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Bar-bellied woodpecker

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Bar-bellied woodpecker
Bar-bellied Woodpecker - Ecuador S4E2727 (16222857138).jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Genus: Veniliornis
Species:
V. nigriceps
Binomial name
Veniliornis nigriceps
(D'Orbigny, 1840)
Veniliornis nigriceps map.svg
Synonyms

Dryobates nigriceps

Not to be confused with bar-bellied woodcreeper.

The bar-bellied woodpecker (Veniliornis nigriceps) is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[2]

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Bird

Bird

Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.8 m common ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or "perching" birds. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.

Woodpecker

Woodpecker

Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the Gila woodpecker specialises in exploiting cacti.

Bolivia

Bolivia

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest and Peru to the west. The seat of government and executive capital is La Paz, while the constitutional capital is Sucre. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.

Colombia

Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogotá is also the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers, and has a population of around 52 million. Colombia's cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a Spanish colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by enslaved Africans, as well as with those of the various Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization. Spanish is the official state language, although English and 64 other languages are recognized regional languages.

Ecuador

Ecuador

Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometers (621 mi) west of the mainland. The country's capital and largest city is Quito.

Peru

Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has a population of 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1.28 million km2, Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.

Taxonomy and systematics

The International Ornithological Committee and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World place the bar-bellied woodpecker in genus Veniliornis.[2][3] However, starting in 2018, the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy moved all species of genus Veniliornis into genus Dryobates.[4][5][6]

The above taxonomic systems recognize three subspecies, the nominate nigriceps (D'Orbigny, 1840), equifasciatus (Chapman, 1912), and pectoralis (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902).[2][5][6][3]

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BirdLife International

BirdLife International

BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding important sites for birds, maintaining and restoring key bird habitats, and empowering conservationists worldwide.

Handbook of the Birds of the World

Handbook of the Birds of the World

The Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) is a multi-volume series produced by the Spanish publishing house Lynx Edicions in partnership with BirdLife International. It is the first handbook to cover every known living species of bird. The series was edited by Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal and David A. Christie.

Veniliornis

Veniliornis

Veniliornis is a genus of birds in the woodpecker family Picidae. They are native to Central and South America.

American Ornithological Society

American Ornithological Society

The American Ornithological Society (AOS) is an ornithological organization based in the United States. The society was formed in October 2016 by the merger of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) and the Cooper Ornithological Society. Its members are primarily professional ornithologists, although membership is open to anyone with an interest in birds. The society publishes the two scholarly journals, The Auk and The Condor as well as the AOS Checklist of North American Birds.

Dryobates

Dryobates

Dryobates is a genus of birds in the woodpecker family Picidae. The species are widely distributed and occur in both Eurasia and the Americas.

Subspecies

Subspecies

In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated subsp. or ssp. and the singular and plural forms are the same.

Alcide d'Orbigny

Alcide d'Orbigny

Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology, palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.

Frank Chapman (ornithologist)

Frank Chapman (ornithologist)

Frank Michler Chapman was an American ornithologist and pioneering writer of field guides.

Hans von Berlepsch

Hans von Berlepsch

Count Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch was a German ornithologist.

Jan Sztolcman

Jan Sztolcman

Jan Stanisław Sztolcman was a Polish ornithologist.

Description

The bar-bellied woodpecker is 17 to 20 cm (6.7 to 7.9 in) long and weighs 39 to 46 g (1.4 to 1.6 oz). Males and females have the same plumage except on their heads. Adults of both sexes of the nominate subspecies have a mostly dark olive-brown face with thin white stripes behind and below the eye. Males are red from forehead to nape with black feather bases showing through. The female has a black crown and a golden nape. Both sexes' mantle and back are dark olive with a bronze tinge and faint paler bars on their rump and uppertail coverts. Their flight feathers are olive-brown with bronze-olive tips. Their tail is blackish; the outer two pairs of feathers have paler bars. Their underparts are buffish white with an olive tinge and wide dark olive bars throughout. The iris is deep red to brown, the longish beak gray to blue-gray with a lighter mandible, and the legs are gray to olive-gray. Juveniles are generally duller and greener than adults with more barring on the tail. Both sexes have some red on their crown, with the male having more.[7]

Subspecies equifasciatus' light and dark bars on the underparts are of roughly equal width; the female's crown is blackish with an olive tinge. Subspecies pectoralis is much like the nominate but has somewhat darker underparts with very narrow pale bars.[7]

Distribution and habitat

The bar-bellied woodpecker's subspecies equifasciatus is the northernmost; it is found from Colombia's central Andes south through Ecuador and into northern Peru's Amazonas Department. Subspecies pectoralis is found on the eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes from Amazonas to Junín Department. The nominate subspecies is found on the east slope of the Andes from Junín in Peru to central Bolivia's Cochabamba and Santa Cruz departments.[2][7]

The bar-bellied woodpecker inhabits humid to wet montane forest and above it elfin forest and occasionally even higher Polylepis woodland. It favors landscapes with dense undergrowth, especially of Chusquea bamboo. In elevation it mostly occurs between 2,600 and 3,600 m (8,500 and 11,800 ft) but is found as low as 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and in Ecuador as high as 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[7]

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Department of Amazonas, Peru

Department of Amazonas, Peru

Amazonas is a department and region in northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, Cajamarca on the west, La Libertad on the south, and Loreto and San Martín on the east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas.

Department of Junín

Department of Junín

Junín is a department and region in the central highlands and westernmost Peruvian Amazon. Its capital is Huancayo.

Cochabamba Department

Cochabamba Department

Cochabamba, from Quechua qucha or qhucha, meaning "lake", pampa meaning "plain", is one of the nine departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the "granary" of the country because of its variety of agricultural products from its geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km2. Its population in the 2012 census was 1,758,143. Its capital is the city of Cochabamba, known as the "City of Eternal Spring" and "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year.

Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)

Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)

Santa Cruz is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia, occupying about one-third (33.74%) of the country's territory. With an area of 370,621 km2 (143,098 sq mi), it is slightly smaller than Japan or the US state of Montana. It is located in the eastern part of the country, sharing borders in the north and east with Brazil and with Paraguay in the south.

Polylepis

Polylepis

Polylepis is a genus comprising 28 recognised shrub and tree species, that are endemic to the mid- and high-elevation regions of the tropical Andes. This group is unique in the rose family in that it is predominantly wind-pollinated. They are usually gnarled in shape, but in certain areas some trees are 15–20 m tall and have 2 m-thick trunks. The foliage is evergreen, with dense small leaves, and often having large amounts of dead twigs hanging down from the underside of the canopy. The name Polylepis is, in fact, derived from the Greek words poly (many) plus letis (layers), referring to the shredding, multi-layered bark that is common to all species of the genus. The bark is thick and rough and densely layered for protection against low temperatures. Some species of Polylepis form woodlands growing well above normal tree line within grass and scrub associations at elevations over 5000 m; which makes Polylepis appear to be the highest naturally occurring arboraceous angiosperm genus in the world.

Chusquea

Chusquea

Chusquea is a genus of evergreen bamboos in the grass family. Most of them are native to mountain habitats in Latin America, from Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina.

Behavior

Movement

The bar-bellied woodpecker is a year-round resident throughout its range; no elevational movements have been recorded.[7]

Feeding

The bar-bellied woodpecker forages at all levels of the forest though it spends much time in dense undergrowth. It is usually single, sometimes in pairs, and regularly joins mixed species foraging flocks. It pecks and flakes bark and probes among patches of moss. No details of its diet are known.[7]

Breeding

The bar-bellied woodpecker breeds in February and March in Ecuador and in April and May in Bolivia; its season in Peru includes August. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.[7]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to bar-bellied woodpecker on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The bar-bellied woodpecker sings infrequently, "up to c. 25 high-pitched 'kee' notes, rising before dropping". It also makes "soft 'chik', and high descending 'kzzrr'" notes.[7]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the bar-bellied woodpecker as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered from rare to uncommon in different parts of its range. It occurs in several protected areas. "Possibly overlooked owing to its unobtrusive habits, but likely to occur at very low densities".[7]

Source: "Bar-bellied woodpecker", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, January 24th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-bellied_woodpecker.

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Further Reading

Fork-tailed palm swift

Striped woodpecker

Checkered woodpecker

Black-cheeked woodpecker

Green-bellied hummingbird

White-vented plumeleteer

Buff-winged starfrontlet

Amethyst-throated sunangel

Tyrian metaltail

Rufous-sided crake

Speckle-breasted wren

Bar-breasted piculet

Ocellated piculet

Golden-spangled piculet

Greyish piculet

Lafresnaye's piculet

Olivaceous piculet

Scarlet-backed woodpecker
References
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Bar-bellied Woodpecker Veniliornis nigriceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681190A92896344. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681190A92896344.en. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  3. ^ a b HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  4. ^ R. Terry Chesser, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., Douglas F. Stotz, Benjamin M. Winger, and Kevin Winker. "Fifty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk 2018, vol. 135:798-813 retrieved December 13, 2022
  5. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  6. ^ a b Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Winkler, H. and D. A. Christie (2020). Bar-bellied Woodpecker (Dryobates nigriceps), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.babwoo2.01 retrieved January 24, 2023
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