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Al-Darani

From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way
Basil of the Hearts

Abu Sulayman al-Darani
Born140 AH = 757 AD
Wasit or Darayya
HometownWasit
ResidenceDamascus
Died205 AH = 820 AD
215 AH = 830 AD
Buried in Darayya
Venerated inSunni Islam
InfluencesSufyan al-Thawri, 'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid[1]
InfluencedAl-Junayd
Part of a series on Islam
Sufism
Tomb of Abdul Qadir Jilani, Baghdad.jpg
Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abū Sulaymān al-Dārānī (Arabic: أبو سليمان الداراني) was an ascetic sage of the 2nd–3rd/8th–9th century and one of the earliest theoreticians of formal mysticism in Islam.[2]

He was held in honour by the Sufis and was called the "Sweet Basil of Hearts" (Rayhān al-Qulūb). He is distinguished by his austerities and acts of self-mortification. He spoke in subtle terms concerning the practice of devotion. He developed the doctrine of gnosis (ma'rifa),[3] and he was also the first to preach the science of 'time' (waqt) as essential for preserving one's state (hal) and allow hope to predominate over fear.[4]

Discover more about Al-Darani related topics

Wisdom

Wisdom

Wisdom, sapience, or sagacity is the ability to contemplate and act productively using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, and insight. Wisdom is associated with attributes such as unbiased judgment, compassion, experiential self-knowledge, self-transcendence and non-attachment, and virtues such as ethics and benevolence.

Mysticism

Mysticism

Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences.

Islam

Islam

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered around the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam, called Muslims, number approximately 1.9 billion globally and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians.

Gnosis

Gnosis

Gnosis is the common Greek noun for knowledge. The term was used among various Hellenistic religions and philosophies in the Greco-Roman world. It is best known for its implication within Gnosticism, where it signifies a spiritual knowledge or insight into humanity's real nature as divine, leading to the deliverance of the divine spark within humanity from the constraints of earthly existence.

Ma'rifa

Ma'rifa

Maʿrifa is the mystical knowledge of God or the “higher realities” that is the ultimate goal of followers of Sufism. Sufi mystics came to maʿrifa by following a spiritual path that later Sufi thinkers categorized into a series of “stations” that were followed by another series of steps, the “states,” through which the Sufi would come to union with God. The acquisition of maʿrifa was not the result of learnedness but was a type of gnosis in which the mystic received illumination through the grace of God. The finest expressions of maʿrifa can be found in the poetry of the Sufis Jalāl al-Dīn al-Rūmī (1207–73) and Ibn al-ʿArabī (1165–1240).

Hope

Hope

Hope is an optimistic state of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes with respect to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large. As a verb, its definitions include: "expect with confidence" and "to cherish a desire with anticipation".

Name

'Abd al-Rahman b. Ahmad, or 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Atiyya al-Ansari al-Darani. He was called al-Ansari due to his connection with the Banū Anas ibn Malik, a tribe from Yemen.[5]

Birth

He was born around 140/757 in a village in Damascus called Darayya, and hence he was known as al-Dārānī. Ibn Kathir praised him in his al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, and said he was originally from Wasit, but travelled and lived in Damascus.[6]

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Damascus

Damascus

Damascus is the capital of Syria, the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam. Known colloquially in Syria as aš-Šām and dubbed, poetically, the "City of Jasmine", Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world.

Darayya

Darayya

Darayya is a suburb of Damascus in Syria, the centre of Darayya lying 8 km south-west of the centre of Damascus. Administratively it belongs to Rif Dimashq.

Ibn Kathir

Ibn Kathir

Abū al-Fiḍā’ ‘Imād ad-Dīn Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar ibn Kathīr al-Qurashī al-Damishqī, known as Ibn Kathīr (ابن كثير, was a highly influential Arab historian, exegete and scholar during the Mamluk era in Syria. An expert on tafsir and fiqh, he wrote several books, including a fourteen-volume universal history titled Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya.

Wasit

Wasit

Wasit was an early Islamic city in Iraq. It was founded in the 8th century by the Umayyad viceroy of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, to serve as the region's seat and as the garrison of the Syrian troops who enforced Umayyad rule there. It was situated between the two traditional administrative centers and garrisons of Iraq, Kufa and Basra, hence its name Wasit. The city was abandoned centuries later and its ruins are located in the eponymous Wasit Governorate, southeast of Kut in southeastern Iraq.

Death

He died in 205/820 or 215/830 and was buried in the village of Darayya in Damascus.

Quotes

Many of his sayings are purely mystical in spirit and expression. Among his sayings are:

  • "Rather, there is on my heart a conceit from the conceits of the people of those days, and nothing will turn my heart [away from such issues] except through two just testimonies: the book [of God] and the Sunnah [of the prophet Muḥammad].” [7]
  • "None refrains from the lusts of this world save him in whose heart there is a light that keeps him always busied with the next world."[8]
  • "Whenever a man on account of his actions is in despair of his future welfare, that despair shows him the way to salvation and happiness and Divine mercy. It opens to him the door of joy, purges away sensual corruption from his heart, and reveals to it Divine mysteries."[9]
  • "Whoever fills his stomach will have seven diseases: losing the sweetness of invocation, being unable to memorize the wisdom, losing sympathy with the creatures, if he is full he thinks that everybody else is, heaviness to worship, increase in lusts, and that while the rest of the believers go to the mosques, the full people go around the garbage dumpsters."[10]
  • "Never does fear part ways with a heart except that the heart is ruined."[12]

Discover more about Quotes related topics

Dua

Dua

In Islam, duʿāʾ is a prayer of invocation, supplication or request, even asking help or assistance from God.

Wisdom

Wisdom

Wisdom, sapience, or sagacity is the ability to contemplate and act productively using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, and insight. Wisdom is associated with attributes such as unbiased judgment, compassion, experiential self-knowledge, self-transcendence and non-attachment, and virtues such as ethics and benevolence.

Sympathy

Sympathy

Sympathy is the perception of, understanding of, and reaction to the distress or need of another life form. According to David Hume, this sympathetic concern is driven by a switch in viewpoint from a personal perspective to the perspective of another group or individual who is in need. Hume explained that this is the case because "the minds of all men are similar in their feelings and operations" and that "the motion of one communicates itself to the rest" so that as "affections readily pass from one person to another… they beget correspondent movements."

Taqwa

Taqwa

Taqwa is an Islamic term for being conscious and cognizant of God, of truth, "piety, fear of God." It is often found in the Quran. Those who practice taqwa — in the words of Ibn Abbas, "believers who avoid Shirk with Allah and who work in His obedience" — are called muttaqin.

Dunya

Dunya

In Islam, dunyā refers to the temporal world and its earthly concerns and possessions, as opposed to the hereafter (ʾākhirah). In the Qur'an, dunyā and ākhira are sometimes used dichotomously, other times complementarily. Islam does not a priori dismiss the world as "evil". Instead, this world is defined as "the field of ākhira" and the place of examination. In ancient Caucasian religions such as Mari, Dunya or Tunya refers to the God of the World. Two Qur'anic ayat (verses) show that dunyā and ākhira are not considered as alternatives to each other per se:"Ordain for us the good in this world [al-dunyā] and in the hereafter [al-ākhira]." "You are my friend in this world [al-dunyā] and the next [al-ākhira]."

Akhirah

Akhirah

al-Ākhirah is an Arabic term for "the Hereafter".

Source: "Al-Darani", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2021, September 6th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Darani.

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Further Reading

Bayazid Bastami

Shadhili

Abu Dawud al-Sijistani

Junayd of Baghdad

Muhammad al-Jazuli

Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

Abdullah Ansari

Abdul Qadir Gilani

Abu Hashim

Sufyan al-Thawri

Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid

Al-Qushayri

Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya
See also
References
  1. ^ Al-Dhahabi. "Siyar A'lam al Nubala' (The Biographies of the Most Noble)". Islamweb.net.
  2. ^ "What is the benefit of Sufi orders?". Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah.
  3. ^ Reynold A. Nicholson (2013). Literary History Of The Arabs. Vol. 4. Routledge. p. 386. ISBN 9781136170164.
  4. ^ M. Fethullah Gülen (2004). Key Concepts in the Practice of Sufism: Emerald Hills of the Heart, Volume 2. Translated by Ali Ünal. The Light, Inc. p. 21. ISBN 9781932099751.
  5. ^ "Abū Sulaymān al-Dārānī". Reference Works — BrillOnline.
  6. ^ "العارف بالله أبو سليمان الداراني". naseemalsham.com.
  7. ^ Al-Sulamī, Abū ʿAbd Al-Raḥmān. Ṭabaqāt Al-Ṣūfiyyah. Edited by Muṣṭafá ʿAbd Al-Qādir ʿAṭṭā. Bayrūt: Dār Al- Kutub Al-ʻIlmiyah, 1419/1998, pp 74-79.
  8. ^ Reynold A. Nicholson (2013). Literary History Of The Arabs. Vol. 4. Routledge. p. 386. ISBN 9781136170164.
  9. ^ Masood Ali Khan; S. Ram, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Sufism, Volume 1. Vol. 1. Anmol Publications. p. 59. ISBN 9788126113118.
  10. ^ Wahid Abdussalam Bali (2012). Fortifying Man against Jinns and Satan. Translated by Haytham Kreidly. Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyyah. p. 92. ISBN 9782745175700.
  11. ^ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. "Preparing for the Day of Judgement".
  12. ^ Hazem Abu Ghazaleh (2017). Questions and Answers on Sufism. Translated by Abdul Aziz Suraqah. p. 101. ISBN 9780244105839.
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