018 FIFA World Cup

The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for national football teams organized by FIFA. It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2010. It was the eleventh time the championships had been held in Europe, and the first time they were held in Eastern Europe. At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion, it was the most expensive World Cup ever held until it was surpassed by the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.

FIFA Confederations Cup

FIFA Confederations Cup

The FIFA Confederations Cup was an international association football tournament for men's national teams, held every four years by FIFA. It was contested by the holders of each of the six continental championships, along with the current FIFA World Cup holder and the host nation, to bring the number of teams up to eight.

2013 FIFA Confederations Cup

2013 FIFA Confederations Cup

The 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup was the ninth FIFA Confederations Cup, which was held in Brazil from 15 to 30 June 2013 as a prelude to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The most recent winners of the six continental championships appeared in the tournament, along with hosts Brazil and UEFA Euro 2012 runners-up Italy, who qualified because the Euro 2012 winners, Spain, had also won the most recent FIFA World Cup in 2010 thus securing a spot in the tournament.

FIFA U-20 World Cup

FIFA U-20 World Cup

The FIFA U-20 World Cup is the biennial football world championship tournament for FIFA members’ men's national teams with players under the age of 20. The competition has been staged every two years since the inaugural tournament in 1977 when it was hosted by Tunisia, under the tournament name of FIFA World Youth Championship until 2005. In 2007 the name was changed to its present form. The current title holder is Ukraine which won its first title at the 2019 tournament in Poland.

2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup

2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup

The 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the 21st edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, the biennial international men's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA, since its inception in 1977 as the FIFA World Youth Championship. The tournament was hosted by South Korea from 20 May to 11 June 2017.

FIFA Club World Cup

FIFA Club World Cup

The FIFA Club World Cup is an international men's association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The competition was first contested in 2000 as the FIFA Club World Championship. It was not held from 2001 to 2004 due to a combination of factors in the cancelled 2001 tournament, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure (ISL), but since 2005 it has been held every year, and has been hosted by Brazil, Japan, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco and Qatar. Views differ as to the cup's prestige: it struggles to attract interest in most of Europe, and is the object of heated debate in South America.

2010 FIFA Club World Cup

2010 FIFA Club World Cup

The 2010 FIFA Club World Cup was a football tournament that was played from 8 to 18 December 2010. It was the seventh FIFA Club World Cup and was hosted by the United Arab Emirates.

2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship

2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship

The 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship was the fifth edition of UEFA's European Under-17 Football Championship. Luxembourg hosted the championship, during 3–14 May. Russia defeated the Czech Republic in the final to win the competition for the first time. Players born after 1 January 1989 could participate in this competition.

2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship

2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship

The 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship began on 15 June 2009, and was the 17th UEFA European Under-21 Championship. This was the first tournament after the competition reverted to a two-year format, following the single-year 2006–07 competition, which allowed the change to odd-numbered years. Sweden hosted the final tournament in June 2009; therefore, their under-21 team qualified automatically. Players born on or after 1 January 1986 were eligible to play in this competition.

England national football team

England national football team

The England national football team has represented England in international football since the first international match in 1872. It is controlled by The Football Association (FA), the governing body for football in England, which is affiliated with UEFA and comes under the global jurisdiction of world football's governing body FIFA. England competes in the three major international tournament contested by European nations: the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA European Championship, and the UEFA Nations League.

Arena da Amazônia

Arena da Amazônia

Arena da Amazônia is a football stadium in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, located on the former site of the Vivaldão stadium. The stadium has an all-seater capacity of 44,300 and was constructed from 2010 to 2014 as part of Brazil's hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. It hosted matches of the football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics. During the World Cup, the arena had a limited maximum-capacity of 40,549.

Personal life

Björn Kuipers was born on 28 March 1973 in Oldenzaal in the Netherlands. His father was also a football referee at the amateur level. Kuipers studied business administration the Radboud University Nijmegen and besides refereeing he is also the owner of a number of supermarkets and a hair studio in his hometown Oldenzaal.[41]

Source: "Björn Kuipers", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, February 15th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björn_Kuipers.

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References
  1. ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup Korea Republic 2017 Referees – Björn Kuipers". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  2. ^ "Referees appointed for the 2018 UEFA club competition finals". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Palmares for referee Björn Kuipers". WorldReferee.com. WorldReferee. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  4. ^ a b Mathieu Hilgersom (29 July 2021). "Björn Kuipers stopt: 'Mooier dan dit wordt het niet meer'". KVNB (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
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  7. ^ "Club World Cup 2010 » Semi-finals » TP Mazembe - Internacional 2:0". worldfootball.net. Worldfootball. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  8. ^ "UEFA-Supercup 2011 » Final » FC Barcelona - FC Porto 2:0". worldfootball.net. Worldfootball. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
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  10. ^ "Super Cup post 'a wonderful surprise' for Kuipers". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
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  29. ^ "U20 World Cup 2017 South Korea » Final » Venezuela - England 0:1". worldfootball.net. Worldfootball. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
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  31. ^ "Europa League 2017/2018 » Final » Olympique Marseille - Atlético Madrid 0:3". worldfootball.net. Worldfootball. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  32. ^ "Björn Kuipers to referee Europa League final". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  33. ^ "Kuipers ready for Lyon assignment". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
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  35. ^ "World Cup 2018 Russia » Round of 16 » Spain - Russia 3:4". worldfootball.net. Worldfootball. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
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  37. ^ "Nestor Pitana to referee World Cup Final". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  38. ^ O'Brien, Sean (5 May 2021). "INSULTED Ander Herrera and Marco Verratti accuse referee Bjorn Kuipers of telling PSG players to 'f*** off' during Champions League defeat to Man City". TalkSport. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  39. ^ "Björn Kuipers to referee UEFA EURO 2020 final". UEFA. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Van Hulten fluit bekerfinale" [Van Hulten officiates cup final]. De Gelderlander (in Dutch). Zeist. Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau. 22 April 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  41. ^ "Netherlands' strict businessman - Euro 2012 referee Björn Kuipers". Goal.com. Goal. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
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