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Battle of Mariupol (2014)

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Battle of Mariupol
Part of the war in Donbas
Standoff between locals and Ukrainian forces in Mariupol, 9 May 2014 (3).jpg
Confrontation between locals and Ukrainian troops in Mariupol
Date6 May – 14 June 2014
(1 month, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
Result

Ukrainian victory[1]

Belligerents
 Ukraine  Donetsk People's Republic
Commanders and leaders
Arsen Avakov
Serhiy Demydenko †
Valery Androshchuk (POW)		 Denis Kuzmenko (POW)
Units involved

Armed Forces of Ukraine

Геральдичний знак - емблема МВС України.svg Ministry of Internal Affairs

Donbas People's Militia
Defected policemen[4][5]
Strength
400 60
Casualties and losses
20 killed
49 wounded[6][7][8][9]
1 captured[10]
3 APCs destroyed[11][12]		 20–26 killed[7][13][14]
15–34 captured[3][15][16]
1 BRDM-2 destroyed[8][17]
For other uses, see Battle of Mariupol.

During the unrest in Ukraine in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the city of Mariupol, in Donetsk Oblast, saw skirmishes break out between Ukrainian government forces, local police, and separatist militants affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic. Government forces withdrew from Mariupol on 9 May 2014 after heavy fighting left the city's police headquarters gutted by fire. These forces maintained checkpoints outside the city. Intervention by Metinvest steelworkers on 15 May 2014 led to the removal of barricades from the city centre, and the resumption of patrols by local police. Separatists continued to operate a headquarters in another part of the city until their positions were overrun in a government offensive on 13 June 2014.

Discover more about Battle of Mariupol (2014) related topics

Mariupol

Mariupol

Mariupol is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Since May 2022, Mariupol has been occupied by Russian forces. It is situated on the northern coast (Pryazovia) of the Sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius River. Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was the tenth-largest city in the country and the second-largest city in Donetsk Oblast, with an estimated population of 425,681 people in January 2022, however Ukrainian authorities estimate its current population to be approximately 100,000.

Donetsk Oblast

Donetsk Oblast

Donetsk Oblast, also referred to as Donechchyna (Донеччина), is an oblast in eastern Ukraine. It is Ukraine's most populous province, with around 4.1 million residents. Its administrative centre is Donetsk, though due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, the regional administration was moved to Kramatorsk. Historically, the region has been an important part of the Donbas region. From its creation in 1938 until November 1961, it bore the name Stalino Oblast as Donetsk was then named "Stalino", in honour of Joseph Stalin. As part of the de-Stalinization process, it was renamed after the Siversky Donets river, the main artery of Eastern Ukraine. Its population is estimated as 4,100,280

Donetsk People's Republic

Donetsk People's Republic

The Donetsk People's Republic is an unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast, with its capital in Donetsk. The DPR was created by militarily-armed Russian-backed separatists in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Metinvest

Metinvest

Metinvest is an international group of steel and mining companies that owns operations in Ukraine, Italy, Bulgaria, the UK and the US, mines ore and coal, produces coke, smelts steel and produces rolled products, pipes and other steel products. The group's assets are managed by Metinvest Holding LLC.

Background

Mariupol City Hall, damaged by a fire during clashes in May 2014.
Mariupol City Hall, damaged by a fire during clashes in May 2014.
Main articles: War in Donbas (2014–2022) and 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

Mariupol is the second-largest city in the Donetsk Oblast, and has experienced sporadic unrest since March 2014. Pro-Russian and anti-government groups first occupied the city council building on 18 March 2014.[18] The first violent incident had occurred during the night on 16 April 2014, when about 300 pro-Russian and anti-government protesters attacked a Ukrainian military unit in Mariupol, throwing petrol bombs.[19] Internal Affairs minister Arsen Avakov said that troops were forced to open fire, resulting in the killing of three of the attackers.[19]

Ukrainian government forces claimed they "liberated" the Mariupol city council on 24 April 2014, though this was heavily disputed by anti-government demonstrators, and a BBC report said that there was "no sign" of the army.[20][21] The building changed hands multiple times thereafter, but was captured by the army on 8 May.[22][23]

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War in Donbas (2014–2022)

War in Donbas (2014–2022)

The war in Donbas, or Donbas war, was an armed conflict in the Donbas region of Ukraine, part of the broader Russo-Ukrainian War.

2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

From the end of February 2014, demonstrations by pro-Russian and anti-government groups took place in major cities across the eastern and southern regions of Ukraine in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity, which resulted in the success of Euromaidan in ousting then-President Viktor Yanukovych. The unrest, supported by Russia in the early stages of the Russo-Ukrainian War, has been referred to in Russia as the "Russian Spring".

Mariupol

Mariupol

Mariupol is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Since May 2022, Mariupol has been occupied by Russian forces. It is situated on the northern coast (Pryazovia) of the Sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius River. Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was the tenth-largest city in the country and the second-largest city in Donetsk Oblast, with an estimated population of 425,681 people in January 2022, however Ukrainian authorities estimate its current population to be approximately 100,000.

Events

A violent clash involving armoured personnel carriers (APC) took place at the Mariupol police headquarters on Victory Day, 9 May 2014. The Ukrainian government said it sent in the APCs in response to an attempt by militant separatists to storm the building.[10] According to the Internal Affairs Ministry, the assault on the station involved 60 separatists armed with automatic weapons.[10] Some local policemen reportedly helped the militants during the takeover and later clashed with Internal Troops who fired on the building with heavy machine guns mounted on the APCs.[4][24]

The police headquarters in Mariupol, destroyed in the fighting of May 2014.
The police headquarters in Mariupol, destroyed in the fighting of May 2014.

The Ukrainian government said its contingent included police, as well as an Omega unit of the National Guard.[10] Pro-Russian protesters attempted to stop the advance, but were unsuccessful.[25] Ukrainian security forces attacked the police headquarters in an attempt to recapture it from militants, and during the assault the building caught fire. According to Internal Affairs minister Arsen Avakov, a separatist sniper fired at Ukrainian soldiers and civilians from the upper floors of a hospital.[6] Avakov said that the counterattack resulted in the deaths of twenty separatists, and the capture of four, while the rest dispersed.[10][26] He referred to the separatist militants as "terrorists", and warned that "annihilation" would be Ukraine's answer to future acts of terrorism.[26]

Avakov's account of what happened was contested by some Mariupol residents, who spoke to reporters from The New York Times, the BBC, and The Independent shortly after the incident.[5][25][26] The residents (many of whom showed their Ukrainian passports to prove they were not from Russia[26]) said that the government had attacked local police who were sympathetic to protesters.[5][25][26] One version of events, put forward by a group of residents cited by The New York Times, was that the clash was sparked by Mariupol police rebelling against a new police chief sent by the interim government in Kyiv.[5] The BBC report included a video showing pro-Russian activists trying unsuccessfully to stop armoured vehicles from moving into the city.[25]

Burnt-out office of PrivatBank in Mariupol. The building was set on fire on 4 May 2014.
Burnt-out office of PrivatBank in Mariupol. The building was set on fire on 4 May 2014.

After the fighting the Ukrainian forces withdrew from the city, leaving it fully under control of pro-Russian protesters. The military retained control over checkpoints surrounding the city.[27] The Ukrainian government said that its forces withdrew "to avoid further aggravation".[28] The troops moving out of the city shot at unarmed civilians, according to The Guardian.[29][30][31] Anna Neistat from Human Rights Watch stated "my preliminary findings suggest that Ukrainian units might indeed have used excessive force near the drama theater, which resulted in deaths and injuries of some unarmed people" and urged a full, thorough investigation.[32]

Video of a captured APC in Mariupol.

One armoured personnel carrier was captured by pro-Russian protesters. After the clashes, the protesters built barricades on roads in the city centre.[4][13] Overnight, the city administration building was set ablaze[33] and three gun shops were looted.[34] The next day, insurgents set alight the captured armoured vehicle, causing the ammunition inside to explode.[11] Individuals also threw petrol bombs at the city prosecutor's office and a military building, setting them on fire.[35] On 11 May 2014, eight polling places were set up in Mariupol for the DPR's referendum on self-rule, with queues hundreds of metres long.[36]

Intervention of Metinvest steelworkers

Metinvest in conjunction with owners Rinat Akhmetov and Vadim Novinsky announced on 11 May 2014 that the company would be forming citywide militia groups from local steelworkers to work with police. The squads were intended to "protect civilians from looters and criminals operating in the city". Akhmetov urged the Ukrainian government to refrain from sending its forces to the city and to start negotiations with the insurgents.[36][37][38]

Standoff between Ukrainian forces and locals.
Standoff between Ukrainian forces and locals.

An agreement initiated by Metinvest was signed on 15 May by steel plant directors, police and community leaders, and a representative of the Donetsk People's Republic separatists.[39][40] Steelworkers and security guards from Metinvest, along with local police, began joint patrols in the city of Mariupol.[41][42] Associated Press reported that these groups forced the insurgents out of the buildings that they had been occupying.[41] Although a DPR representative was party to the deal which led to this vacation of buildings by the insurgents,[39][40] a local commander of those insurgents who had been occupying the building said that "someone is trying to sow discord among us, someone has signed something, but we will continue our fight", and that "everyone ran away".[41] Steelworkers could be seen removing barricades from the city centre, and also cleaning up the burnt city administration building.[42] By the morning of 16 May 2014, Associated Press journalists could find no trace of the insurgents in Mariupol city centre.[41] On 16 May, however, it seemed that separatists were not banished from the city: reporters from The Washington Post said that about a hundred pro-Russian activists gathered on the steps of the city administration building, and that the separatist flag continued to fly over it.[43] Radio Free Europe reported on 17 May that separatist militants (unarmed, but some wearing balaclavas) were patrolling Mariupol alongside police.[44] On 19 May 2014, CNN reporters found DPR supporters, including armed militia, running their headquarters in a suburb of Mariupol.[45] The leader of the group, Denis Kuzmenko, told the reporters he welcomed the role of the steelworkers in the city.[45]

Government recapture of Mariupol

On the morning of 13 June 2014, heavy fighting resumed as part of military operations in Mariupol, in which the Azov and Dnipro-1 Battalions retook the city and key buildings occupied by insurgents, killing five militants and destroying an insurgent BRDM-2 armoured vehicle.[17][46][47] Two soldiers were also killed[7] and 4–11 separatists were captured.[15][16] A military armoured personnel carrier was destroyed during the fighting.[12] Internal Affairs minister Avakov said "All key terrorist strongholds are being brought under control".[48]

As a result of the six-hour battle, Ukrainian forces hoisted the national flag over the insurgent headquarters in the city and said they had regained control of a 121-kilometre (75 mi) stretch of the border with Russia.[48][49] Immediately following the operation, Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko instructed the chief of the Donetsk regional state administration Serhiy Taruta to temporarily move the regional capital to Mariupol.[48] A minor incident occurred the next morning, when a convoy of border guardsmen was attacked by insurgents whilst passing Mariupol, leaving five guardsmen dead and seven wounded.[9]

OSCE monitors visited Mariupol to assess the situation in the city on 18 August.[50] They reported that the city was calm and secure. They spoke to a local activist who told them that "the city had become stable" in the months after the recapture of the city by government forces. According to UNHCR, there were at least 4,000 refugees from the ongoing war in the Donbas region at the time that the monitors visited the city. Unofficial statistics cited by the OSCE gave the number of refugees in Mariupol as 20,000.[50]

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Armoured personnel carrier

Armoured personnel carrier

An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones. Since World War I, APCs have become a very common piece of military equipment around the world.

Internal Troops of Ukraine

Internal Troops of Ukraine

The Internal Troops of Ukraine, abbreviated ВВ (VV), were a uniformed gendarmerie and Internal Troops in Ukraine which merged with the National Guard of Ukraine on March 13, 2014. They were subordinate to the Chief Directorate of Ministry of Internal Affairs, and cooperate with the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. The VV were used to assist militsiya in policing, deal with riots and internal armed conflicts, and safeguard important facilities such as nuclear power plants. In wartime, the Internal Troops were under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian armed forces for local defense and rear area security.

National Guard of Ukraine

National Guard of Ukraine

The National Guard of Ukraine is the Ukrainian national gendarmerie and internal military force. It is part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, responsible for public security. Originally created as an agency under the direct control of the Verkhovna Rada on 4 November 1991, following Ukrainian independence, it was later disbanded and merged into the Internal Troops of Ukraine in 2000 by then-President Leonid Kuchma as part of a "cost-saving" scheme. Following the 2014 Revolution of Dignity, amidst the Russian intervention, the National Guard was re-established, and the Internal Troops were disbanded.

The New York Times

The New York Times

The New York Times, also referred to as the Gray Lady, is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2022 to comprise 740,000 paid print subscribers, and 8.6 million paid digital subscribers. It also is a producer of popular podcasts such as The Daily. Founded in 1851, it is published by The New York Times Company. The Times has won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded as a national "newspaper of record". For print, it is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the United States. The newspaper is headquartered at The New York Times Building in Times Square, Manhattan.

BBC

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom, based at Broadcasting House in London, England. It is the world's oldest national broadcaster, and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, employing over 22,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 19,000 are in public-sector broadcasting.

The Independent

The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the Indy, it began as a broadsheet and changed to tabloid format in 2003. The last printed edition was published on Saturday 26 March 2016, leaving only the online edition.

PrivatBank

PrivatBank

PrivatBank is the largest Ukrainian bank in terms of assets and the leader of Ukrainian retail banking market. It was registered on 19 March 1992. PrivatBank was one of the first to introduce modern digital banking and unique technological solutions in Ukraine, allowing customers to use most services remotely by means of Privat24.

The Guardian

The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian, and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers, The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by the Scott Trust. The trust was created in 1936 to "secure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of The Guardian free from commercial or political interference". The trust was converted into a limited company in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for The Guardian the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators. Profits are reinvested in its journalism rather than distributed to owners or shareholders. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK.

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policymakers, companies, and individual human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants, and political prisoners.

Metinvest

Metinvest

Metinvest is an international group of steel and mining companies that owns operations in Ukraine, Italy, Bulgaria, the UK and the US, mines ore and coal, produces coke, smelts steel and produces rolled products, pipes and other steel products. The group's assets are managed by Metinvest Holding LLC.

Rinat Akhmetov

Rinat Akhmetov

Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov is a Ukrainian billionaire and businessman. He is the founder and president of System Capital Management (SCM), and is the wealthiest man in Ukraine. As of January 2023, he was listed as the 639th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of US$5.7 billion.

Associated Press

Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association, and produces news reports that are distributed to its members, U.S. newspapers and broadcasters. Since the award was established in 1917, the AP has earned 56 Pulitzer Prizes, including 34 for photography. It is also known for publishing the widely used AP Stylebook.

Casualties

There were conflicting reports regarding the number and identity of the dead with regard to the 9 May 2014 incident. Internal Affairs minister Arsen Avakov stated that the operation resulted in the death of one policeman, and about twenty people described as "terrorists".[13] Four militants were captured and five policemen were wounded.[3] The Daily Telegraph reported that some locals thought that most of the between five and twenty people killed were innocent civilians.[51] City traffic police chief Viktor Sayenko was killed in the fighting on 9 May.[6][52][53] A Euronews report said Mariupol residents, including the priest who conducted Sayenko's funeral, were unsure how he was killed, or who was responsible.[52] Chief of Police Valery Andruschuk was captured by pro-Russian forces. He was released on 12 May, and was found in serious condition with a brain injury, brain contusion, and broken ribs.[54] It was confirmed later that two pro-government territorial defence battalion paramilitaries were killed as well. One of them was the deputy commander of the Dnipro Battalion, Serhiy Demydenko, who was killed by sniper fire.[6] Citing eyewitnesses, Mariupol internet publication 0629 reported that "terrorists took Demidenko's dead body and cut his ears off and gouged his eyes."[10] Eight soldiers were also wounded in the fighting.[6]

The Mariupol city administration declared 10 May 2014 as a day of mourning in honour of those killed in the 9 May incident.[55] Residents placed flowers in front of the gutted police station.[56] A large public funeral was held in Kyiv on 12 May for an Azov Battalion member who was killed in the fighting.[2]

A further violent death was reported on 25 May, when the Ukrainian government said its special police had killed a bodyguard of Mariupol DPR leader Denis Kuzmenko, while arresting Kuzmenko himself.[14] Five separatists and two soldiers were killed during the takeover of the city by the military on 13 June 2014.[7] Five border guards were killed and seven wounded in an ambush attack on a military convoy on 14 June 2014.[9]

A report by Human Rights Watch said that the Ukrainian military may have used excessive force during the battle of Mariupol.[57]

In January 2015, Kyiv Post cited a Bellingcat citizen's investigation into the May 2014 events in Mariupol. It asserted that Ukrainian soldiers had made a decided effort to avoid firing directly at the protesters, whilst taking fire and suffering casualties themselves. According to the investigation, of the thirteen people listed killed, six were Ukrainian law enforcement officers, soldiers, or members of the Azov Battalion.[24]

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally. It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph & Courier. Considered a newspaper of record over The Times in the UK in the years up to 1997, The Telegraph has been described as being "one of the world's great titles".

Euronews

Euronews

Euronews is a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France. The network began broadcasting on 1 January 1993 and covers world news from a European perspective.

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policymakers, companies, and individual human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants, and political prisoners.

Kyiv Post

Kyiv Post

The Kyiv Post is the oldest English-language newspaper in Ukraine, founded in October 1995 by Jed Sunden.

Bellingcat

Bellingcat

Bellingcat is a Netherlands-based investigative journalism group that specialises in fact-checking and open-source intelligence (OSINT). It was founded by British journalist and former blogger Eliot Higgins in July 2014. Bellingcat publishes the findings of both professional and citizen journalist investigations into war zones, human rights abuses, and the criminal underworld. The site's contributors also publish guides to their techniques, as well as case studies.

Legacy

On 13 June 2015, a monument to the defenders of the Military Unit No. 3057 was unveiled in the city on the first anniversary of the battle.[58] A documentary film on the Public TV of Azov called Year of Freedom. Mariupol After DNR was released in 2015.[59] Mariupol Liberation Day from Russian Occupation (Ukrainian: День звільнення Маріуполя від проросійських терористів) was celebrated annually on 13 June, being an official holiday in the city. It was first celebrated at the state level in 2016 (the second anniversary). On this day, the Azov Regiment held an organized military parade at 10:00 am. The Russian victory in the 2022 Siege of Mariupol effectively ended the celebration of Mariupol Liberation Day.

5th anniversary

On Liberation Day 2019, the traditional military parade was held, during which soldiers of the Azov Regiment, Military Unit 3057, representatives of the National Police and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine marched.[60][61] President Volodymyr Zelensky paid an official visit to the city, attending joint military exercises and the opening of a demining center.[62] Gala concerts were also held throughout the city.[63][64]

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Public TV of Azov

Public TV of Azov

«Public TV of Azov» (Priazov.tv) — an initiative of volunteer journalists of Pryazovia on creating first independent media in the region. It's the third most-popular Internet-channel of Mariupol

Year of Freedom. Mariupol After DNR

Year of Freedom. Mariupol After DNR

Year of Freedom. Mariupol After DNR (Ukrainian: Рік визволення. Маріуполь після ДНР) is a short documentary produced by Public TV of Azov and released on 13 June 2015 - one year after Mariupol was recaptured by the Ukrainian government from pro-Russian separatist of the so-called Donetsk People's Republic. The film describes the events that took place in the port city of Mariupol in south-eastern Ukraine in the summer of 2014. The story of the liberation of Mariupol on 13 June 2014, is told by participants of the operation - from a regular soldier to the President of Ukraine.

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the native language of the Ukrainians.

Military parade

Military parade

A military parade is a formation of soldiers whose movement is restricted by close-order manoeuvering known as drilling or marching. The military parade is now almost entirely ceremonial, though soldiers from time immemorial up until the late 19th century fought in formation. Massed parades may also hold a role for propaganda purposes, being used to exhibit the apparent military strength of a country.

Siege of Mariupol

Siege of Mariupol

The siege of Mariupol began on 24 February 2022 and lasted until 20 May, as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It saw fighting between the Russian Armed Forces and the Ukrainian Armed Forces for control over Mariupol. Lasting for almost three months, the siege ended in a victory for Russia and the Donetsk People's Republic, as Ukraine lost control of the city amidst Russia's eastern Ukraine offensive and southern Ukraine offensive; all Ukrainian troops remaining in the city surrendered at the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works on 20 May 2022, after they were ordered to cease fighting.

State Border Guard Service of Ukraine

State Border Guard Service of Ukraine

The State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is the border guard of Ukraine. It is an independent law enforcement agency, organized by the Constitution of Ukraine as a military formation, the head of which is subordinated to the President of Ukraine.

Source: "Battle of Mariupol (2014)", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 10th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mariupol_(2014).

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Further Reading

Horlivka

Sloviansk

2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

National Guard of Ukraine

Timeline of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

Siege of Sloviansk

War in Donbas (2014–2022)

Battle of Kramatorsk

Azov Brigade

Donbas Battalion

Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014)

Second Battle of Donetsk Airport

Special forces of Ukraine

January 2015 Mariupol rocket attack

Shyrokyne standoff

Special Operations Forces (Ukraine)

Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014)

Siege of Mariupol
See also
References
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  2. ^ a b "Світ у відео: в Києві прощалися з бійцем спецпідрозділу "Азов", який загинув у Маріуполі" [The world in video: in Kiev said goodbye to the soldier of special forces "Azov" who was lost in Mariupol]. Radiosvoboda.org. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
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  4. ^ a b c Blair, David (9 May 2014) Ukraine crisis: 'over 20 killed' in Mariupol as Putin marks victory in Crimea. The Daily Telegraph.
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  7. ^ a b c d Al Jazeera and agencies. "Ukrainian troops regain port city of Mariupol". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  8. ^ a b "Ukrainian troops drive rebels out of Mariupol". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014.
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  13. ^ a b c At least 7 dead in southeastern Ukraine port city. Associated Press via Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 10 May 2014
  14. ^ a b Birnbaum, Michael (25 May 2014) In Ukrainian election, chocolate tycoon Poroshenko claims victory The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
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  19. ^ a b Reynolds, James (17 April 2014). "Putin cautious on 'right' to send troops into Ukraine". BBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  20. ^ Ukraine Crisis: Mariupol City Hall liberated by Government Forces. International Business Times. (24 April 2014). Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  21. ^ Ukraine crisis: BBC investigates Mariupol 'liberation' claims. BBC. 25 April 2014
  22. ^ Rainsford, Sarah (7 May 2014) Ukraine crisis: Pro-Russians seize back Mariupol city hall. BBC
  23. ^ Galpin, Richart (8 May 2014) Ukraine crisis: Pro-Russia rebel vote to go ahead. BBC.
  24. ^ a b Tucker, Maxim (28 January 2015). "Ukrainian troops were shot at during May 9 protests in Mariupol, report finds". KyivPost. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  25. ^ a b c d Ukraine: 'Blood bath' in Mariupol. BBC. 9 May 2014.
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