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Beekeeping in the United Kingdom

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way

Beekeeping in the United Kingdom is the maintenance of bee colonies by humans within the United Kingdom. It is a significant commercial activity that provides those involved with honey, beeswax, royal jelly, queen bees, propolis, flower pollen and bee pollen. Honeybees also provide pollination services to orchards and a variety of seed crops.

Many beekeepers keep bees as a hobby. Others do it for income either as a sideline to other work or as a commercial operator. These factors affect the number of colonies maintained by the beekeeper.

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United Kingdom

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2023 population of over 68 million people.

Honey

Honey

Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants or the secretions of other insects, like the honeydew of aphids. This refinement takes place both within individual bees, through regurgitation and enzymatic activity, as well as during storage in the hive, through water evaporation that concentrates the honey's sugars until it is thick and viscous.

Beeswax

Beeswax

Beeswax is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. The wax is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees, which discard it in or at the hive. The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and larval and pupal protection within the beehive. Chemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols.

Royal jelly

Royal jelly

Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens. It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste.

Queen bee

Queen bee

A queen bee is typically an adult, mated female (gyne) that lives in a colony or hive of honey bees. With fully developed reproductive organs, the queen is usually the mother of most, if not all, of the bees in the beehive. Queens are developed from larvae selected by worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature. There is normally only one adult, mated queen in a hive, in which case the bees will usually follow and fiercely protect her.

Propolis

Propolis

Propolis or bee glue is a resinous mixture that honey bees produce by mixing saliva and beeswax with exudate gathered from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. It is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the beehive. Propolis is used for small gaps, while gaps larger than the bee space are usually filled with burr comb. Its color varies depending on its botanical source, with dark brown as the most common. Propolis is sticky at and above 20 °C (68 °F), while at lower temperatures it becomes hard and brittle.

Pollen

Pollen

Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains, which produce male gametes. Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophytes during the process of their movement from the stamens to the pistil of flowering plants, or from the male cone to the female cone of gymnosperms. If pollen lands on a compatible pistil or female cone, it germinates, producing a pollen tube that transfers the sperm to the ovule containing the female gametophyte. Individual pollen grains are small enough to require magnification to see detail. The study of pollen is called palynology and is highly useful in paleoecology, paleontology, archaeology, and forensics. Pollen in plants is used for transferring haploid male genetic material from the anther of a single flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination. In a case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower.

Bee pollen

Bee pollen

Bee pollen, also known as bee bread and ambrosia, is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals and vitamins, fatty acids, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored in brood cells, mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop of honey. Bee pollen is harvested as food for humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits.

Western honey bee

Western honey bee

The western honey bee or European honey bee is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name Apis is Latin for "bee", and mellifera is the Latin for "honey-bearing" or "honey carrying", referring to the species' production of honey.

Pollination

Pollination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, and bats; water; wind; and even plants themselves, when self-pollination occurs within a closed flower. Pollination often occurs within a species. When pollination occurs between species, it can produce hybrid offspring in nature and in plant breeding work.

Beekeeper

Beekeeper

A beekeeper is a person who keeps honey bees.

History

"Hive beekeeping was almost certainly introduced in the east of England from continental Europe and transmitted through Britain from east to west. We do not know when the introduction occurred".[1]

Skeps or baskets made from wicker or coils of straw or grass were used as hives to house the bees and protect them from the weather and predators.

Due to the vital role beekeeping played in British agriculture and industry, special allotments of sugar were allowed for each hive during World War II.[2] In 1943, the Ministry of Food announced that beekeepers would qualify for supplies of sugar not exceeding 10 pounds per colony to keep their beehives going through the winter, and 5 pounds for spring feeding. Honey was not rationed, but its price was controlled - as with other unrationed, domestically produced produce, sellers imposed their own restrictions.

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Wicker

Wicker

Wicker is the oldest furniture making method known to history, dating as far back as 5,000 years ago. It was first documented in ancient Egypt using pliable plant material, but in modern times it is made from any pliable, easily woven material. The word wicker or "wisker" is believed to be of Scandinavian origin: vika, which means "to fold" in Swedish, and vicker meaning willow. Wicker is traditionally made of material of plant origin, such as willow, rattan, reed, and bamboo, but synthetic fibers are now also used. Wicker is light yet sturdy, making it suitable for items that will be moved often like porch and patio furniture. Rushwork and wickerwork are terms used in England. A typical braiding pattern is called Wiener Geflecht, Viennese Braiding, as it was invented in 18th century Vienna and later most prominently used with the Thonet coffeehouse chair.

World War II

World War II

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war.

Honey

Honey

Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants or the secretions of other insects, like the honeydew of aphids. This refinement takes place both within individual bees, through regurgitation and enzymatic activity, as well as during storage in the hive, through water evaporation that concentrates the honey's sugars until it is thick and viscous.

Rationing in the United Kingdom

Rationing in the United Kingdom

Rationing was introduced temporarily by the British government several times during the 20th century, during and immediately after a war.

Modern beekeeping

In the winter of 2008, about 20% of the UK's bees died.[3] The losses were highest in the north of England and lowest in the east. These winter losses subsequently increased in the following years as some of the treatments used to combat Varroa lost their efficacy. New treatments have since been licensed for use in the UK to reduce the losses.[4]

The government researches bees at its National Bee Unit, run by the Food and Environment Research Agency at Sand Hutton in North Yorkshire, close to A64.[5]

The Bees Act 1980 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that seeks to stop the damage caused by diseases, chemicals (such as Imidacloprid and pests that damage the well being of bees). It repealed the Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1941. The act currently does not extend to Northern Ireland[6] which, since devolution, has enacted its own equivalent legislation called the Bees (Northern Ireland) Order 1980.[7]

The National Bee Unit is responsible for the delivery of the Bee Health Programme in England and Wales. It is based in Sand Hutton in North Yorkshire.[8]

The National Honey Show, the first of which was held 1923 at The Crystal Palace, is an annual British show of honey and other bee products.[9]

The BBKA Spring Convention is an annual event which has 20+ Lectures; 60+ Workshops & Seminars for beekeepers of all abilities. It would have been held at Harper Adams University in Shropshire on 3-5 April 2020, however it was cancelled due to the Coronavirus Pandemic. The 2021 event was a virtual event for the same reason however in 2022 it was again held at Harper Adams University.[10]

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National Bee Unit

National Bee Unit

The National Bee Unit (NBU) runs Bee Health Programmes in England and Wales. The NBU consists of around 60 field-based Bee Inspectors and staff based in Sand Hutton, North Yorkshire.

Sand Hutton

Sand Hutton

Sand Hutton is a village and civil parish which forms the larger part of the Claxton and Sand Hutton grouped parish council, in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England, about 6 miles (9.7 km) north-east of York.

North Yorkshire

North Yorkshire

North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the North of England. It is mostly located in the Yorkshire and Humber region, but the area around the Tees Valley is in the North East. The largest county in England by land area, it measures 2,483 square miles (6,430 km2) and has a population of 1,158,816 (2021). The county town is Northallerton.

A64 road

A64 road

The A64 is a major road in North and West Yorkshire, England, which links Leeds, York and Scarborough. The A64 starts as the A64(M) ring road motorway in Leeds, then towards York it becomes a high-quality dual carriageway until it is east of York, where it becomes a single carriageway for most of its route to Scarborough.

Bees Act 1980

Bees Act 1980

The Bees Act 1980 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects. The chemical works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system. Specifically, it causes a blockage of the nicotinergic neuronal pathway. By blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, imidacloprid prevents acetylcholine from transmitting impulses between nerves, resulting in the insect's paralysis and eventual death. It is effective on contact and via stomach action. Because imidacloprid binds much more strongly to insect neuron receptors than to mammal neuron receptors, this insecticide is more toxic to insects than to mammals.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares an open border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2021, its population was 1,903,100, making up about 27% of Ireland's population and about 3% of the UK's population. The Northern Ireland Assembly, established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the UK Government. The government of Northern Ireland cooperates with the government of the Republic of Ireland in several areas agreed under the terms of the Belfast Agreement. The Republic of Ireland also has a consultative role on non-devolved governmental matters through the British-Irish Governmental Conference (BIIG).

England and Wales

England and Wales

England and Wales is one of the three legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom. It covers the constituent countries England and Wales and was formed by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. The substantive law of the jurisdiction is English law.

National Honey Show

National Honey Show

The National Honey Show is an annual British show of honey and other bee products.

The Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition took place from 1 May to 15 October 1851, and more than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in its 990,000 square feet (92,000 m2) exhibition space to display examples of technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m), and was three times the size of St Paul's Cathedral.

Harper Adams University

Harper Adams University

Harper Adams University, founded in 1901 as Harper Adams College, is a public university located close to the village of Edgmond, near Newport, in Shropshire, England. Established in 1901, the college is a specialist provider of higher education for the agricultural and rural sector. It gained university college status in 1998, and university status in 2012 when the requirements were relaxed.

COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019. Attempts to contain it there failed, allowing the virus to spread to other areas of Asia and later worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 10 March 2023, the pandemic had caused more than 676 million cases and 6.88 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.

Associations and organisations

  • The British Beekeepers Association (BBKA) (established 1874)[11][12][13] represents amateur beekeepers in England. There are many local associations, within the county associations, which are within the BBKA. The association is a registered charity. It is based at the National Agricultural Centre in the National Beekeeping Centre, where it has been since July 2000, although it has been at Stoneleigh since 1982. Previous to 1943 it was based on Bedford Street in London. From these premises, the Beekeepers' Record and British Beekeepers' Journal were published.
  • The Ulster Beekeepers Association (UBKA) represents the interests of amateur beekeepers in Northern Ireland.[14]
  • The Scottish Beekeepers Association (SBA) represents the interests of amateur beekeepers in Scotland.[15]
  • The Welsh Beekeepers' Association (WBKA) represents the interests of amateur beekeepers in Wales.[16]
  • The Bee Farmers' Association of the UK (BFA) is the voice of professional beekeeping in the United Kingdom (UK). As the industry trade association, it currently represents around 450 bee farming businesses. Its members produce honey throughout the UK and supply products in bulk, for wholesale and for retail. In addition, the association provides contract pollination services to growers.[17]
  • Bee Diseases Insurance (BDI)[18] offers insurance against notifiable diseases for beekeepers in England and Wales.
  • The Council of National Beekeepers Associations (CONBA) represents the above associations in Europe.[19]
  • Bee Improvement and Bee Breeders Association (BIBBA): formally the Village Bee Breeders Association (VBBA) formed on 27th July 1963.[20] They promote the "conservation, restoration, study, selection, and improvement of honey bees that are native to the British Isles" claiming that this bee is the Apis mellifera mellifera.[21]
  • The Central Association of Bee-Keepers (CABK) is an educational charity, registered in the UK, whose objective is to promote and further the craft of beekeeping.[22]
  • The International Bee Research Association provides information on bee science and beekeeping worldwide.[23]
  • The Eva Crane Trust advances the understanding of bees and beekeeping[24]
  • The C.B. Dennis British Beekeepers' Research Trust supports bee research that benefits bees and beekeeping in Britain[25]

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British Beekeepers Association

British Beekeepers Association

The British Beekeepers Association (BBKA) is a charitable organisation registered in England and Wales that was founded in 1874. It is made up of 75 associations in England & Wales plus one in Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Jersey. At end of 2018 there were 26,555 members. Its patrons include the Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers and Jimmy Doherty.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares an open border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2021, its population was 1,903,100, making up about 27% of Ireland's population and about 3% of the UK's population. The Northern Ireland Assembly, established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the UK Government. The government of Northern Ireland cooperates with the government of the Republic of Ireland in several areas agreed under the terms of the Belfast Agreement. The Republic of Ireland also has a consultative role on non-devolved governmental matters through the British-Irish Governmental Conference (BIIG).

Scotland

Scotland

Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a 96-mile (154-kilometre) border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, the North Sea to the northeast and east, and the Irish Sea to the south. It also contains more than 790 islands, principally in the archipelagos of the Hebrides and the Northern Isles. Most of the population, including the capital Edinburgh, is concentrated in the Central Belt—the plain between the Scottish Highlands and the Southern Uplands—in the Scottish Lowlands.

Wales

Wales

Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2021 of 3,107,500 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,680 miles (2,700 km) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate. The capital and largest city is Cardiff.

International Bee Research Association

International Bee Research Association

The International Bee Research Association is a charity based in the United Kingdom which exists to promote the value of bees and provide information on bee science and beekeeping worldwide. It was founded in 1949 as the Bee Research Association. It regularly publishes two journals: Bee World and Journal of Apicultural Research.

Examinations board

The National Diploma in Beekeeping Examination board[26] was established in 1954 to meet a need for a beekeeping qualification, above the level of the certificates awarded by the Beekeeping associations.

It was originally intended as an appropriate qualification for County Beekeeping Instructors and Lecturers, of which there were some forty full- and part-time appointments across the United Kingdom at that time. The prime movers in this development were Fred Richards, the C.B.I. for Norfolk and H.M.I. Franklin, whose brief included rural education. Although the County Lecturers have disappeared from the beekeeping scene since the privatisation of the agricultural colleges, there are still beekeepers wishing to pursue their studies to an advanced level. The NDB offers them the opportunity to undertake such study.

Noted beekeepers

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Samuel Bagster the Younger

Samuel Bagster the Younger

Samuel Bagster the Younger (1800–1835) was an English printer and author.

Herbert E. Balch

Herbert E. Balch

Herbert Ernest Balch MA FSA was an English archaeologist, naturalist, caver and geologist who explored the caves of the Mendip Hills and pioneered many of the techniques used by modern cavers. Born in Wells, he gained a scholarship to The Blue School before leaving school at the age of 14 to become a messenger for Wells Post Office.

Annie Betts

Annie Betts

Annie Dorothy Betts was a British apiculturist, bee disease expert, author and editor. She made scientifically significant observations on honeybees, wrote books on apiculture, and edited the journal Bee World.

Charles Butler (beekeeper)

Charles Butler (beekeeper)

Charles Butler, sometimes called the Father of English Beekeeping, was a logician, grammarist, author, priest, and an influential beekeeper. He was also an early proponent of English spelling reform. He observed that bees produce wax combs from scales of wax produced in their own bodies; and he was among the first to assert that drones are male and the queen female, though he believed worker bees lay eggs.

Richard Carew (antiquary)

Richard Carew (antiquary)

Richard Carew was a British translator and antiquary. He is best known for his county history, Survey of Cornwall (1602).

Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael

Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael

Thomas David Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael,, known as Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 11th Baronet, between 1891 and 1912, was a Scottish Liberal politician and colonial administrator. He was also a keen naturalist.

Thomas William Cowan

Thomas William Cowan

Thomas William Cowan (1840–1926) was a co-founder and president of the British Beekeepers' Association.

Eva Crane

Eva Crane

Eva Crane born Ethel Eva Widdowson was a researcher and author on the subjects of bees and beekeeping. Trained as a quantum mathematician, she changed her field of interest to bees, and spent decades researching bees, traveling to more than 60 countries, often in challenging conditions.

Robert Drury (sailor)

Robert Drury (sailor)

Robert Drury was an English sailor on the Degrave who was shipwrecked at the age of 17 on the island of Madagascar. He would be trapped there for fifteen years.

Robert L. J. Ellery

Robert L. J. Ellery

Robert Lewis John Ellery was an English-Australian astronomer and public servant who served as Victorian government astronomer for 42 years.

R. O. B. Manley

R. O. B. Manley

Robert "Bert" Orlando Beater Manley (1888–1978) was a British beekeeper, an authority on commercial honey farming and developer of the popular Manley moveable frame hives and frame systems.

Adrian Stoop

Adrian Stoop

Adrian Stoop was an English rugby union player of Dutch descent.

Source: "Beekeeping in the United Kingdom", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 13th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_Kingdom.

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Further Reading

Beehive

Beekeeper

Beekeeping

Apiary

Buckfast bee

European dark bee

Hive frame

Varroa destructor

Eva Crane

Beekeeping in the United States

Beekeeping in New Zealand

Colony collapse disorder

Beekeeping in Ukraine

Urban beekeeping

Thomas William Cowan

Wax foundation

Beekeeping in Australia

British Beekeepers Association
See also
References
  1. ^ Crane, Eva (1999), The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting, New York, Routledge, p.251
  2. ^ "Beekeeping in Swindon during WWII". BBC Wiltshire. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  3. ^ Association, Press (24 August 2009). "Fifth of UK honeybee colonies died last winter, says beekeeper association". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  4. ^ van der Zee R, Gray A, Pisa L, de Rijk T (8 July 2015). "An Observational Study of Honey Bee Colony Winter Losses and Their Association with Varroa destructor, Neonicotinoids and Other Risk Factors". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0131611. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031611V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131611. PMC 4496033. PMID 26154346.
  5. ^ "Beebase - Scientific Journal Publications". nationalbeeunit.com. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  6. ^ "Bees Act 1980 (CHAPTER 12)". legislation.gov.uk. (The)National Archives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  7. ^ "Bees (Northern Ireland) Order 1980 [No. 869 (N.I. 7)]". legislation.gov.uk. (The)NationalArchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  8. ^ "Beebase - The Healthy Bees Plan". nationalbeeunit.com. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  9. ^ "History". www.honeyshow.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  10. ^ "Past Spring Convention Programmes". British Beekeepers Association. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  11. ^ The British Beekeepers Association (BBKA)
  12. ^ "Advertisement - British Bee-Keepers Association". The Cornishman. No. 46. 29 May 1879. p. 1.
  13. ^ BBKA - The History. Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Stoneleigh Park, British Beekeepers Association, 2011.
  14. ^ "Ulster Beekeepers Association - About". ubka.org. UBKA. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  15. ^ "Scottish Beekeepers' Association". scottishbeekeepers.org.uk. SBKA. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  16. ^ "Welsh Beekeepers' Association". wbka.com. WBKA. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  17. ^ "Home - Bee Farmers Association". beefarmers.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  18. ^ Bee Diseases Insurance (BDI)
  19. ^ "Conba". www.conba.org.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  20. ^ Albert Knight. "BIBBA History and Development". bibba.com. BIBBA. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  21. ^ "BIBBA Strategy Statement". bibba.com. BIBBA. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  22. ^ "The Central Association of Bee-Keepers – Bringing Science to the Bee-Keeper". www.cabk.org.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  23. ^ "Home page". International Bee Research Association. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  24. ^ "Eva Crane Trust". www.evacranetrust.org. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  25. ^ "CB Dennis Trust". www.cbdennistrust.org.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  26. ^ National Diploma in Beekeeping Examination board
  27. ^ Roger Patterson. "A.W. Gale (1900-1969)". dave-cushman.net. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  28. ^ "Beowulf A. Cooper". amentsoc.org. Amateur Entomologists' Society. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
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