1984 New York City Subway shooting
| 1984 New York City Subway shooting | |
|---|---|
| Part of mass shootings in the United States | |
| Location | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date | December 22, 1984 |
Attack type | Shooting |
| Weapon | Smith & Wesson Model 38 |
| Deaths | 0 |
| Injured | 4 (Barry Allen, Troy Canty, Darrell Cabey, James Ramseur) |
| Motive | Self-defense (disputed) |
| Convicted | Bernhard Hugo Goetz |
| Verdict |
|
| Charges |
|
| Litigation | Goetz ordered to pay $43 million to Cabey in civil trial for reckless and deliberate infliction of emotional distress
|
| Sentence | 1 year in jail (released after 8.5 months) |
On December 22, 1984, Bernhard Goetz (/ˈɡɛts/[1]) shot four young black men on a New York City Subway train in Manhattan after they allegedly tried to rob him.[2][3][4][5] Goetz fled to Bennington, Vermont before surrendering to police nine days after the shooting; he was charged with attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment, and several firearms offenses. A jury subsequently found Goetz guilty of one count of carrying an unlicensed firearm and acquitted him of the remaining charges; for the firearm offense, he served eight months of a one-year sentence. In 1996, Darrell Cabey, one of the men Goetz shot, who was left paraplegic and brain damaged as a result of his injuries, obtained a $43 million civil judgment against Goetz.[6]
Initially, Goetz, dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by the New York press, received widespread public recognition and support. To his supporters, Goetz came to symbolize New Yorkers' frustrations with the high crime rates of the 1980s. But public opinion became divided as Goetz's statements and details of the shooting were released by the prosecution.[7] Questions of what impact race—and racism—had on Goetz, the public reaction, and the criminal verdict were hotly debated. The incident sparked a nationwide debate on crime in major U.S. cities, the legal limits of self-defense, and the extent to which the citizenry could rely on the police to secure their safety.[4] The incident has been cited as leading to successful National Rifle Association campaigns to loosen restrictions for concealed carrying of firearms.[8]
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Incident
In the early afternoon of Saturday, December 22, 1984, four young men from the Bronx, 19-year-olds Barry Allen, Troy Canty, and Darrell Cabey, and 18-year-old James Ramseur, boarded a downtown 2 train (a Broadway–Seventh Avenue express). Canty would later testify that the teenagers were en route to rob a video arcade in Manhattan;[3] Allen had previously pleaded guilty to breaking into a video-game machine, and each of the teenagers had been previously arrested or convicted of various charges.[9] Goetz boarded the train at the 14th Street station in Manhattan.[10] At the time, about fifteen to twenty other passengers were on the R22 subway car, the seventh car of the ten-car train.[11]: 23 [12]
Troy Canty approached Goetz and made some overture for money:[13] According to Canty, he said, "Can I have $5?"[14] According to Goetz, Canty said, "Give me five dollars" in a "normal tone" of voice.[3][15] Goetz subsequently pulled a handgun and fired five shots at the four, wounding them all. Cabey's spine was severed, resulting in brain damage and partial paralysis.
Shooter: Bernhard Goetz
Bernhard Hugo Goetz was born in the Kew Gardens neighborhood of New York City's Queens borough on November 7, 1947.[16] His parents were German immigrants who met in the U.S.[17][18] His father was Lutheran; his mother, who was Jewish, converted to Lutheranism.[19][20][12]: 10 [21] While growing up, Goetz lived with his parents and three older siblings in Upstate New York, where his father ran a dairy farm and a bookbinding business.[22] Goetz attended boarding school in Switzerland[23] before returning to the United States to earn a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and nuclear engineering from New York University.[22] By this time, the family had relocated to Orlando, Florida; Goetz joined them and worked at his father's residential development business. After a divorce, Goetz moved back to New York City, where he started an electronics business out of his Greenwich Village apartment.[22]
Goetz reported that he had been the victim of a robbery in the Canal Street subway three years prior to the shooting.[15][24] He said that three black teens had smashed him into a plate-glass door and threw him to the ground, injuring his chest and knee.[25][11] Goetz struggled with one of the teens until police arrived, and the alleged attacker claimed that Goetz had, in fact, assaulted him.[25] Goetz was, to his frustration, detained for six hours, while the person he accused was released in two and a half hours.[25] Goetz subsequently applied for a permit to carry a concealed handgun, on the basis of routinely carrying valuable equipment and large sums of cash, but his application was denied for insufficient need. He bought a 5-shot .38-caliber revolver during a trip to Florida.[22]
Goetz had previously used racist language: Myra Freedman, Goetz's neighbor, reported overhearing Goetz having said, "The only way we're going to clean up this street is to get rid of the spics and niggers" at a community meeting 18 months before the shooting.[25][26] Friedman's account was excluded from the criminal jury trial as hearsay,[27]: 472 but, in a subsequent civil action, Goetz admitted to having used both epithets at a neighborhood meeting.[28]
Goetz's flight and surrender
After the shooting, Goetz asked two frightened passengers if they had been injured, and both said they were not. Shortly afterwards, the train conductor entered the car and loudly exclaimed, "What's going on?" He approached Goetz and asked what happened. Goetz pointed to the north end of the car and then told him, "I don't know ... they tried to rob me and I shot them."[11]: 102 The conductor then went to the passengers to check if they were injured before returning to Goetz and asked if he was a police officer, which Goetz denied, and he then asked Goetz for the gun, which Goetz refused to turn over.[11]: 102
Goetz subsequently took a cab back to his 14th Street home and, in a rented car, fled north to Bennington, Vermont, where he burned the blue jacket he had been wearing and scattered pieces of the revolver in the woods.[29] He stayed at various hotels in New England for several days.[29]
On December 26, an anonymous hotline caller told New York City police that Goetz matched the gunman's description, owned a gun, and had been mugged previously.[30][31] On December 29, Goetz called his neighbor, Myra Friedman, who told him that police had come by his apartment looking for him, and had left notes asking to be contacted as soon as possible.[25] He gave his side of the story to Friedman and described his psychological state at the time:[25]
Myra, in a situation like this, your mind, you're in a combat situation. Your mind is functioning. You're not thinking in a normal way. Your memory isn't even working normally. You are so hyped up. Your vision actually changes. Your field of view changes. Your capabilities change. What you are capable of changes. You are under adrenaline, a drug called adrenaline. And you respond very quickly, and you think very quickly. That's all. ... You think! You think, you analyze, and you act. And in any situation, you just have to think more quickly than your opposition. That's all. You know. Speed is very important.
Goetz returned to New York City on December 30, turned in the car, picked up some clothing and business papers at his apartment, rented another car, and drove back to New England. Shortly after noon the next day, he walked into the Concord, New Hampshire, police headquarters and told the officer on duty, "I am the person they are seeking in New York."[31]
Police interview
Once the officer realized that Goetz was a genuine suspect, Goetz was given a Miranda warning, and he waived his right to have an attorney present. After an interview that lasted over an hour, a Concord detective asked Goetz to consent to making an audiotaped statement. Goetz agreed, and a two-hour statement was recorded. That evening, New York City detectives and an assistant district attorney arrived in Concord, and Goetz submitted to a two-hour videotaped interview. Both interviews were eventually played back for the grand juries, the criminal trial, and a civil trial years later. When the audiotape was first played in open court, Goetz was described by The New York Times as "confused and emotional, alternately horrified by and defensive about his actions, and obsessed with justifying them."[32]
Goetz told police that he felt that he was being robbed and was at risk of violence, and he explained he had been both mugged once before and nearly mugged several times:[15] I’ve been situations where I’ve shown the gun. ... The threat, when I was surrounded, at at that point, showing the gun would have been enough, but when I saw this one fellow [(Canty)], when I saw the gleam in his eye . . . and the smile on his face ... and they say it’s a joke and lot of them say it’s a joke."[15][33]
But when I saw his eyes, up to that point my state of mind changed and you go through a different state of mind where reality totally totally changes. ... You just, you don’t think, just act. Speed is everything, speed is everything. ... When he said, “Give me five dollars,” I pulled out the piece I just started firing. Now it's ... on point to look at what you're firing at. You just target images in your mind. ... You do what you have do as quickly as possible. You don’t think. ... That was number one, I got rid of number one ...
Got rid of number two. They say I shot him in the back. That doesn’t even matter. I wasn’t even aiming for the back. You aim for the center. One of the fellows looked like he was trying ... I don’t know. I don’t know if he was facing from the front or the back, whatever. But it seemed as if he was trying to get through the steel wall of the subway car. But he couldn’t. I let him have it, and I let off the other guys have it. The one who that was pretending he wasn’t with them, and I ran up to the first two to check them ... and they were taken care of. It was all very cold-blooded, Miss. And this is going to offend everyone. And I went back to the other two to check on them. I wanted to know if I had missed and I, but I ... went to them a second time and I looked at him and — he can’t verify this because he was probably out of it by then, if I shot him or not, I don’t know — and I said, “You seem to be doing all right, here’s another.”— Bernhard Goetz, to the FBI[15]
Asked what his intentions were when he drew his revolver, Goetz replied, "My intention was to murder them, to hurt them, to make them suffer as much as possible."[34] Later in the tape, Goetz said, "If I had more bullets, I would have shot 'em all again and again. My problem was I ran out of bullets." He added, "I was gonna, I was gonna gouge one of the guys' [Canty's] eyes out with my keys afterwards", but said he stopped when he saw the fear in his eyes.[35] He denied any premeditation for the shooting, something that had been speculated on by the press.[11]: 58
Goetz called New York City "lawless" and expressed contempt for its justice system, calling it a "joke", a "sham", and "a disgrace".[36]
Arraignment and bond
Goetz was brought back to Manhattan on January 3, 1985, and arraigned on four charges of attempted murder, with bail set at $50,000. He was held in protective custody at the Rikers Island prison hospital.[37] Refusing offers of bail assistance from the public and from his family, he posted bail with his own funds and was released on bond January 8.[38]
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Legal aftermath
Criminal action
Indictments
Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau asked a grand jury to indict Goetz on four counts of attempted murder, four of assault, four of reckless endangerment, and one of criminal possession of a weapon.[39][7][40] On January 25, the grand jury refused to indict Goetz on the more serious charges, voting indictments only for unlawful gun possession—one count of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, for carrying in public the loaded unlicensed gun used in the subway shooting, and two counts of possession in the fourth degree, for keeping two other unlicensed handguns in his home.[39]
In March 1985, Morgenthau announced that the state had obtained new evidence—an unnamed witness—and sought leave to convene a second grand jury; Judge Stephen Crane granted Morgenthau's motion.[41] Morgenthau also granted immunity to Troy Canty and James Ramseur, which he had previously declined to do, allowing them to testify before the second grand jury.[13] The second grand jury indicted Goetz on charges of attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment and weapons possession.[42] But, in January 1986, Judge Crane granted a motion by Goetz to dismiss these new indictments based on alleged errors in the prosecutor's instructions to the grand jury regarding justification and the judge's opinion that Canty and Ramseur "strongly appeared" to have perjured themselves.[43][44] Although Judge Crane did not specify the bases for the latter finding, the New York Times reported that it appeared to be based on alleged statements by Canty, Ramseur, and Cabey:[43] According to police officer Peter Smith, who responded to the shooting, Canty told him that the group was planning to rob Goetz, but Goetz shot them first, though Police Commissioner Benjamin Ward said through a spokesman that he did not find Smith's account credible.[43] Ramseur gave an interview to the Cable News Network saying he believed Goetz thought he was going to be robbed.[45] And Cabey, while in the hospital, allegedly told New York Daily News reporter Jimmy Breslin that the other members of the group planned to rob Goetz because he "looked like easy bait" (though Cabey denied involvement himself).[43][46]
The prosecution appealed the case, maintaining that a self-defense justification required objective reasonableness and that the statements Judge Crane relied on did not indicate perjury or require dismissal.[43] In July 1986, after an appellate division upheld Judge Crane's dismissal, the New York Court of Appeals reversed the appellate division and reinstated the charges. The high court clarified that a defendant's subjective perception of imminent danger does not, by itself, justify the use of force; instead, it held, that belief must be both subjectively held and objectively reasonable.[47]: 304 [33] Additionally, the court held that Judge Crane's opinion as to the veracity of Canty's and Ramseur's testimony was "speculat[ive]" and "particularly inappropriate": "[A]ll that has come to light is hearsay evidence that conflicts with part of Canty's testimony. There is no statute or controlling case law requiring dismissal of an indictment merely because, months later, the prosecutor becomes aware of some information which may lead to the defendant's acquittal."[33]
Trial
In December 1986, jury selection began and in April, 1987, the trial commenced before a Manhattan jury of 10 whites and 2 blacks, of whom 6 had been victims of street crime.[48][49] Goetz was represented by Barry Slotnick and Mark M. Baker. Goetz conceded that he had shot the four teenagers, but he asserted that his actions were justified by section 35.15(2) of New York's Justification statute, which, with non-relevant exceptions, permitted the use of deadly force when actor "reasonably believes that such other person is using or about to use deadly physical force . . . or . . . is committing or attempting to commit a kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible sodomy or robbery".[33]
The key question for the jurors was how to separate the vague perception of intimidation from the more specific threat of robbery, or from the "threat of deadly physical force," which Justice Crane told the jurors were the two grounds that would justify Mr. Goetz's use of his weapon.
— Kirk Johnson, New York Times[42]
Both prosecution and defense conceded that the jury would be required to consider several questions, including (1) whether the teenagers had acted as a group or as individuals, (2) whether Goetz had shot Cabey after the immediate threat was over, and (3) whether Goetz was threatened.[50]
As to whether Goetz had been threatened, Canty testified that he was panhandling when he asked Goetz for $5.[14][51] Ramseur testified that Canty approach Goetz alone and that he, Allen, and Cabey remained seated,[52][53] but Ramseur's testimony was stricken after he professed his belief that Goetz would be acquitted regardless of the evidence and eventually refused to answer Slotnick's questions.[29][54] Neither Goetz nor Cabey testified, and Allen took the Fifth Amendment.[11] Amanda Gilbert, a witness, testified that Cabey, after being shot, told her, "I didn't do anything. He shot me for nothing," but her testimony was stricken as hearsay.[29] The defense called Officer Smith, who testified as to Canty's alleged remarks that the group was going to rob Goetz.[29] On cross examination, the prosecution pointed out that Smith had failed to report the statement to his superiors or to a reporter when giving a television interview.[54][29]
Another point of contention at trial was whether Goetz had shot at least some of the men in the back.[55] For the defense, Dominick DiMaio, Suffolk County's former medical examiner, testified that Allen, Canty, Cabey, and Ramseur had been standing in a semi-circle around Goetz when he opened fire.[55] But the county's then-current medical examiner, Charles Hirsch, offered rebuttal testimony that it was medically impossible to determine how the victims were positioned when shot, and he also found that the bullets that hit Allen and Cabey had traveled from back to front, suggesting that both had been shot in the back.[55] Ballistics expert Joseph Quirk, for the defense, testified that Allen had been shot while ducking rather than while running away.[29] On cross examination, Quirk conceded that the prosecution's theory was also consistent with the evidence, and, after being shown a photograph of a bullet-entry wound in Allen's back, Quirk admitted that he had based his theory as to Allen on incorrect information provided to him by the defense.[29]
Specifically related to Goetz's shooting of Cabey, the parties contested whether Cabey had been struck by the fourth or fifth shot and whether, if the fifth, Goetz had paused before firing.[12]: 69, 126 According to the prosecution, Goetz shot the seated Cabey at point-blank range with his fifth bullet; the defense argued that Goetz had fired all five shots in short order and Cabey had been hit by the fourth shot before collapsing.[11]: 208 One witness testified that, consistent with Goetz's since-recanted police statement, Goetz opened fire before approaching to within "two to three feet" of a seated Cabey; the witness demonstrated how Goetz stood directly in front of Cabey and fired downward shooting Cabey in the stomach.[11]: 138 [12]: 123–125 But the eight other witnesses who testified on the matter reported that all shots came in "rapid succession"[12]: 171 [56]—one said the firing lasted "about a second",[11]: 102 and none of those eight testified that they had observed Goetz standing in front of Cabey.[11]: 235
Verdict and appeal
Goetz was acquitted of the attempted-murder and first-degree-assault charges and convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree–for carrying a loaded, unlicensed weapon in a public place.[42][Note 1] Goetz was originally sentenced to six months in jail, one year's psychiatric treatment, five years' probation, 200 hours community service, and a $5,000 fine.[57] However, in November 1988, an appellate court overturned this sentence, finding that the state's gun laws required, at minimum, a one-year sentence.[58] Goetz requested that the appellate court overturn the conviction entirely, arguing that the judge's jury instructions improperly discouraged jury nullification, but the appellate division and New York Court of Appeals disagreed.[59]: 475 n.158 [60]
On remand, Judge Crane sentenced Goetz to one-year incarceration and a $5,000 fine.[61] Goetz ultimately served eight months.[62]
Civil actions
Cabey v. Goetz
A month after the shootings, Cabey, represented by William Kunstler and Ron Kuby, filed a civil suit against Goetz.[63] The civil case was tried in 1996.[64] Unlike Goetz's criminal jury, which was predominantly white and from Manhattan, the civil jury was half African American and entirely from the Bronx.[4]: 91 [65] Additionally, crime in New York had fallen substantially since the criminal trial.[4]: 91 [66]
While race had only been subliminally addressed in the criminal trial,[65] Cabey's civil-trial attorneys explicitly argued that Goetz had been motivated by race.[66] Goetz admitted to previous use of racial language and to smoking PCP-laced marijuana during the 1980s.[28][67][68] Kuby portrayed Goetz as a racist aggressor; Goetz's defense was that when surrounded he reacted in fear of being again robbed and beaten. Breslin testified as to Cabey's 1985 interview (where Cabey denied involvement but said the others had planned to rob Goetz), though Cabey's attorneys pointed out that Cabey had suffered brain damage prior to the interview and that Breslin's column described Cabey as "confused."[69]
The jury found that Goetz had acted recklessly and had deliberately inflicted emotional distress on Cabey. Jurors awarded Cabey $43 million–$18 million for pain and suffering and $25 million in punitive damages.[70] Goetz subsequently filed for bankruptcy, saying that legal expenses had left him almost penniless. A judge of the United States Bankruptcy Court ruled that the $43 million judgment was nondischargeable.[71]
Because Goetz was only "sporadically employed as an electrical engineering consultant," the expectation was that 10% of Goetz's income for the next 20 years would be garnished.[72]: 902 n.159 Stephen Somerstein, one of Cabey's attorneys, expressed some optimism that a portion of any book deal Goetz signed could contribute to the judgment.[73] In 2000, Kuby, another Cabey attorney, told reporters that he had hired a firm specializing in debt collection to pursue Goetz, but he noted that Goetz "appear[ed] to be living in voluntary squalor."[74] Asked in 2004 whether he was making payments on the judgment, Goetz responded "I don't think I've paid a penny on that", and referred any questions on the subject to his attorney.[75]
Goetz's defamation claims
In 1990, Goetz filed a defamation action against Cabey; his mother, Sherry; and his attorneys, Kunstler and Kuby.[76] The suit was dismissed.[77]
In 1994, Goetz filed another defamation action related to My Life as a Radical Lawyer, a book by Kunstler, published by Carol Communications, Inc.[78][79] Amongst other claims, Goetz objected to the book's description of him as a "paranoid" "murderous vigilante" who had "developed a hatred for blacks."[80] Goetz specifically objected that the book's description of him as a racist hurt his "good name, reputation, feelings, and public standing."[79] The court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, finding that the statements complained of were, varyingly, protected opinion (rather than actionable fact statements), not defamatory, or substantially true.[78][80][81]
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Public reaction and intersection with race
The shootings initially drew wide support from the public.[82][83] A special hotline set up by police to seek information was swamped by calls supporting the shooter and calling him a hero.[84][85] A month after the grand jury's decision, a report summarizing statements Goetz made to Concord police department—including the "You don't look so bad; here's another" statement—was released by the prosecution.[7] At this point, support for Goetz started became less universal, though Morgenthau reported that the letters his office received were still running 3 to 1 in Goetz's favor.[86][87][22][88] Nonetheless, questions of what impact race had on Goetz's thinking, the public's reaction, and the verdict by the (predominately white) criminal jury were hotly debated before, during, and after the trial.[89]: 49 [90] The Los Angeles Times reported that, during the criminal trial, demonstrators outside the courtroom chanted "Bernhard Goetz, you can't hide; we charge you with genocide."[91]
Initial sources differed in reporting the sequence of shots fired, timing of shots, whether Cabey was shot once or twice, and whether any of the men Goetz shot were armed. Some reports, picking up on Goetz's statement to the police, suggested that Cabey had been shot twice,[7] but medical evidence introduced at trial showed that he had been shot only once, in the left side.[92] Additionally, early reports suggested that the teenagers had approached Goetz carrying "sharpened" screwdrivers;[93][94][95] those reports, too, were found to be false: The screwdrivers—Cabey carried two and Ramseur carried one—were not sharpened and, based on the available testimony, were not removed from Cabey's or Ramseur's pockets[93][11]—no witnesses reported seeing screwdrivers, and Goetz repeatedly denied he was threatened with them.[93][11][96] When Canty testified at Goetz's criminal trial, he said they were to be used to break into video arcade change boxes and not as weapons.[3]
Supporters viewed Goetz as a hero for standing up to his attackers and defending himself in an environment where the police were increasingly viewed as ineffective in combating crime.[82] The Guardian Angels, a volunteer patrol group of mostly black and Hispanic teenagers,[97] collected thousands of dollars from subway riders toward a legal defense fund for Goetz.[85] The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a right-leaning civil rights organization, supported Goetz.[98] CORE's director, Roy Innis, (who would later be elected to the executive board of the NRA[99][100]) offered to raise defense money. Innis, who lost two of his sons to inner-city gun violence, said Goetz was "the avenger for all of us," and called for a volunteer force of armed civilians to patrol the streets.[85] A legal group founded by the National Rifle Organization—the Firearms Civil Rights Legal Defense Fund—gave $20,000 to provide for the defense of Goetz.[68] Harvard Professor of Government James Q. Wilson explained the broad sentiment by saying, "It may simply indicate that there are no more liberals on the crime and law-and-order issue in New York City, because they've all been mugged."[85]
Professor Stephen L. Carter bemoaned the public's initial reaction to the shooting, arguing, "The tragedy of the Goetz case is that a public barely aware of the facts was rooting for him to get away with it. The tragedy is that a public eager to identify transgressors in advance decided from the start that Mr. Goetz was a hero and that his black victims deserved what they got."[101]: 424
While race was never explicitly mentioned at the criminal trial,[65] Professor George P. Fletcher argued that Goetz's criminal-defense team—which referred to the men Goetz shot as “savages,” “predators,” and “vultures”[65]—made a "covert appeal to racial bias," which, he said,
- came out most dramatically in [a re-enactment] of the shooting. . . . The nominal purpose of the demonstration was to show the way in which the bullet entered the body of each victim. The defense’s real purpose, however, was to recreate for the jury . . . the scene that Goetz encountered when four black passengers began to surround him. [Goetz’s attorney] asked the Guardian Angels [a volunteer crime patrol organization] to send him . . . four young black men to act as the props in the demonstration. In came the four young black Guardian Angels, fit and muscular, dressed in T-shirts, to play the parts . . . .[12]: 206–07
Professor Bennett Capers agreed that the use of the four "large black men" to stand in for the "four black youths" was, effectively, a "backdoor race-ing."[102]: 887
As to the criminal verdict, Benjamin Hooks, director of the NAACP, called the outcome "inexcusable," adding, "It was proven—according to his own statements—that Goetz did the shooting and went far beyond the realm of self-defense. There was no provocation for what he did." Representative Floyd Flake agreed, saying, "I think that if a black had shot four whites, the cry for the death penalty would have been almost automatic."[103]
United States Attorney Rudolph Giuliani met with Black political and religious leaders calling for a Federal civil rights investigations.[104] C. Vernon Mason, an attorney and spokesperson for the group, said, "We have come to the Federal Government as black people traditionally have done to seek redress when it is clear that state and local authorities have either failed to act or are incapable of acting."[104] After an investigation, Giuliani ultimately determined that Goetz had acted out of fear, which he distinguished from a "racial motivation."[105][106] In a 2007 interview with Stone Phillips of Dateline NBC, Goetz admitted that his fear was enhanced due to the fact that the four men he shot were black.[107]
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Subsequent developments
After reaching an all-time peak in 1990, crime in New York City dropped dramatically through the rest of the 1990s, with Rudy Giuliani emphasizing reduction in crime as mayor.[108] By 2006, New York City had statistically become one of the safest large cities in the U.S., with its crime rate being ranked 194th of the 210 American cities with populations over 100,000. New York City crime rates by 2014 were comparable to those of the early 1960s.[109][110]
Darrell Cabey fell into a coma after the shooting; he suffered irreversible brain damage and was paralyzed from the waist down.[111] In 1985, the Bronx District Attorney determined that Cabey had the mental capacity of an eight year old.[111] Goetz accused Cabey of exaggerating his injuries.[111] Goetz questioned Cabey as to his injuries in two depositions and was unable to elicit an answer longer than a single sentence; when asked, Cabey denied having previously heard the name "Bernie Goetz".[111]
Troy Canty acquired a criminal record of petty offenses before entering drug-rehabilitation and vocational-training programs.[112] One of Canty's attorneys, Scott H. Greenfield reported that Canty planned to attend culinary school.[112] In 2017, Greenfield blogged that he had lost touch with Canty.[113]
In March 1985, James Ramseur reported to police that two men apparently hired by Goetz kidnapped and attempted to murder him.[114] The following day, after detectives played back to Ramseur the emergency 911 recording reporting the kidnapping, Ramseur admitted it was his voice on the call and to fabricating the report. Ramseur explained it was merely to test police response when a black person was a crime victim, and was not prosecuted for this hoax. Ramseur was convicted in 1986 of the 1985 rape, sodomizing, and robbery of a young pregnant woman.[115] Conditionally released in 2002, Ramseur returned to prison for a parole violation in 2005; he finished his sentence in July 2010.[115] On December 22, 2011, the 27th anniversary of the shooting, James Ramseur died at age 45 of a drug overdose in an apparent suicide.[115][116]
In 1989, Barry Allen was charged with robbing a 58-year-old man of $54.[117] In 1991, he was convicted of the offense, and sentenced to 3.5 to 7 years.[118]
Goetz achieved celebrity status as a popular cultural symbol of a public disgusted with urban crime and disorder.[119] In 2001 he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. In 2004, Goetz was interviewed by Nancy Grace on Larry King Live, where he stated his actions were good for New York City and forced the city to address crime.[75] In 2005, Goetz unsuccessfully ran for public advocate; on his campaign website, he described the shooting:
I decided to shoot as many as I could as quickly as I could. I did a fast draw, and shot with one hand (my right), pulling the trigger prior to the gun being aligned on the targets. All actual shots plus my draw time occurred easily within 1.6 seconds or less. This is not as difficult to do as some might think, and occasionally I give a description of the technique along with a re-enactment. The first shot hit Canty in the center of the chest. After the first shot my vision changed and I lost my sense of hearing. The second shot hit lightning fast Barry Allen in the upper rear shoulder as he was ducking (later the bullet was removed from his arm). The third shot hit the subway wall just in front of Cabey; the fourth shot hit Cabey in the left side (severing his spinal cord and rendering him paraplegic). The fifth shot hit Ramseur's arm on the way into his left side. I immediately looked at the first two to make sure they were "taken care of," and then attempted to shoot Cabey again in the stomach, but the gun was empty. I thought Cabey was shot twice after reading a media account no shots missed; I had lost count of the shots and while under adrenaline I didn't even hear the shots or feel the kick of the gun. 'You don't look too bad, here's another', is a phrase I came up with later when trying to explain the shooting while I was under the impression that Cabey was shot twice. Cabey, who was briefly standing prior to the shooting, was sitting on the subway bench during all attempted shots. The others were standing. Shortly after the shooting my vision and hearing returned to normal.[120]
In 2010, Goetz was interviewed and did a dry fire shooting demonstration on the inaugural episode of The Biography Channel's documentary show Aftermath with William Shatner.[23][121]
In November 2013 Goetz was arrested for allegedly selling marijuana.[122] After Goetz's attorneys moved for a dismissal on speedy-trial grounds, a judge agreed that prosecutors took 14 days too long to prosecute the case, and it was dismissed in September 2014.[123]
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In popular culture
- Law & Order episodes Subterranean Homeboy Blues and Self Defense have similarities with the subway shooting incident.
- Goetz is mentioned in several songs such as:
- Agnostic Front's song "Shoot His Load" on their 1986 album Cause for Alarm
- Beastie Boys song "B-Boy Bouillabaisse" ("Stop That Train" segment) from their 1989 album Paul's Boutique
- Billy Joel's 1989 single "We Didn't Start the Fire"
- Lou Reed's song "Hold On", from his 1989 album New York
- Wu-Tang Clan's song "Clan in da Front" from their 1993 debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)
- Big L's song "Da Graveyard" (featuring Lord Finesse, Microphone Nut, Jay-Z, Party Arty, and Grand Daddy I.U.) from his 1995 debut album Lifestylez ov da Poor & Dangerous
- R.A. the Rugged Man's song "E.K.N.Y." (featuring Inspectah Deck) from his 2020 album All My Heroes Are Dead
- In the Family Guy episode "Stewie Kills Lois" Quagmire says Peter is a killer like Bernie Goetz and reveals he used to do a stand-up comedy bit on him.
- In the Criminal Minds Season 1, Episode 17 "A Real Rain" - Multiple references throughout.
- The shooting partially inspired the 2019 film Joker, whose depiction of the Joker is partially based on Goetz.[124][125] The titular character is a lower income, inner city resident who has been jumped and robbed multiple times, so he obtains a firearm to defend himself. When he gets jumped on the subway, he shoots and kills the perpetrators and flees the scene, with the shooting earning strong media coverage and the then-unknown perpetrator inadvertently becoming a folk hero among lower-class city residents who are angry about being victimized; in this case, the victims are wealthy white men, unlike Goetz's victims. Todd Phillips, who wrote, produced and directed the film, grew up in New York City and remembered the 1984 subway shooting from his youth.[125]
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Source: "1984 New York City Subway shooting", Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, (2023, March 22nd), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_New_York_City_Subway_shooting.
References
Explanatory Notes
- ^ The jury found that Goetz lacked the specific intent to commit attempted murder, never technically reaching the question of justification; however, because intent was not seriously challenged at trial, subsequent analyses postulated that the jury had effectively incorporated self-defense into the intent analysis. Garvey, Stephen P. (Winter 2008). "Self-Defense and the Mistaken Racist". New Criminal Law Review. 11 (1). 121 n.18. doi:10.1525/nclr.2008.11.1.119. Fletcher, George P. (June 1990). A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-25334-1.
Citations
- ^ Carveth, Rod; Arp, Robert (December 22, 2014). Justified and Philosophy: Shoot First, Think Later. Open Court. ISBN 9780812698886 – via Google Books.
- ^ Johnson, Kirk (May 20, 1987). "Youth Shot In Subway Says He Didn't Approach Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, Kirk (May 2, 1987). "Goetz Shooting Victim Says Youths Weren't Threatening". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Brooks, Michael (1998). "Stories and Verdicts: Bernhard Goetz and New York in Crisis". College Literature. 25 (1): 77–93. JSTOR 25112354.
- ^ Christenson, Ronald, ed. (1991). Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 162–163. ISBN 0-88738-406-4.
- ^ Kelley, Tina (September 10, 2000). "Following up; still seeking payment from Bernard Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Chambers, Marcia (February 28, 1985). "Goetz Spoke To One Youth, Then Shot Again, Police Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- ^ Feldman, Richard (December 22, 2014). "Bernie Goetz 'The Subway Gunman' 30 Years Later". The Huffington Post. New York City: Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015.
- ^ Raab, Selwyn (January 10, 1985). "4 Youths Shot By Goetz Faced Criminal Counts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017.
- ^ Hamill, Pete (May 12, 1987). "Bernhard Goetz: Notes From Underground". Village Voice.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lesly, Mark (1988). Subway Gunman: A Juror's Account of the Bernhard Goetz Trial. British American Publishing. ISBN 0-945167-08-3.
- ^ a b c d e f Fletcher, George P. (June 1990). A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-25334-1.
- ^ a b Fletcher, George P. (April 23, 1987). "Goetz on Trial". New York Review of Books.
- ^ a b "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Testimony of Troy Canty". Famous Trials.
[Canty:] "As far as I can remember, I walked up to him and asked him, you know, 'Can I have $5?'."
- ^ a b c d e Wu, Tim (March 2017). "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Goetz's Videotaped Confession". Criminal Law / Spring 2017. H20.
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (January 6, 1985). "Goetz: A Private Man in a Public Debate". New York Times.
- ^ Agus, Carole (December 14, 1986). "Wolf Or Wimp?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012.
- ^ Rubin, Lillian B. (August 14, 1988). Quiet Rage: Bernie Goetz in a Time of Madness. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520064461 – via Google Books.
- ^ McNamara, Joseph (January 22, 1987). "Book Review : Goetz: Anger of a Loner, Rage in the Mean Streets". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017.
- ^ "Crime Frustrated Goetz, Neighbors Say". United Press International. January 7, 1985. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012 – via Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Goetz Gets $140,550 From Father's Estate". New York Times. Associated Press. March 3, 1988. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Stengel, Richard; Gauger, Marcia; Kalb, Barry (April 8, 1985). "A Troubled and Troubling Life". Time. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013.
- ^ a b "Bernhard Goetz". Biography.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
- ^ Daley, Suzanne (January 1, 1985). "Man Tells Police He Shot Youths In Subway Train". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Myra (February 18, 1985). "My Neighbor Bernie Goetz". New York. With Michael Daly.
- ^ Crouch, Stanley (March 12, 1985). "Bernie Goetz: The Black Community at Gunpoint". Village Voice.
- ^ Lee, Cynthia Kwei Yung (1996). "Race and Self-Defense: Toward a Normative Conception of Reasonableness". Minnesota Law Review. 81: 367–500.
- ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (April 12, 1996). "One Question That Matters In Goetz Case". New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Linder, Douglas O. "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: An Account". Famous Trials.
- ^ Daley, Suzanne (January 2, 1985). "IRT Suspect Is Charged As Fugitive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- ^ a b Daley, Suzanne (January 4, 1985). "Goetz Drove Across New England For Several Days Before Surrender". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- ^ Johnson, Kirk (May 3, 1987). "Everybody Is Edgy As Goetz Trial Opens". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
- ^ a b c d People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (New York Court of Appeals July 8, 1986).
- ^ "... You Have To Think In A Cold-Blooded Way". The New York Times. April 30, 1987. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017.
- ^ Hornblower, Margot (May 14, 1987). "Intended to Gouge Eye Of Teen, Goetz Tape Says; 'My Problem Was I Ran Out of Bullets'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
- ^ Kennedy, John H. (May 14, 1987). "Goetz Labels Himself Victim And 'Murderer'". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
- ^ Chambers, Marcia (January 4, 1985). "Goetz Held at Rikers I. in $50,000 Bail in Wounding of 4 Teenagers on IRC". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017.
Under tight security, Bernhard Hugo Goetz was returned ...
- ^ Chambers, Marcia (January 9, 1985). "Goetz Posts Bail And Is Freed; Youths He Shot Won't Testify". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017.
- ^ a b Chambers, Marcia (January 26, 1985). "Grand Jury Votes To Indict Goetz Only On Gun Possession Charges". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (March 1, 1985). "Morgenthau Says Goetz Case May Go To 2D Grand Jury". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- ^ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF YORK against BERNHARD GOETZ". Archived from the original on December 30, 2013.
- ^ a b c Johnson, Kirk (June 17, 1987). "Goetz Is Cleared In Subway Attack; Gun Count Upheld; Acquittal Won In Shooting Of 4 Youths – Prison Term Possible On Weapon Charge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Meislin, Richard J. (January 18, 1986). "Morgenthau to Appeal Ruling on Goetz". New York Times.
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (January 17, 1986). "Justice Drops All Major Charges Against Goetz In Shooting On IRT". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016.
- ^ "The Nation". Los Angeles Times. December 6, 1985.
- ^ "Questioning Planned For Youth Goetz Shot". The New York Times. November 27, 1985. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017.
- ^ Lee, Cynthia (2005). ""Murder and the Reasonable Man" Revisited: A Response to Victoria Nourse". Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law. 3: 301–06.
- ^ "The Goetz Verdict". Editorial. The New York Times. April 24, 1996. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016.
- ^ Friedrich, Otto; Franklin, Roger; Samghabad, Raji (June 29, 1987). "Not Guilty". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010.
- ^ Johnson, Kirk (April 26, 1987). "Details Viewed sa Key in Goetz Trial". New York Times.
- ^ Maull, Samuel (May 22, 1987). "Defense Opens In Goetz Case With Story of 1981 Mugging". Associated Press.
- ^ "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Testimony of James Ramseur". Famous Trials.
- ^ "Subway Vigilante Bernard Goetz: Self-Defense on Trial". UVA Law: Dengrove Collection Writeup.
- ^ a b Schwartz, Jerry (May 28, 1987). "Ramseur Testimony Stricken". Associated Press.
- ^ a b c "Final Goetz Trial Witness Rebuts Defense Claims". UPI. June 9, 1987.
- ^ Hornblower, Margot (June 11, 1987). "Subway Gunman's Trial Winding to a Close". Washington Post.
- ^ Kurtz, Howard (October 20, 1987). "Goetz Sentenced to 6 Months for Subway Shootings". Washington Post.
- ^ "Goetz is Sent to Jail for 1 Year; Court Overturns Original Sentence, Citing N.Y. Gun Law". Deseret News. January 14, 1989.
- ^ King, Nancy J. "Silencing Nullification Advocacy Inside the Jury Room and Outside the Courtroom". University of Chicago Law Review. 65: 433–500. doi:10.2307/1600227. hdl:1803/6502. JSTOR 1600227.
- ^ People v. Goetz, 73 N.Y.2d 751, 752–53 (New York Court of Appeals November 22, 1988).
- ^ Sullivan, Ronald (January 14, 1989). "Goetz Is Given One-Year Term On Gun Charge". New York Times.
- ^ Freitag, Michael (September 21, 1989). "Goetz Released After Spending 8 Months in Jail". New York Times.
- ^ Coyne, Randall (1995). "Defending the Despised: William Moses Kunstler". American Indian Law Review. 20 (1): 257–279. doi:10.2307/20068791. JSTOR 20068791.
- ^ Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge (April 23, 1996). "Goetz A Jerk, Not A Racist, Jury Told". Daily News.
- ^ a b c d Ristroph, Alice (August 8, 2022). "Chapter Ten: Affirmative Defenses". Criminal Law: An Integrated Approach.
- ^ a b Gladwell, Malcolm (April 21, 1996). "In a Different New York, a Different Goetz Trial". Washington Post.
- ^ Brown, David W. (April 27, 1996). "Sizzle the Bacon". Harvard Crimson.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Jan (April 16, 1996). "Fund Linked to N.R.A. Gave $20,000 for Goetz's Defense". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2016.
- ^ Hoffman, Jan (April 18, 1996). "Goetz Defense Opens, Calls Jimmy Breslin and a Psychiatrist, Then Closes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017.
- ^ Nossiter, Adam (April 24, 1996). "Bronx Jury Orders Goetz to Pay Man He Paralyzed $43 Million". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
- ^ Holloway, Lynette (August 2, 1996). "Bankrupt, Goetz Still Owes Victim". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016.
- ^ Markovitz, Jonathan. ""A Spectacle of Slavery Unwilling to Die": Curbing Reliance on Racial Stereotyping in Self-Defense Cases". University of California Irvine Law Review. 5: 873–934.
- ^ "Debt Likely to Pursue Goetz for the Rest of His Life". Associated Press. June 13, 1996 – via Deseret News.
- ^ Kelley, Tina (September 10, 2000). "FOLLOWING UP; Still Seeking Payment From Bernard Goetz". New York Times.
- ^ a b "Interview with 'Subway Vigilante' Bernhard Goetz". Larry King Live. December 17, 2004. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007.
- ^ "Goetz Files Libel Suit And Assails Lawyers". New York Times. January 10, 1990.
- ^ "Judge Dismisses Goetz Libel Suit Against Lawyer". Orlando Sentinel. July 11, 1990.
- ^ a b "Freedom of Speech and Press: Goetz v. Kunstler". Touro Law Review. 12: 976–81. 1996.
- ^ a b "Subway gunman Goetz sues attorney". UPI. October 4, 1994.
- ^ a b Goetz v. Kunstler, 164 Misc. 2d 557, 559—65 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1995).
- ^ Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (2019). "11". Understanding Words that Wound. Taylor & Francis.
- ^ a b Fein, Esther B. (January 7, 1985). "Angry Citizens In Many Cities Supporting Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017.
- ^ Maeder, Jay (November 8, 2001). "Quality Of Life The Subway Vigilante, December 1984 – January 1985 Chapter 463". Daily News.
- ^ Sanger, David E. (December 30, 1984). "The Little-Known World Of The Vigilante". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Leo, John; White, Jack E. (January 25, 1985). "Low Profile for a Legend". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.(subscription required)
- ^ Stengel, Richard; Gauger, Marcia; Stacks, John F. (March 25, 1985). "New Evidence: Reopening the Goetz Case". Time. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007.
- ^ Diamond, Edwin; Tallarico, Claire; Gelish, George; Otto, Joanna; Wishod, Karen (July 27, 1985). "But Where Were The Facts?" (PDF). TV Guide. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ "'You Don't Look So Bad ...'". The New York Times. March 1, 1985. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017.
- ^ Sanders, Kindaka J. (2022). "The New Dread, Part I: The Judicial Overthrow of the Reasonableness Standard in Police Shooting Cases" (PDF). Criminal Justice Law Review. 21: 21–105.
- ^ Bencivenga, Jim (July 14, 1988). "Controversy and justice in the case of Bernard Goetz". Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "Bail Slashed for Man Who Shot Four on Subway". Los Angeles Times. February 7, 1985. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012.
- ^ "Correction". The New York Times. April 26, 1996. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
- ^ a b c Schwartz, Jerry (June 15, 1987). "Goetz Jury Asks To See Jacket, Screwdrivers". Associated Press.
After the shootings, there were news reports that the teenagers had approached Goetz with sharpened screwdrivers. But those reports were later found to be untrue. The tools were not sharpened, and the jury heard testimony that the screwdrivers - two of them carried by Cabey, one by Ramseur - were never taken out of their pockets. [And] Goetz, in taped statements, never once mentioned the screwdrivers or any other weapon . . . .
- ^ "The Message About Guns is Very Clear". Editorial. The Morning Call. July 31, 1998.
Each of the four thugs had a criminal record, and three were armed with screwdrivers sharpened into daggers.
- ^ Crouch, Stanley (April 7, 2003). "The Joy of Goetz". New York. Archived from the original on September 2, 2008.
- ^ Murray, Andrew (November 11, 2021). "Kyle Rittenhouse trial 'a sham at best,' subway vigilante Bernie Goetz says: 'Satisfy a mob'". Fox News. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ Butterfield, Fox (June 10, 1988). "46th Street 'Restaurant Row' Starts Guardian Angel Patrol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016.
- ^ Hampton, Rick (May 18, 1987). "Goetz jury did not endorse vigilantism". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- ^ "'Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby". National Public Radio. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
- ^ "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board". NRAwinningteam.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.
- ^ Carter, Stephen L. "When Victims Happen to Be Black" (PDF). Yale Law Journal: 420–47.
- ^ Capers, Bennett (2018). "Evidence Without Rules". Notre Dame Law Review. 94: 867–907.
- ^ Pitt, David E. (June 18, 1987). "Blacks See Goetz Verdict As Blow To Race Relations". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016.
- ^ a b Chambers, Marcia (January 30, 1985). "U.S. Attorney Meets With Blacks Over Request For Inquiry On Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017.
- ^ Cates, Ellan (February 25, 1985). "Manhattan U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani Monday ruled out". United Press International.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (June 20, 1987). "N.A.A.C.P. Leader Seeks Federal Case On Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.
- ^ Phillips, Stone (July 2, 2007). "Stone Phillips: 15 Years of Dateline". NBC News.
- ^ Langan, Patrick A.; Durose, Matthew R. (December 3–5, 2003). The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City. 2003 International Conference on Crime. Rome, Italy. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009.
- ^ Chung, Jen (January 1, 2015). "NYC Murder Rate Drops To New Historic Low In 2014". The Gothamist. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015.
- ^ Goodman, J. David; Baker, Al (December 31, 2014). "Murders in New York Drop to a Record Low, but Officers Aren't Celebrating". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017.
- ^ a b c d McShane, Larry (January 8, 1995). "For One Goetz Victim, Suffering Won't End : South Bronx: Youth was immobilized from the waist down, fell into a coma, suffered irreversible brain damage. Now 29, he has the mental capacity of a third-grader". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b Terry, Don (January 14, 1989). "The Teen-Agers Goetz Shot: 4 Years Marked by Struggle". New York Times.
- ^ Greenfield, Scott H. (November 13, 2017). "Remembering Troy". Simple Justice.
- ^ Raab, Selwyn (March 27, 1985). "A Man Goetz Shot Is Charged With Faking Own Abduction". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Weber, Bruce (December 24, 2011). "James Ramseur, Victim of Bernhard Goetz Subway Shooting, Dies at 45". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
- ^ Coscarelli, Joe (December 23, 2011). "'Subway Vigilante' Victim Killed Himself on Anniversary of Shooting". New York.
- ^ "Goetz Victim Held in Mugging". New York Times. Associated Press. March 7, 1989.
- ^ "3 Other Goetz Victims Move on, Two to Prison". Associated Press. January 8, 1995 – via Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (2000). The Tipping Point. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-34662-4.
- ^ Goetz, Bernard. "Bernie Goetz for Public Advocate 2005".
- ^ "Aftermath with William Shatner (TV Series 2010–2011) – IMDb". IMDb. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2016. Bernhard Goetz/Aftermath with William Shatner
- ^ Celona, Larry (November 2, 2013). "'Subway Vigilante' Goetz busted in pot sale". New York Post. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- ^ Paddock, Barry (September 10, 2014). "Bernie Goetz has pot dealing case tossed because prosecutors took too long: judge". New York Daily News.
- ^ Desowitz, Bill (October 7, 2019). "'Joker': How Cesar Romero and Bernhard Goetz Inspired Joaquin Phoenix's Look". Indiewire. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation.
- ^ a b Godfrey, Alex (October 8, 2019). "The 'hero' who'd had enough: how subway vigilante Bernhard Goetz inspired Joker". The Telegraph. London, England: Telegraph Media Group.
Sources
- Subway Gunman: A Juror's Account of the Bernhard Goetz Trial (ISBN 0-945167-08-3).
- A Crime of Self-Defense : Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial (ISBN 0-226-25334-1).
- People Vs. Goetz: The Summations and the Charges to the Jury (ISBN 0-89941-657-8).
- Sanger, David E. (December 25, 1984). "Callers Support Subway Gunman". The New York Times.
External links
- Bernhard Goetz at IMDb
- Personal site of Goetz
- Justice Stephen G. Crane Papers on the Bernhard Goetz Trial and Other Cases, 1981–2000, MS 3152, at the New-York Historical Society.
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