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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
This article is part of a series on the
Supreme Court
of the United States
Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg
The Court
Current membership
Chief Justice
Associate justices
Retired justices
Lists of justices
Specialty lists
All nominations
Unsuccessful nominations
Justices who served in Congress
Burial places of justices
Court functionaries

An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is any member of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the chief justice of the United States. The number of associate justices is eight, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869.[1]

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States grants plenary power to the president to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution effectively grants life tenure to associate justices, and all other federal judges, which ends only when a justice dies, retires, resigns, or is removed from office by impeachment.[2]

Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it, and the chief justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice; however, the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. Furthermore, the chief justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the court's opinion; otherwise, the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. The chief justice also has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ($286,700 per year as of 2022, compared to $274,200 per year for an associate justice).[3]

Associate justices have seniority in order of the date their respective commissions bear, although the chief justice is always considered to be the most senior justice. If two justices are commissioned on the same day, the elder is designated the senior justice of the two. Currently, the senior associate justice is Clarence Thomas. By tradition, when the justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Supreme Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. The senior associate justice is also tasked with carrying out the chief justice's duties when he is unable to, or if that office is vacant.[4] Historically, associate justices were styled "Mr. Justice" in court opinions and other writings. The title was shortened to "Justice" in 1980, a year before Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice.[5]

Discover more about Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States related topics

Supreme Court of the United States

Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point of U.S. Constitutional or federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The court may decide cases having political overtones, but has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.

Judiciary Act of 1869

Judiciary Act of 1869

The Judiciary Act of 1869, formally An Act to amend the Judicial System of the United States and sometimes called the Circuit Judges Act of 1869, provided that the Supreme Court of the United States would consist of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices, established separate judgeships for the U.S. circuit courts, and for the first time included a provision allowing federal judges to retire without losing their salary. This is the most recent legislation altering the size of the Supreme Court. The Act was signed by President Ulysses S. Grant.

Appointments Clause

Appointments Clause

The Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution empowers the President of the United States to nominate and, with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the United States Senate, appoint public officials. Although the Senate must confirm certain principal officers, Congress may by law invest the appointment of "inferior" officers to the President alone, or to courts of law or heads of departments.

Constitution of the United States

Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame and constraints of government. The Constitution's first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Article IV, Article V, and Article VI embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article VII establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 states to ratify it. The Constitution of the United States is the oldest and longest-standing written and codified national constitution in force in the world today.

Plenary power

Plenary power

A plenary power or plenary authority is a complete and absolute power to take action on a particular issue, with no limitations. It is derived from the Latin term plenus ("full").

President of the United States

President of the United States

The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

Advice and consent

Advice and consent

Advice and consent is an English phrase frequently used in enacting formulae of bills and in other legal or constitutional contexts. It describes either of two situations: where a weak executive branch of a government enacts something previously approved of by the legislative branch or where the legislative branch concurs and approves something previously enacted by a strong executive branch.

Article Three of the United States Constitution

Article Three of the United States Constitution

Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the U.S. federal government. Under Article Three, the judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of the United States, as well as lower courts created by Congress. Article Three empowers the courts to handle cases or controversies arising under federal law, as well as other enumerated areas. Article Three also defines treason.

Life tenure

Life tenure

A life tenure or service during good behaviour is a term of office that lasts for the office holder's lifetime, unless the office holder is removed from office for cause under misbehaving in office, extraordinary circumstances or decides personally to resign.

Federal impeachment in the United States

Federal impeachment in the United States

Federal impeachment in the United States is the process by which the House of Representatives brings charges against a civil federal officer, the vice president, or the president for misconduct alleged to have been committed. The United States House of Representatives can impeach a party with a simple majority of the House members present or such other criteria as the House adopts in accordance with Article One, Section 2, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution. Most state legislatures can impeach state officials, including the governor, in accordance with their respective state constitution.

Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas is an American jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to succeed Thurgood Marshall and has served since 1991. After Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the Court and its longest-serving member since Anthony Kennedy's retirement in 2018. Since Stephen Breyer's retirement in 2022, Thomas has been the oldest sitting justice.

Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor is an American retired attorney and politician who served as the first female associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. She was both the first woman nominated and the first confirmed to the court. Nominated by President Ronald Reagan, she was considered a swing vote for the Rehnquist Court and the first five months of the Roberts Court.

Current associate justices

There are currently eight associate justices on the Supreme Court. The justices, ordered by seniority, are:

Discover more about Current associate justices related topics

Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas is an American jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to succeed Thurgood Marshall and has served since 1991. After Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the Court and its longest-serving member since Anthony Kennedy's retirement in 2018. Since Stephen Breyer's retirement in 2022, Thomas has been the oldest sitting justice.

Samuel Alito

Samuel Alito

Samuel Anthony Alito Jr. is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George W. Bush on October 31, 2005, and has served since January 31, 2006. He is the second Italian American justice to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court—after Antonin Scalia—and the eleventh Catholic.

Sonia Sotomayor

Sonia Sotomayor

Sonia Maria Sotomayor is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, and has served since August 8, 2009. She is the third woman, first woman of color, the first Hispanic, and first Latina to serve on the Supreme Court.

Elena Kagan

Elena Kagan

Elena Kagan is an American lawyer who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 10, 2010, and has served since August 7, 2010. Kagan is the fourth woman to become a member of the Court.

Neil Gorsuch

Neil Gorsuch

Neil McGill Gorsuch is an American lawyer and judge who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31, 2017, and has served since April 10, 2017.

Brett Kavanaugh

Brett Kavanaugh

Brett Michael Kavanaugh is an American lawyer and jurist serving as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Donald Trump on July 9, 2018, and has served since October 6, 2018. He was previously a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and worked as a staff lawyer for various offices of the federal government of the United States.

Amy Coney Barrett

Amy Coney Barrett

Amy Vivian Coney Barrett is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The fifth woman to serve on the court, she was nominated by President Donald Trump and has served since October 27, 2020. Barrett was a U.S. circuit judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 2017 to 2020.

Ketanji Brown Jackson

Ketanji Brown Jackson

Ketanji Onyika Brown Jackson is an American jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Jackson was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Joe Biden on February 25, 2022. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 7, 2022, and sworn into office on June 30. She was previously a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 2021 to 2022.

Retired associate justices

An associate justice who leaves the Supreme Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute (28 U.S.C. § 371) may retire rather than resign. After retirement, they keep their title, and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building, and employ law clerks. The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions. Federal statute (28 U.S.C. § 294) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve—if designated and assigned by the chief justice—on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals, or on the U.S. district courts. Retired justices are not, however, authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court (unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted to do so in their former courts); neither are they known or designated as a "senior judge". When, after his retirement, William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary, maintaining that it was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status, he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court.[14]

There are currently four living retired associate justices: Sandra Day O'Connor, retired January 31, 2006; David Souter, retired June 29, 2009; Anthony Kennedy, retired July 31, 2018; and Stephen Breyer, retired June 30, 2022. Souter has served on panels of the First Circuit Courts of Appeals following his retirement, while O'Connor also served on panels of various circuit courts for several years following her retirement and prior to her later withdrawal from public life; Kennedy and Breyer have not performed any judicial duties since retiring.

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Title 28 of the United States Code

Title 28 of the United States Code

Title 28 is the portion of the United States Code that governs the federal judicial system.

William O. Douglas

William O. Douglas

William Orville Douglas was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, who was known for his strong progressive and civil libertarian views, and is often cited as the U.S. Supreme Court's most liberal justice ever. Nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939, Douglas was confirmed at the age of 40, becoming one of the youngest justices appointed to the court. In 1975, Time called Douglas "the most doctrinaire and committed civil libertarian ever to sit on the court." He is the longest-serving justice in history, with his term lasting 36 years and 211 days (1939–1975).

Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor is an American retired attorney and politician who served as the first female associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. She was both the first woman nominated and the first confirmed to the court. Nominated by President Ronald Reagan, she was considered a swing vote for the Rehnquist Court and the first five months of the Roberts Court.

David Souter

David Souter

David Hackett Souter is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1990 until his retirement in 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat that had been vacated by William J. Brennan Jr., Souter sat on both the Rehnquist and the Roberts courts.

Anthony Kennedy

Anthony Kennedy

Anthony McLeod Kennedy is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1988 until his retirement in 2018. He was nominated to the court in 1987 by President Ronald Reagan, and sworn in on February 18, 1988. After the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he was considered the swing vote on many of the Roberts Court's 5–4 decisions.

Stephen Breyer

Stephen Breyer

Stephen Gerald Breyer is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1994 until his retirement in 2022. He was nominated by President Bill Clinton, and replaced retiring justice Harry Blackmun. Ketanji Brown Jackson, who was nominated by President Joe Biden, was his designated successor. Breyer was generally associated with the liberal wing of the Court. He is now the Byrne Professor of Administrative Law and Process at Harvard Law School.

United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:District of Maine District of Massachusetts District of New Hampshire District of Puerto Rico District of Rhode Island

List of associate justices

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 104 persons have served as an associate justice:[15][16]

Associate justice Seat Replacing Date confirmed
(Vote) 		Tenure[a] Appointed by Prior position[b]
1 John Rutledge color painting.jpg John Rutledge 1st (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation) 		February 15, 1790
–
March 4, 1791
(Resigned)[c] 		George Washington 31st
governor of South Carolina
(1779–1782)
2 WilliamCushing.jpg William Cushing[d] 2nd (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation) 		February 2, 1790
–
September 13, 1810
(Died) 		Chief Justice of the
Massachusetts Superior Court
(1777–1789)
3 JusticeJamesWilson.jpg James Wilson 3rd (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation) 		October 5, 1789
–
August 21, 1798
(Died) 		Delegate to the
Constitutional Convention
(1787)
4 John Blair (page 82 crop).jpg John Blair 4th (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation) 		February 2, 1790
–
October 25, 1795
(Resigned) 		Member of the
Virginia House of Burgesses
(1766–1770)
5 JamesIredell.jpg James Iredell 5th (new seat) February 10, 1790
(Acclamation) 		May 12, 1790
–
October 20, 1799
(Died) 		2nd
attorney general of North Carolina
(1779–1782)
6 Thomas Johnson (governor).jpeg Thomas Johnson 1st J. Rutledge November 7, 1791
(Acclamation) 		September 19, 1791[e]
–
January 16, 1793
(Resigned) 		1st
governor of Maryland
(1777–1779)
7 William Paterson copy.jpg William Paterson T. Johnson March 4, 1793
(Acclamation) 		March 11, 1793
–
September 8, 1806
(Died) 		2nd
governor of New Jersey
(1790–1793)
8 Samuel Chase.jpg Samuel Chase[f] 4th Blair January 27, 1796
(Acclamation) 		February 4, 1796
–
June 19, 1811
(Died) 		Chief Justice of the
Maryland General Court
(1791–1796)
9 BushrodWashington.jpg Bushrod Washington 3rd Wilson December 20, 1798
(Acclamation) 		November 9, 1798[e]
–
November 26, 1829
(Died) 		John Adams Delegate to the
Virginia Ratifying Convention
(1788)
10 AlfredMoore.jpg Alfred Moore 5th Iredell December 9, 1799
(Acclamation) 		April 21, 1800
–
January 26, 1804
(Resigned) 		3rd
attorney general of North Carolina
(1782–1791)
11 WilliamJohnson.jpg William Johnson 5th Moore March 24, 1804
(Acclamation) 		May 7, 1804
–
August 4, 1834
(Died) 		Thomas Jefferson Speaker of the
South Carolina House of Representatives
(1798–1800)
12 Henry Brockholst Livingston.jpg Henry Brockholst Livingston 1st Paterson December 17, 1806
(Acclamation) 		January 20, 1807[e]
–
March 18, 1823
(Died) 		Justice of the
New York Supreme Court
(1802–1807)
13 Thomas Todd SCOTUS.jpg Thomas Todd 6th (new seat) March 2, 1807
(Acclamation) 		March 4, 1807
–
February 7, 1826
(Died) 		Chief Justice of the
Kentucky Court of Appeals
(1806–1807)
14 GabrielDuvall.jpg Gabriel Duvall 4th Chase November 18, 1811
(Acclamation) 		November 23, 1811
–
January 12, 1835
(Resigned) 		James Madison U.S. representative for
Maryland's 2nd district
(1794–1796)
15 Daguerreotype of Joseph Story, 1844 (edit).jpg Joseph Story 2nd Cushing November 18, 1811
(Acclamation) 		February 3, 1812
–
September 10, 1845
(Died) 		U.S. representative for
Massachusetts's 2nd district
(1808–1809)
16 SmithThompson.jpg Smith Thompson 1st Livingston December 9, 1823
(Acclamation) 		September 1, 1823[e]
–
December 18, 1843
(Died) 		James Monroe 6th
United States secretary of the Navy
(1819–1823)
17 RobertTrimble.jpg Robert Trimble 6th Todd May 9, 1826
(25–5) 		June 16, 1826
–
August 25, 1828
(Died) 		John Quincy Adams Judge of the
United States District Court
for the District of Kentucky
(1817–1826)
18 Justice John McLean daguerreotype by Mathew Brady 1849.jpg John McLean Trimble March 7, 1829
(Acclamation) 		March 12, 1829
–
April 4, 1861
(Died) 		Andrew Jackson 6th
United States postmaster general
(1823–1829)
19 Henry baldwin (justice).jpg Henry Baldwin 3rd Washington January 6, 1830
(41–2) 		January 18, 1830
–
April 21, 1844
(Died) 		U.S. representative for
Pennsylvania's 14th district
(1817–1822)
20 James Moore Wayne - Brady-Handy.jpg James Moore Wayne 5th W. Johnson January 9, 1835
(Acclamation) 		January 14, 1835
–
July 5, 1867
(Died) (Seat abolished) 		U.S. representative for
Georgia's at-large district
(1829–1835)
21 PPBarbour.jpg Philip P. Barbour 4th Duvall March 15, 1836
(30–11) 		May 12, 1836
–
February 25, 1841
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia
(1830–1836)
22 John Catron - Brady-Handy.jpg John Catron 7th (new seat) March 8, 1837
(28–15) 		May 1, 1837
–
May 30, 1865
(Died) (Seat abolished) 		Judge of the
Tennessee Supreme Court
of Errors and Appeals
(1824–1834)
23 John McKinley.jpg John McKinley 8th (new seat) September 25, 1837
(Acclamation) 		January 9, 1838[e]
–
July 19, 1852
(Died) 		Martin Van Buren United States senator
from Alabama
(1826–1831, 1837)
24 Peter Vivian Daniel, US Supreme Court Justice, c1860 (cropped).jpg Peter Vivian Daniel 4th Barbour March 2, 1841
(25–5) 		January 10, 1842
–
May 31, 1860
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia
(1836–1841)
25 Samuel Nelson - Brady-Handy.jpg Samuel Nelson 1st Thompson February 14, 1845
(Acclamation) 		February 27, 1845
–
November 28, 1872
(Retired) 		John Tyler Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court
(1831–1845)
26 Levi Woodbury.jpg Levi Woodbury 2nd Story January 31, 1846
(Acclamation) 		September 23, 1845[e]
–
September 4, 1851
(Died) 		James K. Polk 13th
United States secretary of the treasury
(1834–1841)
27 Robert Cooper Grier - Brady-Handy.jpg Robert Cooper Grier 3rd Baldwin August 4, 1846
(Acclamation) 		August 10, 1846
–
January 31, 1870
(Retired) 		Judge for the
Pennsylvania state District Court
for Allegheny County
(1833–1846)
28 Benjamin Robbins Curtis - photo.png Benjamin Robbins Curtis 2nd Woodbury December 20, 1851
(Acclamation) 		October 10, 1851[e]
–
September 30, 1857
(Resigned) 		Millard Fillmore Massachusetts state representative
29 John Archibald Campbell - Brady-Handy.jpg John Archibald Campbell 8th McKinley March 22, 1853
(Acclamation) 		April 11, 1853
–
April 30, 1861
(Resigned) 		Franklin Pierce Alabama state representative
30 NClifford.jpg Nathan Clifford 2nd Curtis January 12, 1858
(26–23) 		January 21, 1858
–
July 25, 1881
(Died) 		James Buchanan 19th
United States attorney general
(1846–1848)
31 Noah Haynes Swayne, photo, head and shoulders, seated.jpg Noah Haynes Swayne 6th McLean January 24, 1862
(38–1) 		January 27, 1862
–
January 24, 1881
(Retired) 		Abraham Lincoln U.S. attorney for the
District of Ohio
(1830–1834)
32 Samuel Freeman Miller - Brady-Handy.jpg Samuel Freeman Miller 4th Daniel July 16, 1862
(Acclamation) 		July 21, 1862
–
October 13, 1890
(Died) 		Lawyer,
Private practice
33 DDavis.jpg David Davis 8th Campbell December 8, 1862
(Acclamation) 		December 10, 1862[e]
–
March 3, 1877
(Resigned) 		Judge of the
Illinois 3rd Circuit Court
(1848–1862)
34 Stephen Johnson Field, photo half length seated, 1875.jpg Stephen Johnson Field 9th (new seat) March 10, 1863
(Acclamation) 		May 20, 1863
–
December 1, 1897
(Retired) 		5th
chief justice of California
(1859–1863)
35 William Strong judge - Brady-Handy.jpg William Strong 3rd Grier February 18, 1870
(Acclamation) 		March 14, 1870
–
December 14, 1880
(Retired) 		Ulysses S. Grant U.S. representative for
Pennsylvania's 9th district
(1847–1851)
36 Joseph Philo Bradley - Brady-Handy.jpg Joseph P. Bradley 10th (new seat) March 21, 1870
(46–9) 		March 23, 1870
–
January 22, 1892
(Died) 		Lawyer,
Private practice
37 Ward Hunt - Brady-Handy.jpg Ward Hunt 1st Nelson December 11, 1872
(Acclamation) 		January 9, 1873
–
January 27, 1882
(Retired) 		Chief Judge of the
New York Court of Appeals
(1868–1872)
38 JudgeJMHarlan.jpg John Marshall Harlan 8th Davis December 10, 1877
(Acclamation) 		November 29, 1877
–
October 14, 1911
(Died) 		Rutherford B. Hayes 14th
attorney general of Kentucky
(1863–1867)
39 William Burnham Woods.jpg William Burnham Woods 3rd Strong December 21, 1880
(39–8) 		January 5, 1881
–
May 14, 1887
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
(1869–1880)
40 Thomas Stanley Matthews - Brady-Handy.jpg Stanley Matthews 6th Swayne May 12, 1881
(24–23) 		May 17, 1881
–
March 22, 1889
(Died) 		James A. Garfield United States senator
from Ohio
(1877–1879)
41 Horacegrayphoto.jpg Horace Gray 2nd Clifford December 20, 1881
(51–5) 		January 9, 1882
–
September 15, 1902
(Died) 		Chester A. Arthur Chief Justice of the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
(1873–1881)
42 Samuel Blatchford.jpg Samuel Blatchford 1st Hunt March 22, 1882
(Acclamation) 		April 3, 1882
–
July 7, 1893
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
(1878–1882)
43 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II - Brady-Handy.jpg Lucius Quintus
Cincinnatus Lamar II 		3rd Woods January 16, 1888
(32–28) 		January 18, 1888
–
January 23, 1893
(Died) 		Grover Cleveland 16th
United States secretary of the interior
(1885–1888)
44 DavidBrewer.jpg David Josiah Brewer 6th Matthews December 18, 1889
(53–11) 		January 6, 1890
–
March 28, 1910
(Died) 		Benjamin Harrison Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1884–1889)
45 Henry Billings Brown 2.jpg Henry Billings Brown 4th Miller December 29, 1890
(Acclamation) 		January 5, 1891
–
May 28, 1906
(Retired) 		Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Michigan
(1875–1890)
46 George Shiras Jr.jpg George Shiras Jr. 10th Bradley July 26, 1892
(Acclamation) 		October 10, 1892
–
February 23, 1903
(Retired) 		Lawyer,
Private practice
47 Justice Howell Jackson2.jpg Howell Edmunds Jackson 3rd L. Lamar February 18, 1893
(Acclamation) 		March 4, 1893
–
August 8, 1895
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1891–1893)
48 Edward White, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly left, 1905.jpg Edward Douglass White 1st Blatchford February 19, 1894
(Acclamation) 		March 12, 1894
–
December 18, 1910
(Continued as chief justice)[g] 		Grover Cleveland United States senator
from Louisiana
(1891–1894)
49 Rufus W. Peckham cph.3b30513.jpg Rufus W. Peckham 3rd H. Jackson December 9, 1895
(Acclamation) 		January 6, 1896
–
October 24, 1909
(Died) 		Associate Judge of the
New York Court of Appeals
50 Joseph McKenna (assoc justice).jpg Joseph McKenna 9th Field January 21, 1898
(Acclamation) 		January 26, 1898
–
January 5, 1925
(Retired) 		William McKinley 42nd
United States attorney general
(1897–1898)
51 Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1902.jpg Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 2nd Gray December 4, 1902
(Acclamation) 		December 8, 1902
–
January 12, 1932
(Retired) 		Theodore Roosevelt Chief Justice of the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
(1899–1902)
52 William Rufus Day cph.3b31004.jpg William R. Day 10th Shiras February 23, 1903
(Acclamation) 		March 2, 1903
–
November 13, 1922
(Retired) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1899–1903)
53 WHMoody.jpg William Henry Moody 4th Brown December 12, 1906
(Acclamation) 		December 17, 1906
–
November 20, 1910
(Retired) 		45th
United States attorney general
(1904–1906)
54 HoraceHarmonLurton.jpg Horace Harmon Lurton 3rd Peckham December 20, 1909
(Acclamation) 		January 3, 1910
–
July 12, 1914
(Died) 		William Howard Taft Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1893–1909)
55 Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes.jpg Charles Evans Hughes 6th Brewer May 2, 1910
(Acclamation) 		October 10, 1910
–
June 10, 1916
(Resigned)[h] 		36th
governor of New York
(1907–1910)
56 Willis Van Devanter.jpg Willis Van Devanter 1st E. White December 15, 1910
(Acclamation) 		January 3, 1911
–
June 2, 1937
(Retired) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1903–1910)
57 Joseph Lamar.jpg Joseph Rucker Lamar 4th Moody December 15, 1910
(Acclamation) 		January 3, 1911
–
January 2, 1916
(Died) 		Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of Georgia
(1901–1905)
58 Mahlon Pitney cph.3b30300.jpg Mahlon Pitney 8th J. Harlan I March 13, 1912
(50–26) 		March 18, 1912
–
December 31, 1922
(Resigned) 		U.S. representative for
New Jersey's 4th district
(1895–1899)
59 Jamescmcreynolds.jpg James Clark McReynolds 3rd Lurton August 29, 1914
(44–6) 		October 12, 1914
–
January 31, 1941
(Retired) 		Woodrow Wilson 48th
United States attorney general
(1913–1914)
60 Brandeisl.jpg Louis Brandeis 4th J. Lamar June 1, 1916
(47–22) 		June 5, 1916
–
February 13, 1939
(Retired) 		Lawyer,
Private practice:
Brandeis Dunbar & Nutter[17]
61 JohnHessinClarke.jpg John Hessin Clarke 6th Hughes July 24, 1916
(Acclamation) 		October 9, 1916
–
September 5, 1922
(Resigned) 		Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio
(1914–1916)
62 Justice George Sutherland 5.jpg George Sutherland Clarke September 5, 1922
(Acclamation) 		October 2, 1922
–
January 17, 1938
(Retired) 		Warren G. Harding United States senator
from Utah
(1905–1917)
63 Pierce Butler.jpg Pierce Butler 10th Day December 21, 1922
(61–8) 		January 2, 1923
–
November 16, 1939
(Died) 		President of the
Minnesota State Bar Association
64 Justice Edward Terry Sanford.jpg Edward Terry Sanford 8th Pitney January 29, 1923
(Acclamation) 		February 19, 1923
–
March 8, 1930
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Middle District of Tennessee
(1908–1923)
65 Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone photograph circa 1927-1932.jpg Harlan F. Stone 9th McKenna February 5, 1925
(71–6) 		March 2, 1925
–
July 3, 1941
(Continued as chief justice)[i] 		Calvin Coolidge 52nd
United States attorney general
(1924–1925)
66 Owen J. Roberts cph.3b11988.jpg Owen Roberts 8th Sanford May 20, 1930
(Acclamation) 		June 2, 1930
–
July 31, 1945
(Resigned) 		Herbert Hoover Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia
67 Justice Benjamin N Cardozo 2.jpg Benjamin N. Cardozo 2nd Holmes February 24, 1932
(Acclamation) 		March 14, 1932
–
July 9, 1938
(Died) 		Chief Judge of the
New York Court of Appeals
(1927–1932)
68 HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg Hugo Black 1st Van Devanter August 17, 1937
(63–16) 		August 19, 1937
–
September 17, 1971
(Retired) 		Franklin D. Roosevelt United States senator
from Alabama
(1927–1937)
69 Stanley Forman Reed.jpg Stanley Forman Reed 6th Sutherland January 25, 1938
(Acclamation) 		January 31, 1938
–
February 25, 1957
(Retired) 		22nd
United States solicitor general
(1935–1938)
70 Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg Felix Frankfurter 2nd Cardozo January 17, 1939
(Acclamation) 		January 30, 1939
–
August 28, 1962
(Retired) 		Chairman of Harvard Law School
71 Justice William O Douglas.jpg William O. Douglas 4th Brandeis April 4, 1939
(62–4) 		April 17, 1939
–
November 12, 1975
(Retired) 		3rd
chairman of the
Securities and Exchange Commission
(1937–1939)
72 Justice Frank Murphy.jpg Frank Murphy 10th Butler January 16, 1940
(Acclamation) 		February 5, 1940
–
July 19, 1949
(Died) 		56th
United States attorney general
(1939–1940)
73 James F. Byrnes cph.3c32232.jpg James F. Byrnes 3rd McReynolds June 12, 1941
(Acclamation) 		July 8, 1941
–
October 3, 1942
(Resigned) 		United States senator
from South Carolina
(1931–1941)
74 Roberthjackson.jpg Robert H. Jackson 9th Stone July 7, 1941
(Acclamation) 		July 11, 1941
–
October 9, 1954
(Died) 		57th
United States attorney general
(1940–1941)
75 Wiley Rutledge.jpg Wiley Blount Rutledge 3rd Byrnes February 8, 1943
(Acclamation) 		February 15, 1943
–
September 10, 1949
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1939–1943)
76 Harold Burton.jpg Harold Hitz Burton 8th Roberts September 19, 1945
(Acclamation) 		October 1, 1945
–
October 13, 1958
(Retired) 		Harry S. Truman United States senator
from Ohio
(1941–1945)
77 Tom C. Clark.gif Tom C. Clark 10th Murphy August 18, 1949
(73–8) 		August 24, 1949
–
June 12, 1967
(Retired) 		59th
United States attorney general
(1945–1949)
78 Sherman Minton's official United States Supreme Court photograph.jpg Sherman Minton 3rd W. Rutledge October 12, 1949
(48–16) 		October 12, 1949
–
October 15, 1956
(Retired) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit
(1941–1949)
79 John Marshall Harlan II official.jpg John Marshall Harlan 9th R. Jackson March 16, 1955
(71–11) 		March 28, 1955
–
September 23, 1971
(Retired) 		Dwight D. Eisenhower Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
(1954–1955)
80 US Supreme Court Justice William Brennan - 1972 official portrait.jpg William J. Brennan Jr. 3rd Minton March 19, 1957
(Acclamation) 		October 15, 1956[e]
–
July 20, 1990
(Retired) 		Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of New Jersey
(1951–1956)
81 Charles Whittaker.jpg Charles Evans Whittaker 6th Reed March 19, 1957
(Acclamation) 		March 25, 1957
–
March 31, 1962
(Retired) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1956–1957)
82 US Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart - 1976 official portrait.jpg Potter Stewart 8th Burton May 5, 1959
(70–17) 		October 14, 1958[e]
–
July 3, 1981
(Retired) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1954–1958)
83 Justice White Official.jpg Byron White 6th Whittaker April 11, 1962
(Acclamation) 		April 16, 1962
–
June 28, 1993
(Retired) 		John F. Kennedy 4th
United States deputy attorney general
(1961–1962)
84 Arthur Goldberg (1971).jpg Arthur Goldberg 2nd Frankfurter September 25, 1962
(Acclamation) 		October 1, 1962
–
July 26, 1965
(Resigned) 		9th
United States secretary of labor
(1961–1962)
85 SCOTUS Justice Abe Fortas.jpeg Abe Fortas Goldberg August 11, 1965
(Acclamation) 		October 4, 1965
–
May 14, 1969
(Resigned) 		Lyndon B. Johnson United States under secretary of the interior
86 Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg Thurgood Marshall 10th Clark August 30, 1967
(69–11) 		October 2, 1967
–
October 1, 1991
(Retired) 		32nd
solicitor general of the United States
(1965–1967)
87 Justice Blackmun Official.jpg Harry Blackmun 2nd Fortas May 12, 1970
(94–0) 		June 9, 1970
–
August 3, 1994
(Retired) 		Richard Nixon Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1959–1970)
88 US Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell - 1976 official portrait.jpg Lewis F. Powell Jr. 1st Black December 6, 1971
(89–1) 		January 7, 1972
–
June 26, 1987
(Retired) 		President of the
American Bar Association
(1964–1965)
89 William Rehnquist.jpg William Rehnquist 9th J. Harlan II December 10, 1971
(68–26) 		January 7, 1972
–
September 26, 1986
(Continued as chief justice)[j] 		United States assistant attorney general
for the Office of Legal Counsel
(1969–1971)
90 John Paul Stevens, SCOTUS photo portrait.jpg John Paul Stevens 4th Douglas December 17, 1975
(98–0) 		December 19, 1975
–
June 29, 2010
(Retired) 		Gerald Ford Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit
(1970–1975)
91 Sandra Day O'Connor.jpg Sandra Day O'Connor 8th Stewart September 21, 1981
(99–0) 		September 25, 1981
–
January 31, 2006
(Retired) 		Ronald Reagan Judge of the
Arizona Court of Appeals
(1979–1981)
92 Antonin Scalia Official SCOTUS Portrait crop.jpg Antonin Scalia 9th Rehnquist September 17, 1986
(98–0) 		September 26, 1986
–
February 13, 2016
(Died) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1982–1986)
93 Anthony Kennedy official SCOTUS portrait.jpg Anthony Kennedy 1st Powell February 3, 1988
(97–0) 		February 18, 1988
–
July 31, 2018
(Retired) 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit
(1975–1988)
94 DavidSouter.jpg David Souter 3rd Brennan October 2, 1990
(90–9) 		October 9, 1990
–
June 29, 2009
(Retired) 		George H. W. Bush Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the First Circuit
(1990)
95 Clarence Thomas official SCOTUS portrait.jpg Clarence Thomas 10th Marshall October 15, 1991
(52–48) 		October 23, 1991
–
Incumbent 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1990–1991)
96 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2016 portrait.jpg Ruth Bader Ginsburg 6th B. White August 3, 1993
(96–3) 		August 10, 1993
–
September 18, 2020
(Died) 		Bill Clinton Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1980–1993)
97 Stephen Breyer, SCOTUS photo portrait.jpg Stephen Breyer 2nd Blackmun July 29, 1994
(87–9) 		August 3, 1994
–
June 30, 2022
(Retired) 		Chief Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the First Circuit
(1990–1994)
98 Samuel Alito official photo.jpg Samuel Alito 8th O'Connor January 31, 2006
(58–42) 		January 31, 2006
–
Incumbent 		George W. Bush Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
(1990–2006)
99 Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg Sonia Sotomayor 3rd Souter August 6, 2009
(68–31) 		August 8, 2009
–
Incumbent 		Barack Obama Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
(1998–2009)
100 Elena Kagan Official SCOTUS Portrait (2013).jpg Elena Kagan 4th Stevens August 5, 2010
(63–37) 		August 7, 2010
–
Incumbent 		45th
solicitor general of the United States
(2009–2010)
101 Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch Official Portrait.jpg Neil Gorsuch 9th Scalia April 7, 2017
(54–45) 		April 10, 2017
–
Incumbent 		Donald Trump Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Tenth Circuit
(2006–2017)
102 Associate Justice Brett Kavanaugh Official Portrait (full length).jpg Brett Kavanaugh 1st Kennedy October 6, 2018
(50–48) 		October 6, 2018
–
Incumbent 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(2006–2018)
103 Amy Coney Barrett official portrait.jpg Amy Coney Barrett 6th Ginsburg October 26, 2020
(52–48) 		October 27, 2020
–
Incumbent 		Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit
(2017–2020)
104 KBJackson.jpg Ketanji Brown Jackson 2nd Breyer April 7, 2022
(53–47) 		June 30, 2022
–
Incumbent 		Joe Biden Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(2021–2022)

Notes

  1. ^ The start date given here for each associate justice is the day they took the oath of office, and the end date is the day of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.
  2. ^ Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position—either with a U.S. state or the federal government, or with a private corporation—held by the individual immediately prior to becoming an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
  3. ^ Later served as chief justice, June 30, 1795 – December 28, 1795.
  4. ^ Was confirmed as chief justice on January 26, 1796, but declined and continued to serve as an associate justice.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Recess appointment. Note: the date on which the justice took the judicial oath is here used as the date of the beginning of their service, not the date of the recess appointment.
  6. ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.
  7. ^ Served as chief justice, December 19, 1910 – May 19, 1921.
  8. ^ Later served as chief justice, February 24, 1930 – June 30, 1941.
  9. ^ Served as chief justice, July 3, 1941 – April 22, 1946.
  10. ^ Served as chief justice, September 26, 1986 – September 3, 2005.

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Source: "Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 18th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States.

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Further Reading

Supreme Court of the United States

Chief Justice of the United States

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

William Paterson (judge)

William Cushing

Potter Stewart

Judiciary Act of 1789

Joseph McKenna

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat

Jay Court

Ellsworth Court

Willis Van Devanter

George Sutherland

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)
References
  1. ^ Hall, Kermit L. (2005). "Judiciary Act of 1869". In Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W.; Grossman, Joel B. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 548. ISBN 9780195176612. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  2. ^ McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  3. ^ "Judicial Compensation". United States Courts. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  4. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 3
  5. ^ Biskupic, Joan (2005). Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice. New York: HarperCollins. p. 101.
  6. ^ "Justice Clarence Thomas". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  7. ^ "Justice Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  8. ^ "Justice Sonia Sotomayor". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  9. ^ "Justice Elena Kagan". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  10. ^ "Justice Neil M. Gorsuch". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  11. ^ Fram, Alan; Mascaro, Lisa; Daly, Matthew (October 6, 2018). "Kavanaugh sworn to high court after rancorous confirmation". ap.org. New York, New York. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  12. ^ Barbara Sprunt (October 26, 2020). "Amy Coney Barrett Confirmed To Supreme Court, Takes Constitutional Oath". npr.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  13. ^ "WATCH LIVE: Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson sworn in as first Black woman on Supreme Court". PBS NewsHour. June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  14. ^ Woodward, Robert; Armstrong, Scott (1979). The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 480–488, 526. ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9.
  15. ^ "Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)". washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  16. ^ "Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  17. ^ Klebanow, Diana & Jonas, Franklin L. (2003). People's Lawyers: Crusaders for Justice in American History. M. E. Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN 978-0765606730 – via Google Books.
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