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2022 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement

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2022 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement
Part of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the 2022 anti-war protests in Russia
Anti-war inscription in the Saint Petersburg (2022-05-07).jpg
Anti-war graffiti in Saint Petersburg
Date24 February 2022 (2022-02-24) – present
Location
Belarus and Russia
Caused byRussian invasion of Ukraine
Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Mobilization in Russia
Methods
StatusOngoing
Parties to the civil conflict
Lead figures

Decentralized Leadership

Casualties and losses

Russian Opposition:
Arrests: 6+[19]

Belarusian Opposition:

Arrests: 11+[20]

Russia Russia:

Deaths: 3+[21][22]

Partisan movements in Belarus and Russia emerged following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. These resistance movements act against the governments of Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus and Vladimir Putin in Russia, whom their detractors view as authoritarian. Elements of the opposition also work to counter the interests of the armed forces of both countries, as well as against civilian supporters of these authorities, in order to put a stop to the war in Ukraine.[23]

Discover more about 2022 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement related topics

Northeastern Ukraine campaign

Northeastern Ukraine campaign

The northeastern Ukraine campaign was a theatre of operation from 24 February to 8 April 2022 in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine for control of two provinces (oblasts) in Ukraine — Chernihiv Oblast and Sumy Oblast. On 4 April 2022, Ukrainian authorities said that Russian troops had mostly withdrawn from Sumy Oblast and no longer occupied any towns or villages in the area. Later that evening Ukrainian authorities claimed that Russian forces had withdrawn from Chernihiv Oblast, which was confirmed by the Pentagon by 6 April. In addition, it took place from February 24 to May 14 in Kharkiv Oblast. On 14 May, the ISW reported that: “Ukraine thus appears to have won the battle of Kharkiv.” The Mayor of Kharkiv said to the BBC: "There was no shelling in the city for the last five days. There was only one attempt from Russians to hit the city with a missile rocket near Kharkiv airport, but the missile was eliminated by Ukrainian Air Defence."

Eastern Ukraine campaign

Eastern Ukraine campaign

The eastern Ukraine campaign is a theatre of operation in the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that affects three oblasts in eastern Ukraine: Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast and Kharkiv Oblast. The invasion is an escalation or intensification of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which had been waged between Ukraine and Russian proxies since 2014.

Southern Ukraine campaign

Southern Ukraine campaign

The southern Ukraine campaign is an ongoing theatre of operation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022. From their base in Russian-occupied Crimea, the Russian Armed Forces attacked Kherson Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast, and Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine, battling the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko is a Belarusian politician who has been the first and only president of Belarus since the establishment of the office on 20 July 1994, making him the longest-sitting European president.

Belarus

Belarus

Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.

Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer, serving as the current president of Russia. Putin has served continuously as president or prime minister since 1999: as prime minister from 1999 to 2000 and from 2008 to 2012, and as president from 2000 to 2008 and since 2012.

Russia

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering 17,098,246 square kilometres (6,601,670 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of over 147 million people. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan.

Russo-Ukrainian War

Russo-Ukrainian War

The Russo-Ukrainian War is an international conflict between Russia and Russian-backed separatists, against Ukraine, which began in February 2014. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian separatists fighting the Ukrainian military in the Donbas war. The first eight years of conflict also included naval incidents, cyberwarfare, and heightened political tensions. In February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

Ukraine

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately 600,000 square kilometres (230,000 sq mi). Prior to the ongoing Russian invasion, it was the eighth-most populous country in Europe, with a population of around 41 million people. On 1 January 2023, the United Nations estimated the Ukrainian population to be 34.1 million, with record low birth rates. It is also bordered by Belarus to the north; by Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; and by Romania and Moldova to the southwest; with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city. Ukraine's state language is Ukrainian; Russian is also widely spoken, especially in the east and south.

Attacks on property of authorities and supporters of the war

Main articles: 2022 Russian military commissariats attacks, 2022 Russian mystery fires, and 2022 Western Russia attacks

By 7 March 2022, cases of arsons of police departments were recorded in Smolensk and Krasnoyarsk.[24]

As of 5 July 2022, at least 23 attacks on military enlistment offices were recorded, 20 of which were arson.[25] The arson attacks were not a single coordinated campaign: behind them were a variety of people: from far-left to far-right groups. Sometimes they were lone actors who did not associate themselves with any movements.[26][27] Civilian vehicles bearing the letter Z insignia (supporting the war efforts) were also set ablaze.[23]

On 27 August 2022, multiple Russian-language outlets reported that a woman named Evgenia Belova doused a parked BMW X6 with accelerant and set it ablaze in Moscow. The vehicle belonged to Yevgeny Sekretarev (Russian: Евгения Секретарева) who reportedly works for the Eighth Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; the Directorate oversees the State Secret Protection Service [ru] handling wartime censorship. A woman detained for the arson also reportedly proclaimed her opposition to the war.[28][29][30][31][32] The woman is described as 65 years old, a patient of a local "psychoneurological clinic," and lives in the same building as Sekretarev.[33] Coverage of the incident by Radio Svoboda, a United States-government backed outlet, mentioned a relative of the woman making the unverified claim that she was kidnapped prior to the arson by Ukrainian special forces, held for a ransom of 500,000 Russian rubles, and "hypnotized." The woman's relatives further insisted she was never against the Russian authorities, and would never have committed arson against the Russian government.[34]

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Smolensk

Smolensk

Smolensk is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, 360 kilometers (220 mi) west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest cities in Russia.

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yenisey River, and is the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk, with a population of over 1.1 million. Krasnoyarsk is an important junction of the renowned Trans-Siberian Railway, and is one of the largest producers of aluminium in the country.

Z (military symbol)

Z (military symbol)

The Latin-script letter Z is one of several symbols painted on military vehicles of the Russian Armed Forces involved in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It is speculated that the Z helps task forces distinguish themselves from other forces.

BMW X6

BMW X6

The BMW X6 is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV by German automaker BMW. The BMW X6 is the originator of the sports activity coupé (SAC), referencing its sloping rear roof design. It combines the attributes of an SUV with the stance of a coupé. It is built in BMW's North American plant in Greer, South Carolina alongside the BMW X5, whose platform it shares. Prior to the release of the X7, the X6 was considered a flagship SUV for BMW.

Russian language

Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. It is the native language of the Russians and belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is one of four living East Slavic languages, and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. It was the de facto language of the former Soviet Union, and continues to be used in public life with varying proficiency in all of the post-Soviet states.

General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the military staff of the Russian Armed Forces. It is the central organ of the military command of the Armed Forces Administration and oversees operational command of the armed forces under the Russian Ministry of Defence.

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a United States government funded organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Caucasus, and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed". RFE/RL is a private, non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation supervised by the U.S. Agency for Global Media, an independent government agency overseeing all U.S. federal government international broadcasting services. Jeremy Bransten is acting editor-in-chief of RFE.

Russian ruble

Russian ruble

The ruble or rouble is the currency of the Russian Federation. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopecks. The first Russian ruble replaced the Soviet ruble in September 1993 at par. In 1998, preceding the financial crisis, the current ruble was redenominated with the new code "RUB" and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR.

Rail war

Belarus

Main article: 2022 rail war in Belarus

The rail war actively unfolded in Belarus in February 2022. Signaling equipment was destroyed in three Belarusian regions, and railway lines were blocked. As a result of these operations, the work of several branches of the Belarusian railway was disrupted.

Russia

Main article: 2022 rail war in Russia

In Russia, the movements Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists (BOAK) and Stop the Wagons announced their sabotage activities on the railway infrastructure. According to The Insider, 63 freight trains derailed in Russia between March and June 2022, about one and a half times as much as during the same period the previous year. At the same time, the geography of wagon wrecks shifted to the west, and some trains got into accidents near military units.[26] According to Russian Railways and inspection bodies, half of the accidents are related to the poor condition of the railway tracks.[35]

Attributed to BOAK

Main article: Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists

Representatives of BOAK took responsibility not only for dismantling rails and railway sabotage in Sergiyev Posad near Moscow and near Kirzhach, Vladimir Oblast, but also for setting fire to cell towers (for example, in the village of Belomestnoye in the Belgorod Oblast) and even for setting fire to cars of people supporting actions of the Russian leadership. According to the anarchists themselves, their activities were largely inspired by the actions of the Belarusian partisans, who effectively resisted the Russian invasion through the territory of Belarus at the very beginning of the war.[26]

Attributed to Stop the Wagons

Main article: Stop the Wagons

The "Stop the Wagons" movement in Russia claimed responsibility for the derailment of wagons in the Amur Oblast, due to which traffic on the Trans-Siberian Railway was stopped on June 29,[36][37][38][39] for the derailment of a train in Tver on July 5,[40] several wagons with coal in Krasnoyarsk on July 13,[41] as well as freight trains in the Krasnoyarsk Krai at the Lesosibirsk station on July 19,[42] in Makhachkala overnight between 23 and 24 July (the investigating authorities of Dagestan are also considering sabotage as a probable cause of this incident)[43][44] and on the Oktyabrskaya railway near Babaevo station on August 12.[45] According to the map published by the movement, its activists operate on more than 30% of the territory of Russia.[46][47]

Discover more about Rail war related topics

2022 rail war in Belarus

2022 rail war in Belarus

Rail sabotage is one of the Belarusian forms of grassroots action opposing the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

2022 rail war in Russia

2022 rail war in Russia

The rail war began in different regions of Russia in the spring of 2022 after a similar rail war in Belarus.

Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists

Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists

The Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists is a militant anarcho-communist organization in Eastern Europe, part of the Belarusian and Russian partisan movement. It aims for social revolution and a libertarian socialist society. Since the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it has sabotaged railway infrastructure in Russia and Belarus, as well as attacking Russian military commissariats and telecommunications. According to The Insider, the group has become "the most active 'subversive' force" in Russia since the war began.

Stop the Wagons

Stop the Wagons

Stop the Wagons is a Russian anti-war movement that disrupts Russian railways in various ways to prevent the transport of equipment, fuel, ammunition and other supplies to the war in Ukraine.

Russian Railways

Russian Railways

Russian Railways is a Russian fully state-owned vertically integrated railway company, both managing infrastructure and operating freight and passenger train services.

Sergiyev Posad

Sergiyev Posad

Sergiyev Posad is a city and the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population: 111,179 (2010 Census); 113,581 (2002 Census); 114,696 (1989 Census).

Kirzhach

Kirzhach

Kirzhach is a town and the administrative center of Kirzhachsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Kirzhach River in the west of the oblast, 125 kilometers (78 mi) west of Vladimir and 29 kilometers (18 mi) south of Alexandrov. Population: 27,318 (2021 Census).

Belomestnoye

Belomestnoye

Belomestnoye is a rural locality and the administrative center of Belomestnenskoye Rural Settlement, Belgorodsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,210 as of 2010. There are 39 streets.

Belgorod Oblast

Belgorod Oblast

Belgorod Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Belgorod. Population: 1,540,486 (2021 Census); 1,532,526 (2010 Census); 1,511,620 (2002 Census); 1,380,723 (1989 Census).

Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya Rivers in the Russian Far East. The administrative center of the oblast, the city of Blagoveshchensk, is one of the oldest settlements in the Russian Far East, founded in 1856. It is a traditional center of trade and gold mining. The territory is accessed by two railways: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal–Amur Mainline. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 830,103.

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yenisey River, and is the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk, with a population of over 1.1 million. Krasnoyarsk is an important junction of the renowned Trans-Siberian Railway, and is one of the largest producers of aluminium in the country.

Krasnoyarsk Krai

Krasnoyarsk Krai

Krasnoyarsk Krai is a federal subject of Russia, with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the third-largest city in Siberia. Comprising half of the Siberian Federal District, Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation, the second largest federal subject and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world, after Sakha and the Australian state of Western Australia. The krai covers an area of 2,339,700 square kilometers (903,400 sq mi), which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada, constituting roughly 13% of the Russian Federation's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187, or just under 2% of its population, per the 2010 Census.

Assassination of Darya Dugina and the National Republican Army manifesto

Main articles: Darya Dugina § Killing, and National Republican Army (Russia)

On 21 August 2022, a bomb planted in a vehicle killed Darya Dugina; it is widely presumed the bomb was also meant to kill her father, Aleksandr Dugin. Both are identified with Nazbolism, gave statements justifying war against Ukraine, and denied atrocities such as Bucha massacre.[48][49] The United States sanctioned both figures for their support of the regime and the war; Dugina was sanctioned for her work with Yevgeny Prigozhin in the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.[50]

Former State Duma deputy Ilya Ponomarev, who is based in Kyiv, said that a partisan organization called the "National Republican Army" is operating inside Russia and engaged in "overthrowing the Putin regime", and that it was behind the assassination of Dugina. The politician called the event a "momentous event" and said that the partisans inside Russia are ready for further similar attacks.[51] Ponomarev has told several outlets he has been "in touch" with representatives of the organization since April 2022. He states that the group has been involved in unspecified partisan activities.[52] In a May 2022 conference of exiles in Vilnius sponsored by the Free Russia Forum, Ponomarev appealed to attendees to support direct action within Russia. A Spektr (Russian: Спектр) reporter noted an indifferent response from the attendees.[53]

Purported manifesto

Ponomarev read the NRA's purported manifesto on a YouTube channel he owns, February Morning (Russian: Утро Февраля).[54] The text of the manifesto was also shared over February Morning's affiliated Telegram channel, Rospartizan (Russian: Роспартизан).[55]As of 26 August 2022, YouTube's metrics indicate video containing the claim of responsibility and sharing the maniesto is February Morning's most-seen video with 176,646 views.[54]

Doubts of NRA's existence

Doubts of the NRA's responsibility and its very existence have been raised by a wide variety of commentators.[56][57] A 22 August 2022 report from Reuters says that "[Ponomarev's] assertion and the group's existence could not be independently verified."[58] The sole suspect named by Russian investigators is a Ukrainian woman whom, Russia claims, is part of its military. The Russian government has also stated that the woman fled to Estonia.[59] The governments of Ukraine and Estonia each denied any role in the assassination.[60][61][62]

Exiles denounce Ponomarev

The veracity of Ponomarev's claims notwithstanding, his endorsement of armed action against the regime resulted in his blacklisting by the Russian Action Committee, an anti-Putin exile group. According to the Committee's statement, this was because he "called for terrorist attacks on Russian territory." The Committee's statement also implied that Dugina was a "civilian" who "did not take part in the armed confrontation," and condemned denunciations of Aleksandr Dugin following the attack as "a demonstrative rejection of normal human empathy for the families of the victims."[63][64]

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National Republican Army (Russia)

National Republican Army (Russia)

The National Republican Army is an alleged underground partisan group of Russians inside Russia working towards the violent overthrow of the Putin government.

Darya Dugina

Darya Dugina

Darya Aleksandrovna Dugina, also known under the pen name Daria Platonova, was a Russian journalist, political scientist and activist.

Aleksandr Dugin

Aleksandr Dugin

Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin is a Russian political philosopher, analyst, and strategist, known for views widely characterized as fascist.

National Bolshevism

National Bolshevism

National Bolshevism, whose supporters are known as National Bolsheviks and are also colloquially known as Nazbols, is a political movement that combines ultranationalism and Bolshevism.

Bucha massacre

Bucha massacre

The Bucha massacre was the mass murder of Ukrainian civilians and prisoners of war by the Russian Armed Forces during the fight for and occupation of the city of Bucha as part of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Photographic and video evidence of the massacre emerged on 1 April 2022 after Russian forces withdrew from the city.

Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

The Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election with the goals of harming the campaign of Hillary Clinton, boosting the candidacy of Donald Trump, and increasing political and social discord in the United States. According to the U.S. intelligence community, the operation—code named Project Lakhta—was ordered directly by Russian president Vladimir Putin. The Special Counsel's report, made public in April 2019, examined numerous contacts between the Trump campaign and Russian officials but concluded that there was insufficient evidence to bring any conspiracy or coordination charges against Trump or his associates.

State Duma

State Duma

The State Duma, commonly abbreviated in Russian as Gosduma, is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house is the Federation Council. The Duma headquarters are located in central Moscow, a few steps from Manege Square. Its members are referred to as deputies. The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet as a result of the new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin in the aftermath of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, and approved in a nationwide referendum.

Ilya Ponomarev

Ilya Ponomarev

Ilya Vladimirovich Ponomarev is a Russian-Ukrainian politician who was a member of the State Duma from 2007 to 2016.

Kyiv

Kyiv

Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.

Russia under Vladimir Putin

Russia under Vladimir Putin

Since 1999, Vladimir Putin has continuously served as either President or Prime Minister of Russia.

Free Russia Forum

Free Russia Forum

The Free Russia Forum is a conference of the Russian opposition, held twice a year in Vilnius (Lithuania). The forum was founded in March 2016 by Garry Kasparov and Ivan Tyutrin, the former executive director of the Russian democratic movement Solidarnost.

Russian language

Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. It is the native language of the Russians and belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is one of four living East Slavic languages, and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. It was the de facto language of the former Soviet Union, and continues to be used in public life with varying proficiency in all of the post-Soviet states.

Attacks in Bryansk Oblast

Main article: 2023 Bryansk Oblast attack

On March 2, 2023, the Russian Volunteer Corps claimed responsibility for an attack in the Bryansk Oblast near Russia's border with Belarus in which it allegedly killed and took hostages.[65][66]

Reaction of the authorities

The Russian authorities were forced to tighten security measures on the railways.

On April 27, the Belarusian authorities approved amendments to the Criminal Code, providing for the possibility of applying the death penalty "for attempted acts of terrorism."

On May 8, 2022, the Telegram channel of the movement was blocked. According to their own statements, they were blocked "after the publication of a map of railway resistance, which covered over 30% of the territory of Russia."[67][68] On July 19, the website of Stop the Wagons was blocked by Roskomnadzor in Russia at the request of the Prosecutor General's Office.[69][70]

In August 2022, a court in Moscow fined the Telegram messenger 7 million Russian rubles (quoted by TASS as equivalent to $113,900 USD) for refusing to remove channels providing instructions for railway sabotage and containing "propaganda pushing the ideology of anarchism."[71][72][73]

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Telegram (software)

Telegram (software)

Telegram Messenger is a globally accessible freemium, cross-platform, encrypted, cloud-based and centralized instant messaging (IM) service. The application also provides optional end-to-end encrypted chats, popularly known as secret chat and video calling, VoIP, file sharing and several other features. It was launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 and Android on 20 October 2013. The servers of Telegram are distributed worldwide with five data centers in different parts of the world, while the operational center is based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Various client apps are available for Smart TV, desktop and mobile platforms including official apps for Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, and Linux. There are also two official Telegram web twin apps, WebK and WebZ, and numerous unofficial clients that make use of Telegram's protocol. Telegram's official components are open source, with the exception of the server which is closed-sourced and proprietary.

Roskomnadzor

Roskomnadzor

The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media, abbreviated as Roskomnadzor (RKN), is the Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media. Its areas of responsibility include electronic media, mass communications, information technology and telecommunications, supervising compliance with the law, protecting the confidentiality of personal data being processed, and organizing the work of the radio-frequency service.

Prosecutor-General of Russia

Prosecutor-General of Russia

The Prosecutor General of Russia heads the system of official prosecution in courts and heads the Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. The Prosecutor General remains one of the most powerful component of the Russian judicial system.

Russian ruble

Russian ruble

The ruble or rouble is the currency of the Russian Federation. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopecks. The first Russian ruble replaced the Soviet ruble in September 1993 at par. In 1998, preceding the financial crisis, the current ruble was redenominated with the new code "RUB" and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR.

TASS

TASS

The Russian News Agency TASS, abbreviated TASS (ТАСС), is a major Russian state-owned news agency founded in 1904. TASS is the largest Russian news agency and one of the largest news agencies worldwide.

Attack on Russian plane in Machulishchy

In late February 2023 an AWACS Beriev A-50U Russian spy plane in Machulishchy, Belarus was reported as damaged. Via Telegram, the organization BYPOL claimed responsibility for what it claimed was a drone attack. Exiled Belarusian dissident Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya responded to news of the attack stating, "I am proud of all Belarusians who continue to resist the Russian hybrid occupation of Belarus & fight for the freedom of Ukraine."[74][75]

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Beriev A-50

Beriev A-50

The Beriev A-50 is a Soviet airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft based on the Ilyushin Il-76 transport. Developed to replace the Tupolev Tu-126 "Moss", the A-50 first flew in 1978. Its existence was revealed to the Western Bloc in 1980 by Adolf Tolkachev. It entered service in 1985, with about 40 produced by 1992.

Machulishchy (air base)

Machulishchy (air base)

Machulishchy is an air base of the Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus located in Machulishchy, Minsk Region, Belarus.

BYPOL

BYPOL

The Association of Security Forces of Belarus, also known as BYPOL is a Belarusian organization that was created by former employees of law enforcement agencies to counter the Belarusian authorities. The association has channels on YouTube and Telegram, on which it publishes various videos related to the security forces, and also doxes law enforcement officers.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Sviatlana Heorhiyeuna Tsikhanouskaya is a Belarusian political activist. She stood for election in the 2020 Belarusian presidential election as the main opposition candidate after her husband, Sergei Tikhanovsky, the previous candidate, was arrested in Hrodna by Belarusian authorities. Since August 2020, she has conducted her opposition activity in exile from Poland then Lithuania. Tsikhanouskaya is wanted by the state of Belarus for conspiracy to seize state power, the creation of an extremist formation, and public calls for the seizure of power, and in March 2023 was sentenced in-absentia to a 15-year jail term.

Source: "2022 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 20th), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Belarusian_and_Russian_partisan_movement.

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Further Reading

Ilya Ponomarev

Free Russia Forum

Freedom of Russia Legion

Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists

Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum

Darya Dugina

National Republican Army (Russia)

Russian Action Committee

Russian military commissariats attacks

Stop the Wagons

Busly liaciać

We Are Together with Russia

2022 Russian mobilization

Black Bridge (Russia)

2022 Russian martial law

Congress of People's Deputies (Russia, 2022)
See also
Notes
  1. ^ 2023 Bryansk Oblast attack
  2. ^ in the North Caucasus region only
  3. ^ in the Bashkortostan region only
References
  1. ^ ""Рельсовые диверсанты" сообщили о сходе поезда в Твери". Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
  2. ^ "Жечь военкоматы и готовиться к революции. Представители антипутинского подполья о жизни после мобилизации" [Burn the military commissariats and prepare for the revolution. Representatives of the anti-Putin underground about life after mobilization]. Vot Tak (Belsat) (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  3. ^ "Этот поезд в огне: как российские партизаны поджигают военкоматы и пускают поезда под откос" [This train is on fire: how Russian partisans set fire to military enlistment offices and derail trains]. The Insider (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-08-26.
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